Стилистический анализ текста. Учебное пособие

“I dunno what to make of’im. Looks to me for all the world like an-’alf-tame leopard”.

And every now and then a Forsyte would come up, sidle round, and take a look at him. June stood in front, fending off this idle curiosity – a little bit of a thing, as somebody once said, “all hair and spirit”, with fearless blue eyes, a firm jaw, and a bright colour, whose face and body seemed too slender for her crown of red-gold hair.

A tall woman, with a beautiful figure, which some member of the family had once compared to a heathen goddess, stood looking at these with a shadowy smile. Her hands, gloved in French grey, were crossed one over the other, her grave, charming face held to one side, and the eyes of all men near were fastened on it. Her figure swayed, so balanced that the very air seemed to set it moving. There was warmth, but little color, in her cheeks; her large, dark eyes were soft. But it was at her lips – asking a question, giving an answer, with that shadowy smile – that men looked; they were sensitive lips, sensuous and sweet, and through them seemed to come warmth and perfume of a flower.

The engaged couple thus scrutinized were unconscious of this passive goddess. (G.).

10. But by the time he had said that, Matty was rapt, gazing at the glass on the three other walls, it was all mirror, even the backs of the doors, and it was not just plain mirrors, it distorted so that Matty saw himself half a dozen times, pulled out sideways and squashed down from above; and Mr. Hanrahan was the shape of a sofa.

“Ha,” said Mr. Hanrahan. “You're admiring my bits of glass I see. Isn't that a good idea for a daily mortification of sinful pride? Mrs. Hanrahan! Where are you?”

Mrs. Hanrahan appeared as if materialized, for what with the window and the mirrors a door opening here or there was little more than a watery conflux of light. She was thinner than Matty, shorter than Mr. Hanrahan and had an air of having been used up.

“What is it, Mr. Hanrahan?” “Here he is, I've found him!”

“Oh the poor man with his mended face!”

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“I’ll teach them, the awesome frivolity of it, wanting a man about the place! Girls! Come here, the lot of you!”

Then there was a watery conflux in various parts of the wall, some darkness and here and there a dazzle of light.

“My seven girls”, cried Mr. Hanrahan, counting them busily. “You wanted a man about the place, did you? Too many females were there? Not a young man for a mile! I’ll teach you! Here's the new man about the place! Take a good look at him!”

The girls had formed into a semicircle. There were the twins Francesca and Teresa, hardly out of the cradle, but pretty. Matty instinctively held his hand so that they should not be frightened by his left side which they could see. There was Bridget, rather taller and pretty and peering short-sightedly, and there was Bernadette who was taller and prettier and wholly nubile, and there was Cecilia who was shorter and just as pretty and nubiler if anything, and there was Gabriel Jane, turner-of-heads-in-the-street, and there was the firstborn, dressed for a barbecue, Mary Michael: and whoever looked on Mary Michael was lost (W. Gl.).

DRAMA

1. Read and analyze the following extract from the play “MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING” by W.Shakespeare. Act II , Scene I .

A hall in Leonato's house. Enter Leonato, Antonio, Hero, Beatrice, and others.

L e o n a t o: Was not Count John here at supper? A n t o n i o : I saw him not.

B e a t r i c e : How tartly that gentleman looks! I never can see him but I am heart-burned an hour after. Hero: He is of a very melancholy disposition.

B e a t r i c e : He were an excellent man that were made just in the midway between him and Benedick: the one is too like an image and says nothing; and the other too like my lady's eldest son, evermore tattling.

L e o n a t o : Then half Signior Benedick's tongue in Count John's mouth, and half Count John's melancholy in Signior Benedick's face,—

B e a t r i c e : With a good leg and a good foot, uncle, and money enough in his purse, such a man would win any woman in the world, if a'could get her good-will.

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L e o n a t o : By my troth, niece, thou wilt never get thee a husband, if thou be so shrewd of thy tongue.

A n t o n i o : In faith, she's too curst.

B e a t r i c e : Too curst is more than curst: I shall lessen God's sending that way; for it is said, 'God sends a curst cow short horns'; but to a cow too curst he sends none.

L e o n a t o : So, by being too curst, God will send you no horns.

B e a t r i c e : Just, if he send me no husband; for the which blessing I am at him upon my knees every morning and evening. Lord, I could not endure a husband with a beard on his face: I had rather lie in the woollen.

L e o n a t o : You may light on a husband that hath no beard.

B e a t r i c e : What should I do with him? dress him in my apparel, and make him my waiting-gentlewoman? He that hath a beard is more than a youth; and he that hath no beard is less than a man; and he that is more than a youth is not for me; and he that is less than a man, I am not for him: therefore I will even take sixpence in earnest of the bearward, and lead his apes into hell.

L e o n a t o : Well, then, go you into hell?

B e a t r i c e : No, but to the gate; and there will the devil meet me, like an old cuckold, with horns on his head, and say, 'Get you to heaven, Beatrice, get you to heaven; here's no place for you maids': so deliver I up my apes, and away to Saint Peter for the heavens; he shows me where the bachelors sit, and there live we as merry as the day is long.

A n t o n i o [To Hero}: Well, niece, I trust you will be ruled by your father. B e a t r i c e : Yes, faith; it is my cousin's duty to make curtsey, and say, 'Father, as it please you'. But yet for all that, cousin, let him be a handsome fellow, or else make another curtsey, and say, 'Father, as it please me'.

L e o n a t o: Well, niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband. B e a t r i c e : Not till God make men of some other metal than earth. Would it not grieve a woman to be overmastered with a piece of valiant dust? to make

an account of her life to a clod of wayward marl? No, uncle, I'll none: Adam's sons are my brethren; and, truly, I hold it a sin to match in my kindred.

L e o n a t o: Daughter, remember what I told you: if the prince do solicit you in that kind, you know your answer.

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B e a t r i c e : The fault will be in the music, cousin, if you be not wooed in good time: if the prince be too important, tell him there is measure in every thing, and so dance out the answer. For, hear me, Hero: wooing, wedding, and repenting, is as a Scotch jig, a measure, and a cinque pace: the first suit is hot and hasty, like a Scotch jig, and full as fantastical; the wedding, mannerly-modest, as a measure, full of state and ancientry; and then comes repentance, and with his bad legs, falls into the cinque pace faster and faster, till he sink into his grave.

2. Read and analyze the extract from “The Music Cure” by G.B. Shaw.

Lord Reginald Fitzambey, a fashionably dressed, rather pretty young man of 22, is prostrate on a sofa in a large hotel drawing room, crying convulsively. His doctor is trying to soothe him. The doctor is about a dozen years his senior; and his ways are the ways of a still youthful man who considers himself in smart society as well as professionally attendant on it.

The drawing room has tall central doors, at present locked. If anyone could enter under these circumstances, he would find on his left a grand piano with the keyboard end towards him, and a smaller door beyond the piano. On his right would be the window, and, further on, the sofa on which the unhappy youth is wallowing, with, close by it, the doctor's chair and a little table accommodating the doctor's hat, a plate, a medicine bottle, a halt emptied glass, and a bell call.

The D o c t o r . Come come! be a man. Now really this is silly. You mustnt give way like this. I tell you nothing's happened to you. Hang it all! it's not the end of the world if you did buy a few shares—

R e g i n a l d {interrupting him frantically) I never meant any harm in buying those shares. I am ready to give them up. Oh, I never meant any harm in buying those shares. I never meant any harm in buying those shares. (Clutching the doctor imploringly) Wont you believe me, Doctor? I never meant any harm in buying those shares. I never—

The D o c t o r [extricating himself and replacing Regi-

nald on the couch, not very gently) Of course you didnt. I know you didnt. R e g i n a l d . I never—

The D o c t o r {desperate) Dont go on saying that over and over again or you will drive us all as distracted as you are yourself. This is nothing but nerves. Remember that youre in a hotel. They 11 put you out if you make a row.

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R e g i n a l d (tearfully) But you dont understand. Oh, why wont anybody understand? I never—

The D o c t o r (shouting him down) You never meant any harm in buying those shares. This is the four hundredth time youve said it.

R e g i n a l d (wildly) Then why do you keep asking me the same questions over and over again? It's not fair. Ive told you I never meant any harm in—

T h e D o c t o r . Yes, yes, yes: I know, I know. You think you made a fool of yourself before that committee. Well, you didnt. You stood up to it for six days with the coolness of an iceberg and the cheerfulness of an idiot. Every member of it had a go at you,-* and everyone of them, including some of the cleverest cross-examiners in London, fell back baffled before your fatuous selfsatisfaction, your impenetrable inability to see any reason why you shouldnt have bought those shares.

R e g i n a l d . But why shouldnt I have bought them? I made no secret of it. When the Prime Minister ragged me about it I offered to sell him the shares for what I gave for them.

The D o c t o r . Yes, after they had fallen six points. But never mind that. The point for you is that you are an undersecretary in the War Office. You knew that the Army was going to be put on vegetarian diet, and that the British Maccaroni Trust shares would go up with a rush when this became public. And what did you do?

R e g i n a l d . I did what any fellow would have done. I bought all the shares I could afford.

The D o c t o r . You bought a great many more than you could afford.

R e g i n a l d . But why shouldnt I? Explain it to me. I'm anxious to learn. I meant no harm. I see no harm. Why am I to be badgered because the beastly Opposition papers and all the Opposition rotters on that committee try to make party capital out of it by saying that it was disgraceful? It wasnt disgraceful: it was simple common sense. I'm not a financier; but you cant persuade me that if you happen to know that certain shares are going to rise you shouldnt buy them. It would be flying in the face of Providence not to. And they wouldnt see that. They pretended not to see it. They worried me, and kept asking me the same thing over and over again, and wrote blackguardly articles about me— The Doctor. And you got the better of them all because you couldnt see their point of view. But what beats me is why you broke down afterwards.

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R e g i n a l d . Everyone was against me. I thought the committee a pack of fools,- and I as good as told them so.* But everyone took their part. The governor said I had disgraced the family name. My brothers said I ought to resign from my clubs. My mother said that all her hopes of marrying me to a rich woman were shattered. And I'd done nothing: absolutely n o t h i n g to what other chaps are doing every day.

T h e D o c t o r . Well, the long and short of it is that officials mustnt gamble.

R e g i n a l d . But I wasnt gambling. I knew. It isnt gambling if you know that the shares will go up. It's a cert.*

The D o c t o r . Well, all I can tell you is that if you werent a son of the Duke of Dunmow, youd have to resign; and—

R e g i n a l d (breaking down) Oh, stop talking to me about it. Let me alone. I cant bear it. I never meant any harm in buying those shares. I never meant any harm—

The D o c t o r . Sh-sh-sh-sh-sh! There: I shouldnt have started the subject again. Take some of this valerian (he puts the glass to Reginald's lips). Thats right. Now youre better.

R e g i n a l d (exhausted but calm) Why does valerian soothe me when it excites cats? Theres a question to reflect on! You know, they ought to have made me a philosopher.

The D o c t o r . Philosophers are born, not made.

R e g i n a l d . Fine old chestnut, that.* Everybody's born, not made.

The D o c t o r . Youre getting almost clever. I dont like it: youre not yourself today. I wish I could take your mind off your troubles. Suppose you try a little music.

R e g i n a l d . I cant play. My fingers wont obey me. And I cant stand the sound of the piano. I sounded a note this morning; and it made me scream.

T h e D o c t o r . But why not get somebody to play to you?

R e g i n a l d . Whom could I get, even if I could bear it? Y o u can't play. The D o c t o r . Well: I'm not the only person in the world.

R e g i n a l d . If you bring anyone else in here, I shall go mad. I'll throw myself out of the window. I cant bear the idea of music. I dread it, hate it, loathe it.

The D o c t o r . Thats very serious, you know.

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R e g i n a l d . Why is it serious?

T h e D o c t o r . Well, what would become of you without your turn for music? You have absolutely no capacity in any other direction.

R e g i n a l d . I'm in Parliament. And I'm an undersecretary.

T h e D o c t o r . Thats because your father is a Duke. If you were in a Republic you wouldnt be trusted to clean boots, unless your father was a millionaire. No, Reginald: the day you give up vamping accompaniments and playing the latest ragtimes by ear, youre a lost man socially.

R e g i n a l d {deprecating) Oh, I say!

T h e D o c t o r {rising) However, perhaps it's too soon for you to try the music-cure yet. It was your mother's idea; but I'll call and tell her to wait a day or two. I think she meant.

PUBLICIST STYLE:

1. No grammars by 2011, says Blunkett

By Liz Lightfoot, Education Correspondent

GRAMMAR schools will probably have disappeared by 2011, David Blunkett, the Education and Employment Secretary, predicted yesterday.

He said that the success of Government programme such as Sure Start – aimed at improving health and early education services in poor areas – and literacy and numeracy strategies, should ensure that selection in schools was consigned to the history books.

His comments came after opponents of the 11-plus conceded defeat in their battle to force a ballot on whether to scrap selection in Trafford, Greater Manchester, and accused the Government of concocting a “cynical betrayal”.

Mr. Blunkett told the Sure Start conference in London: “I would like to place a little bet that selection is seen as a total anachronism because children have reached a point together where they can transfer to secondary schools in a way that makes separating them out look completely daft”.

He was responding to questions on whether babies born now would still have to take exams to get into some state schools 11 years from now. Mr. Blunkett insisted later that he had always believed that once children could read, write and add up properly, selection by ability would become redundant.

Only 15 per cent of those eligible to vote signed the petition calling for a ballot on the future of Trafford’s seven grammar schools, five per cent short of

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the figure required by law. The opponents of selection will now have to wait until September to start the process all over again. It is the third defeat for the anti grammar school campaigners. Last March, Kent activists dropped their attempt to force a ballot on the county’s 33 selective schlools after collecting only 7,000 of the 45,959 signatures needed.

In Ripon, North Yorks, the activists collected suffient signatures to force a ballot but parents voted by two to one to keep the town’s historic grammar school.

Graham Brady, the Conservative MP for Altrincham and Sale West, which includes four of Trafford’s seven selective schools, said he was delighted.

“It has been apparent for some time that those who wanted to abolish grammar schoools in Trafford were struggling to gain support”, he said.

However, Malcolm Clarke, chairman of the Wythenshawe and Sale West constituency Labour Party, blamed the Government for the campaign’s problems. The ballot process as set out in the 1998 School Standards Act had been deliberately designed to minimise the chances of success, he claimed. (Daily Telegraph, 2000).

2. Labour’s figures show more are living in povetry

By Phillip Johnston, Home Affairs Editor

More families are living in poverty since Labour came to power, according to figures released by the Government last night.

Conservatives accused ministers of “sneaking out” the official statistics without the fanfare accompanying the publication yesterday of a report on Labour’s “achievements”, which said the Government had “lifted more than one million children out of poverty”.

Figures from the Social Security Department showed that the number of families living in poverty went up by 300,000 between 1998 and 1999. The current figure of 11 million compared to 10,5 million families with a household income of below half the average when Labour came to power.

David Willetts, Conservative social security spokesman, said: “This devastating evidence is buried in the poverty figures but it shows that on the Government’s preferred measure, poverty has got worse with Labour”.

Alistair Darling, the Social Security Secretary, blamed poverty level inherited from the Conservatives.

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“Poverty on this scale took years to build up. This report confirms the scale of the problem we need to turn around”, he said.

Mr. Darling said initiatives introduced since April 1999 – the final year to which the figures refer – would alleviate povetry levels.

He said these included increases in child benefit and the introduction of the national minimum wage and working families’ tax credit.

But the figures, coming on the day the Government tried to highlight its achievements, will be a major embarrassment to Labour.

When the Conservatives were in power, the same statistics were regularly used by Labour spokesman as ammunition against the Tories and cited as evidence of worsening povetry.

They also cast doubt on Tony Blair’s promise to “end child poverty within 20 years” if the same methods of calculation are adopted. (Daily Telegraph, 2000).

3. Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords: Defamation Bill

3.21 p.m.

The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present time in favour of this change and in view of the fact that there are other countries under the British Flag where, I understand, there was a change in the law, to a greater or less degree, in the direction which the noble and learned Earl so earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the view that the case for resisting the noble Earl’s Amendment is not overwhelming, so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose

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the sensible way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of which run into some conflict. (July 28, 1952.).

4. Is there really such a crisis in the art of the novel that people must write books about it, cry shrilly to attract attention as you do when you see someone taking a direction you know must lead them into danger? Yes, most people professionally concerned are by now agreed that the English novel is in a sad state, that it has, in fact, lost direction and purpose. The novel, which above all depends on the fact that it is widely read, is rapidly becoming unreadable.

Of course, this does not imply a stay – in strike on the shelves of the tuppenny libraries. More novels are read to-day than ever before, but it is the unreadable which is read. Since paradox is not a meal for a hungry man, I will try to explain the position as I see it. (R. Fox).

SCIENTIFIC STYLE

1. Begin with the spoken language

from “The Practical Study of Languages” by Henry Sweet.

In European languages most grammarians tacitly assume that the spoken is a mere corruption of the literary language. But the exact contrary is the case: it is the spoken which is the real source of the literary language. We may pick out the most far-fetched literary words and forms we can think of, but we shall always find that they are derived from the colloquial speech of an earlier period. Even such forms as thou hast, he hath, were ordinary colloquialisms a few centuries ago, though they now survive only as fossil, dead colloquialisms side by side with the living colloquialisms you have, he has. Every literary language is, in fact, a mixture of colloquialisms of different periods.

Every literary language must indeed in its first beginnings be purely colloquial. It is certainly difficult to realize that such a language as the classical Italian of Dante and Petrarch was originally nothing but a rough attempt to write down what were then considered the slovenly colloquialisms of Late Latin; but nevertheless such is the origin not only of Italian, but of all the other Romance languages as well. The tradition of the origin of Italian is still kept up in the word for ‘translate’, namely volgarizzare, literally ‘make popular’.

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