Русский язык для англоговорящих (начальный уровень). В 4 частях. Ч.1. Учебно-методическое пособие
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1RWH We pronounce E like E in stressed position and we pronounce E like ɂ in unstressed position |
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>ȿғ@ |
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ȿ |
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>ɂ@ |
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5HDG D QHZ ZRUGV
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Ʉɨɝɞɚ"ғ :KHQ" |
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ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤғ |
RQ 0RQGD\ |
ɭɬɪɨɦғ |
LQ WKH PRUQLQJ |
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ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹғ |
WRGD\ |
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ɫɟɣɱɚɫғ |
QRZ |
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ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɧɢɤғ |
RQ 7XHVGD\ |
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ɞɧɺɦ |
LQ WKH DIWHUQRRQ |
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ɡɚɜɬɪɚ |
WRPRUURZ |
ɩɨɬɨɦғ |
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ɜ ɫɪɟɞɭғ RQ :HGQHVGD\ |
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ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ LQ WKH HYHQLQJ |
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ғ |
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DIWHUZDUGV |
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ɜɱɟɪɚғ\HVWHUGD\ |
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ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɝғ RQ 7KXUVGD\ |
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ғ |
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ɩɨɫɥɟɡɚғ ɜɬɪɚғ |
GD\ |
ɪɚɧɶɲɟғ |
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ɜ ɩɹғɬɧɢɰɭ RQ )ULGD\ |
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DIWHU WRPRUURZ |
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IRUPHUO\ |
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ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭғ RQ 6DWXUGD\ |
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ɩɨɡɚɜɱɟɪɚ |
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GD\ |
HDUOLHU EHIRUH |
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ɜ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟғ |
RQ 6XQGD\ |
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ғ |
ғ |
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ɪɚɧɨ HDUO\ |
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EHIRUH \HVWHUGD\ |
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ɩɨɡɞɧɨ ODWH |
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ɜ ɱɚɫ |
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DW R FORFN |
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ɜ |
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ɜ |
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ɱɚɫɚ |
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ɜ |
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ɜ |
ɱɚɫɨɜ |
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5HPHPEHU |
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Ʉɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɚɫ" |
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ɱɚɫɨɜ |
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ɋɟɣɱɚɫ |
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ɱɚɫɚ |
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ɱɚɫɚ ɦɢɧɭɬɚ |
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ғ |
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ɱɚɫɚ |
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ɦɢɧɭɬɵғ |
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ɱɚɫɚғ |
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ɱɚɫɚ |
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ɱɚɫɨɜ |
ɦɢɧɭɬ |
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/(6621
ȻɕɌɖ WR EH
1RWH . In infinitive form Russian verbs have ending -Ɍɖ (like TO in English).
2.All verbs are conjugated.
3.We don’t use the verb ɛɵɬɶ in Present Tense, we use it only in Past and Future Tense.
F U T U R E
ə ɛɭɞɍ |
Ɇɵ ɛɭɞȿɆ |
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ғ |
Ɍɵ ɛɭɞȿɒɖ |
ȼɵ ɛɭɞȿɌȿ |
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ғ |
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ғ |
Ɉɧ ɛɭɞȿɌ |
Ɉɧɢ ɛɭɞɍɌ |
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ғ |
Ɉɧɚ ɛɭɞȿɌ |
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5HDG WKH IROORZLQJ GLDORJXHV |
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ɚ Ʉɨɝɞɚɜɵɛɭɞɟɬɟ ɬɭɬ" |
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ғ |
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əɛɭғɞɭ ɭғɬɪɨɦ ɛ Ʉɨɝɞɚғɜɵɛɭғɞɟɬɟɬɭɬ"
əɛɭғɞɭ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɭғɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɜ Ʉɨɝɞɚғɛɭғɞɟɬɭɪɨғɤ"
ɍɪɨғɤɛɭғɞɟɬ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɭғɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɝ Ʉɨɝɞɚғɜɵɛɭғɞɟɬɟ ɞɨғɦɚ"
əɛɭғɞɭɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɞ ȼɵɛɭғɞɟɬɟɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟғɬɟ"
Ⱦɚ
ȼɨ ɫɤɨғɥɶɤɨ"
ȼ ɱɚɫɨғɜ
11
ɟ Ⱦɠɨɧɛɭɞɟɬɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɟғ " |
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Ⱦɚ ɨɧɛɭɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɧɭɬ |
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ɠ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɞ ɡɚɜɬɪɚɤ ɭɠɢɧ " |
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ғ ғ |
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ғ |
ғ |
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ɑɟɪɟɡ ɱɚɫɚ |
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ғ |
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ɡ ȼɵɛɭɞɟɬɟ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɜ ɩɹɬɧɢɰɭ" |
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Ⱦɚɛɭɞɭ |
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Ⱥ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ" |
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ɇɟɬ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ ɹɛɭɞɭ ɞɨɦɚ |
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ɢ ȼɵɛɭɞɟɬɟɱɚɣ" |
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ғ |
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ɇɟɬ ɹɛɭɞɭ ɤɨɮɟ |
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ɤȻɭɞɟɬɟɯɥɟɛ" ɏɥɟɛɛɭɞɟɬɟ" |
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Ⱦɚɛɭɞɭ |
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ɥ Ɍɵɛɭɞɟɲɶɪɵɛɍ" |
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ɇɟɬ ɹ ɧɟ ɟɦ ɪɵɛɍ |
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5HPHPEHU |
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ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ"ғ |
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DW ZKDW WLPH" ɱɟɪɟɡғ ɦɢɧɭɬғ |
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LQ PLQXWHV |
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ɡɚɜɬɪɚɤ |
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EUHDNIDVW |
ɨɛɟɞ |
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OXQFK |
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GLQQHU |
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DW KRPH |
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ɭɠɢɧ |
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ɞɨɦɚ |
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ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɟ |
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DW WKH OHVVRQ |
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)LOO LQ WKH JDSV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE ȻɕɌɖ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ Ɍɵ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɡɚɜɬɪɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" |
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Ɉɧɢ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɚɆɨɣ ɛɪɚɬ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɨɜ |
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ȼɵ |
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ɡɚɜɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɟ" Ɇɵ |
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ɬɭɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ |
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Ƚɞɟ ɬɵ |
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ɡɚɜɬɪɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" Ʉɨɝɞɚɬɵ |
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ɞɨɦɚ" |
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Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɚɲɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ |
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ɞɨɦɚ" ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ |
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ɡɞɟɫɶ" |
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ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ |
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ɨɛɟɞ" Ɉɧ |
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ɡɞɟɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɧɭɬ |
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Ɇɵ |
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ғ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɚɫ Ɍɵ |
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3 $ 6 7 |
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ȻɕɌɖ Ʌ |
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ȻɕɌɖ Ʌ Ɉ |
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ȻɕɌɖ Ʌ ɂ |
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5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV |
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ɚ Ƚɞɟ ɜɵɛɵɥɢɜɱɟɪɚɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" |
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ɛ ȼɵɛɵɥɢɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ" |
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Ⱦɚ ɹɛɵɥɭɬɪɨɦ |
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ɝ ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɛɵɥɞɨɦɚ ɜɱɟɪɚɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" |
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əɛɵɥɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɨɜ |
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Ⱥ ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɛɭɞɟɲɶɞɨɦɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ" |
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)LOO LQ WKH JDSV ZLWK FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE ȻɕɌɖ LQ 3DVW 7HQVH |
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Ɉɧ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɜɱɟɪɚɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɭɬɪɨɦ |
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ɬɚɦ ɞɧɺɦ |
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Ɇɨɣ ɫɵɧ |
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ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɱɟɪɚɞɧɺɦ |
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Ƚɞɟ ɬɵ |
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ɜɱɟɪɚɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" |
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ɜ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɟ" |
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ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɜɱɟɪɚ" |
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ɉɨɡɚɜɱɟɪɚɹ ɧɟ |
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ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ |
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Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ |
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ɩɨɡɚɜɱɟɪɚ" |
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ə ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ ɝɞɟ ɨɧ |
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ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ |
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ə ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ |
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ɏɈɌȿɌɖғ WR ZDQW |
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3 5 ( 6 ( 1 7 |
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ə ɯɨɱɍғ |
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Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɂғɆ |
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Ɍɵ ɯɨɱȿɒɖ |
ȼɵ ɯɨɬɂғɌȿ |
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Ɉɧ ɯɨɱȿɌ |
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5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV |
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ɚ ɑɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɬɢɬɟ" ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ" |
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ɛɏɨɬɢɬɟ ɤɨɮɟ" Ȼɭɞɟɬɟ ɤɨɮɟ" |
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ɜ Ɍɵɯɨғɱɟɲɶɤɨғɮɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚғɣ" Ɍɵ ɛɭғɞɟɲɶ ɤɨғɮɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɣ"Ʉɨғɮɟ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ
ɝ Ɍɵɯɨғɱɟɲɶ ɟɳɺɦɨɪɨғɠɟɧɨɟ"ɇɟɬ ɫɩɚɫɢғɛɨ
ɞ ȼɨ ɫɤɨғɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɯɨɬɢғɬɟɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟғɬɟ"əɯɨɱɭғɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɜ
ɟ ȼɵ ɛɭғɞɟɬɟ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨғɬɭ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟғɬɟ"ɇɟɬ ɹ ɧɟɯɨɱɭғɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟғɬɟ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨғɬɭ ɢ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟғɧɶɟ
ɠ ȿɳɺ ɤɨғɮɟ"
ɇɟɬ ɫɩɚɫɢғɛɨɜɫɺ əɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭ
5HPHPEHU
ɟɳɺ |
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\HW VWLOO |
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ȼɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟɟɳɺPRUH ɤɨɮɟ" |
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Ⱦɠɨɧ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɨɮɢɫɟ" |
ɇɟɬɟɳɺ ɧɟɬ QRW \HW ɈɧɟɳɺVWLOO ɞɨɦɚ
ə ɯɨɱɭ ɜɢɧɨ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɵ
ɑɬɨɟɳɺHOVH ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ"
ɧɢɱɟɝɨғQRWKLQJɜɫɺ WKDW¶V DOO
)LOO LQ WKH JDSV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE ɏɈɌȿɌɖ LQ 3UHVHQW 7HQVH
ə |
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ɤɨɮɟ Ɇɨɣ ɦɭɠ |
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ɟɳɺ ɱɚɣ" ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɧ |
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ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɦɚ ɪɚɧɨ |
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ɞɠɢɧɫ ɬɨɧɢɤɨɦɆɵ |
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ɛɵɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵ |
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɦɚ" |
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5HPHPEHU |
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ɤɨɮɟғ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦғ |
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FRIIHH ZLWK PLON |
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13
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3 $ 6 7 |
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ɏɈɌȿɌɖ |
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ɏɈɌȿғɅ |
PDVFXOLQH |
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ɏɈɌȿɌɖ |
Ʌ Ⱥ |
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ɏɈɌȿғɅȺ |
IHPLQLQH |
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ɏɈɌȿɌɖ |
Ʌ ɂ |
|
ɏɈɌȿғɅɂ |
SOXUDO |
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5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV
ɚ ȼɱɟɪɚғɹ ɯɨɬɟғɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨғɦɚ ɪɚғɧɨɂ ɜɨ ɫɤɨғɥɶɤɨ ɜɵ ɛɵғɥɢ ɞɨғɦɚ"ȼ ɱɚɫɨғɜ Ɉғɱɟɧɶ ɩɨғɡɞɧɨ
ɛ Ʉɬɨ ɯɨɬɟғɥ ɟɳɺ ɦɨɪɨғɠɟɧɨɟ" ȼɵ"Ⱦɚ ɫɩɚɫɢғɛɨ
ɜ ȼɵ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɟғɥɢ ɟɳɺ ɱɚɣ"
ɇɟɬ ɫɩɚɫɢғɛɨ ɹ ɧɢɱɟɝɨғɧɟ ɯɨɬɟғɥ
ȼɵ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɢғ " ȼɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢғ " SROLWH ZD\ RI DVNLQJ ɹ ɧɢɱɟɝɨғɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɥғ , GLGQ¶W ZDQW DQ\WKLQJ
7UDQVODWH LQWR 5XVVLDQ
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WR EX\ |
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ɉɈɅɍɑɂғɌɖ |
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ɇȺɉɂɋȺɌɖғ |
WR ZULWH |
ɉɊɈɑɂɌȺғɌɖ |
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ɉɈȾɉɂɋȺғɌɖ |
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ɉɈɁȼɈɇɂғɌɖ |
WR FDOO |
ɊȿɒɂɌɖғ |
WR VROYH WR |
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GHFLGH |
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ɁȺɄȺɁȺɌɖғ |
WR RUGHU WR |
ȼɂȾȿɌɖғ |
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ɉɈɋɆɈɌɊȿɌɖғ |
WR ORRN WR |
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ERRN |
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ZDWFK |
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ɁȺɉɅȺɌɂғɌɖ |
WR SD\ |
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ɉɈȾɍɆȺɌɖғ |
WR WKLQN |
ɈɌɆȿɇɂғɌɖ |
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ɋȾȿɅȺɌɖғ |
WR GR WR PDNH |
ɈɌɄɊɕɌɖғ |
WR RSHQ |
ɁȺɄɊɕɌɖғ |
WR FORVH |
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ɁȺȻɕɌɖғ |
WR IRUJHW |
ɋɉɊɈɋɂɌɖғ |
WR DVN |
ɈɌȼȿғɌɂɌɖ |
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ɉɈɉɊɈɋɂғɌɖ |
WR UHTXHVW |
ȼɕɍɑɂɌɖғ |
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WR OHDUQ |
ȼɁəɌɖ |
WR WDNH |
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ȾȺɌɖ |
WR JLYH |
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ɋɉȺɌɖ |
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WR VOHHS |
ɉɂɌɖ |
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)RUP 3DVW 7HQVH IURP WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV DV LQ D PRGHO |
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D 0RGHO ɯɨɬɟɬɶ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ SODFH RI VWUHVV LV QRW FKDQJHG |
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Ʉɭɩɢғɬɶ ɫɤɚɡɚғɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɚғɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢғɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚғɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚғɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚғɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɬɶ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟғɬɶ ɜɢғɞɟɬɶ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢғɬɶ ɩɨɞɭғɦɚɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɧɢғɬɶ ɫɞɟғɥɚɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵғɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɵғɬɶ ɡɚɛɵғɬɶ ɫɩɪɨɫɢғɬɶ ɨɬɜɟғɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢғɬɶ ɜɵғɭɱɢɬɶ
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E 0RGHO ɛɵɬɶ ɛɵɥ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵɥɢ SODFH RI VWUHVV LV FKDQJHG |
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ɜɡɹɬɶ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɩɚɬɶ ɩɢɬɶ |
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5HPHPEHU |
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9(5% |
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ɑɌɈ" +$7" |
9(5% |
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Ʉɭɩɢɬɶғ |
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ɫɵɪ ɪɵɛғɍ ɦɨɥɨɤɨғ |
ɉɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ |
ɫɱɺɬ ɪɭɱɤɍ ɦɚɫɥɨ |
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ɮɪɭɤɬɵғ |
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ɫɚɥɮɟɬɤɢ |
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ɇɚɩɢɫɚғɬɶ |
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ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɧɢɝғɍ ɩɢɫɶɦɨғ |
ɉɪɨɱɢɬɚғɬɶ |
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɝɚɡɟɬғɍ |
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ɤɧɢɝɢғ |
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ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵғ |
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ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶғ |
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ɱɟɤ ɛɭɦɚɝғɍ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ |
Ɋɟɲɢғɬɶ |
ɜɨɩɪɨɫғ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦғɍ |
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ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵғ |
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ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵғ |
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Ɂɚɤɚɡɚɬɶғ |
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ɛɢɥɟɬғ ɤɭɪɢɰɍғ ɩɢɜɨғ |
ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɟғɬɶ |
ɮɭɬɛɨɥғ ɨɩɟɪɍғ |
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ɮɪɭɤɬɵғ |
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ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢғ |
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ȼɢɞɟɬɶғ |
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ɞɨɦ ɦɚɲɢɧғɍ ɨɤɧɨғ |
Ɉɬɦɟɧɢғɬɶ |
ɭɪɨɤғ ɜɫɬɪɟғɱɍ |
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ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵғ |
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ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢғ |
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ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶғ |
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ɬɨɪɬ ɝɢɦɧɚɫɬɢɤғ ɍ |
Ɉɬɤɪɵғɬɶ |
ɛɚɥɤɨɧғ ɤɧɢɝғɍ ɨɤɧɨғ |
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ɤɚɤɚɨғ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵғ |
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ɞɜɟɪɢғ |
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Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɶғ |
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ɮɚɣɥ ɤɧɢɝғɍ ɨɤɧɨғ |
Ɂɚɛɵɬɶғ |
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤғ ɝɚɡɟғɬɍ |
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ɦɚɝɚɡɢғɧɵ |
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ɩɢɜɨғ ɞɟɧɶɝɢғ |
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ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ |
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ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬғ ɜɢɡғɍ |
ɉɨɫɥɚɬɶғ |
ɮɚɤɫ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦғ ɍ |
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ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵғ |
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ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɞɟɧɶɝɢғ |
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ȼɡɹɬɶ |
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ɧɨɠ ɜɢɥɤɍ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ |
Ⱦɚɬɶ |
ɫɱɺɬ ɫɞɚɱɍ ɦɚɫɥɨ |
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ɬɚɪɟɥɤɢ |
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ɞɟɧɶɝɢ |
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Ⱦɚɬɶ |
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ɫɱɺɬ ɫɞɚɱɍ ɦɚɫɥɨ |
ɉɢɬɶ |
ɫɨɤ ɜɨɞɍ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ |
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ɞɟɧɶɝɢ |
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ɧɚɩɢɬɤɢ |
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ɤɭɪɢɰɚғ FKLFNHQ ɮɭɬɛɨɥғ IRRWEDOO ɨɩɟɪɚғ RSHUD ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢғ QHZV ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚғ PHHWLQJ ɮɚɣɥ ILOH ɩɪɨғɩɭɫɤ SDVV ɧɚɩɢғɬɤɢ GULQNV
5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV
ȼɵ ɛɵғɥɢ ɜ ɦɚɝɚɡɢғɧɟ"
Ⱦɚ ɭғɬɪɨɦ
ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɤɭɩɢғɥɢ"
ə ɤɭɩɢғɥ ɯɥɟɛ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨғ
Ⱥ ɫɵɪ"
ə ɡɚɛɵғɥ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɫɵɪ
ȼɥɚɞɢғɦɢɪ ɩɨɫɥɚғɥ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚғɦɦɭ"
Ⱦɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɥɚғɥ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚғɦɦɭ ɜɱɟɪɚғɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ
ȼɵ ɭɠɟғɩɨɥɭɱɢғɥɢ ɜɢғɡɭ"
ɇɟɬ ɟɳɺ ɧɟɬ ɩɨɤɚғɧɟɬ ȼɢғɡɚ ɛɭғɞɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟғɥɶɧɢɤ
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɜɵ ɭɠɟғɩɨɞɩɢɫɚғɥɢ ɱɟɤ"
Ⱦɚ ȼɨɬ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ
Ɇɢғɲɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɥ ɜɱɟɪɚғ"
Ⱦɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɥ ɜɱɟɪɚғɩɨғɡɞɧɨ ɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦȼɵ ɭɠɟғɩɪɨɱɢɬɚғɥɢ ɝɚɡɟғɬɭ"
Ⱦɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚғɥɄɬɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɥ ɫɚɥɚғɬ" ȼɵ"
Ⱦɚ ɹ ɋɩɚɫɢғɛɨȼɵ ɜɢғɞɟɥɢ ɮɢғɥɶɦ ©Ⱥɞɦɢɪɚғɥª"
ɇɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɢғɞɟɥ ɏɨɪɨғɲɢɣ ɮɢғɥɶɦ"ə ɭɠɟғɡɚɩɥɚɬɢғɥ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɫɢғ
Ⱦɚ" ɋɩɚɫɢғɛɨɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚғɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɦɟɧɢғɥ ɭɪɨғɤ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɭғɬɪɨɦ"
Ⱦɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɥ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɢғɥɄɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵғɥ ɨɤɧɨғ" Ɉғɱɟɧɶ ɯɨғɥɨɞɧɨ
ɗғɬɨ ɹ ɨɬɤɪɵғɥ ə ɩɨɞɭғɦɚɥ ɱɬɨ ɠɚғɪɤɨ
15
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɹ ɜɱɟɪɚғɡɚɛɵғɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ
ɇɢɱɟɝɨғ
ə ɜɡɹɥ ɪɵғɛɭ ɢ ɫɚɥɚғɬ Ⱥ ɜɵ"ɋɩɚɫɢғɛɨ ɹ ɛɭғɞɭ ɬɨғɥɶɤɨ ɤɨғɮɟ
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɹ ɡɚɛɵғɥ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɩɪɨғɩɭɫɤɇɢɱɟɝɨғ
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɜɵ ɧɟ ɞɚғɥɢ ɫɞɚғɱɭɉɪɚғɜɞɚ" ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ ɹ ɡɚɛɵғɥ
ɭɠɟ DOUHDG\ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɫɢғ IRU WD[L ɨɱɟɧɶғ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨғ YHU\ FROG
ɠɚɪɤɨғ KRW ɧɢɱɟɝɨғ QHYHU PLQG ɬɨɥɶɤɨғ RQO\
0DNH \RXU RZQ GLDORJXHV DV LQ H[
5HPHPEHU
ɇɍɀɇɈ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ LW LV QHHGIXO
ɇɍɀɇɈ LQILQLWLYH
ɇɍɀɇɈ LQILQLWLYH ɱɬɨ" KDW"
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ ɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ ɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ ɜ
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɯɥɟɛ ɪɵғɛɍ ɦɨɥɨɤɨғɩɪɨɞɭғɤɬɵ
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɚғɬɶ ɮɚɤɫ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚғɦɦɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɞɟғɧɶɝɢ
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1DUUDWLYH VHQWHQFH 4XHVWLRQ
ɇɭɠɧɨ LQILQLWLYH ɑɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ LQILQLWLYH"
ɇɭɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɯɥɟɛ ɑɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ"
$QVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV XVLQJ WKH ZRUGV JLYHQ LQ EUDFNHWV
ɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ" ɫɵɪ ɤɭғɪɢɰɚ ɦɚғɫɥɨ ɦɹғɫɨ ɯɥɟɛ ɚɩɟɥɶɫɢғɧɵ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚғɞ ɪɵғɛɚ ɤɚɩɭғɫɬɚ ɫɜɺɤɥɚ ɩɨɦɢɞɨғɪɵ
ɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɚғɬɶ" ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɛɭɦɚғɝɚ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚғɦɦɚ ɮɚɤɫ ɞɟғɧɶɝɢ ɰɜɟɬɵғɤɨɧɮɟғɬɵɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢғɬɶ" ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɛɢɥɟɬ ɜɢɡɚ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɧɢғɬɶ" ɭɪɨғɤ ɜɫɬɪɟғɱɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚғɪ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚғɰɢɹ
ɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɫɞɟғɥɚɬɶ" ɤɨғɮɟ ɝɢɦɧɚғɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɦɥɟғɬ ɫɚɥɚғɬ ɞɨɦɚғɲɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚғɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨғɞɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚғɬɶ" ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚғɦɦɚ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚғɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɟғɤɬ ɞɨɦɚғɲɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟғ
ɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ" ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɬɟɤɫɬ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚғɦɦɚ ɝɚɡɟғɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚғɥ ɡɚɞɚғɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭғɤɰɢɹɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚғɬɶ" ɩɢɫɶɦɨғɞɨɤɭɦɟғɧɬ ɛɭɦɚғɝɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚғɤɬɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɢғɬɶ" ɩɪɨɛɥɟғɦɚ ɜɨɩɪɨғɫɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɬɶ" ɛɢɥɟғɬ ɩɢғɰɰɚ ɬɚɤɫɢғɫɬɨɥ
ɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟғɬɶ" ɮɢɥɶɦ ɨғɩɟɪɚ ɛɚɥɟғɬ ɮɭɬɛɨғɥ ɦɚɬɱ ɞɨɤɭɦɟғɧɬɵɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ" ɫɭɩ ɩɪɨғɩɭɫɤ ɮɨғɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟғɧɬɵ ɬɚɤɫɢғɛɢɥɟғɬ ɪɭғɱɤɚ ɛɭɦɚғɝɚ ɤɧɢғɝɚ
ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚғɲ ɫɬɭɥɑɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ" ɞɟғɧɶɝɢ ɩɪɨғɩɭɫɤ ɩɚғɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɟɡɟғɧɬ ɰɜɟɬɵғɚғɞɪɟɫ ɫɱɺɬ ɫɞɚғɱɚ
ɰɜɟɬɵғ IORZHUV ɤɨɧɮɟғɬɵ FDQGLHV
ɞɨɦɚғɲɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚғɧɢɟ KRPHZRUN ɡɚɞɚғɧɢɟ WDVN
5HPHPEHU
ə ɯɨɱɭғ LQILQLWLYH
ə ɯɨɱɭғɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɹғɛɥɨɤɢ
)RUP DOO SRVVLEOH VHQWHQFHV ZLWK ZRUGV ə ɏɈɑɍ XVLQJ YHUEV ɄɍɉɂɌɖ ɉɈɋɅȺɌɖ ɉɈɅɍɑɂɌɖ ɈɌɆȿɇɂɌɖ ɋȾȿɅȺɌɖ ɇȺɉɂɋȺɌɖ ɉɊɈɑɂɌȺɌɖ ɉɈȾɉɂɋȺɌɖ ɊȿɒɂɌɖ ɁȺɄȺɁȺɌɖ ɉɈɋɆɈɌɊȿɌɖ ȼɂȾȿɌɖ ȼɁəɌɖ ȾȺɌɖ ɈɌɄɊɕɌɖ ɁȺɄɊɕɌɖ ɉɈɉɊɈɋɂɌɖ DQG ZRUGV ɌɈɊɌ
16
ɆəɋɈ ɄɍɊɂɐȺ ɆȺɒɂɇȺ ɄȼȺɊɌɂɊȺ əȻɅɈɄɂ ɋɕɊ əɃɐȺ ɄɈɆɉɖɘɌȿɊ ɉɊɂɇɌȿɊ ɉɂɐɐȺ ɉɂɋɖɆɈ ɋɆɋ ɉȺɋɉɈɊɌ ȼɂɁȺ ȾȿɇɖȽɂ ɍɊɈɄ ɋȿɆɂɇȺɊ ɄɈɎȿ ɋɘɊɉɊɂɁ ɉɊȿɁȿɇɌ ɌȿɄɋɌ ȻɍɆȺȽȺ ɍɊɈɄ ʋ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆȺ ȼɈɉɊɈɋ ɋɌɈɅ ɌȺɄɋɂ ɎɂɅɖɆ ȾɊȺɆȺ ɈɉȿɊȺ ȻȺɅȿɌ ɎɍɌȻɈɅ ȻɂɅȿɌ ɄȺɊȺɇȾȺɒ ɊɍɑɄȺ ɋɅɈȼȺɊɖ ɋȾȺɑȺ ɋɑȬɌ ɈɄɇɈ ȾȼȿɊɖ ȻȺɅɄɈɇ
5HPHPEHU
1DUUDWLYH VHQWHQFH 4XHVWLRQ
Ɇɨɠɧɨ LQILQLWLYH Ɇɨɠɧɨ LQILQLWLYH"
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ"
5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɝɞɟ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɛɢɥɟғɬ"ȼ ɤɚғɫɫɟ
Ƚɞɟ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢғɬɶ ɞɟғɧɶɝɢ"ȼ ɛɚɧɤɨɦɚғɬɟ
Ƚɞɟ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟғɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɦ"ȼ ɤɢɧɨɬɟɚғɬɪɟ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢғɬɶ"Ɂɚғɜɬɪɚ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɩɪɨғɩɭɫɤ"Ɂɚғɜɬɪɚ ɭғɬɪɨɦ
Ƚɞɟ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚғɬɶ"Ɍɭɬ
ɋɤɨғɥɶɤɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢғɬɶ"ɪɭɛɥɟɣ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢғɬɶ ɞɨғɥɥɚɪɵ"ɇɟɬ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢғɬɶ ɪɭɛɥɢғ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɩɨғɡɞɧɨ"Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵғɬɶ ɨɤɧɨғ"
Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ
5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV
Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ ɛɵғɥɢ ɜɱɟɪɚғɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ"
ə ɛɵɥ ɜ ɦɚɝɚɡɢғɧɟ ɂɤɟғɚ ə ɯɨɬɟғɥ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɫɬɨɥ
ȼɵ ɤɭɩɢғɥɢ ɫɬɨɥ"
Ⱦɚ ɤɭɩɢғɥ
ȼɵ ɫɞɟғɥɚɥɢ ɝɢɦɧɚғɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ ɭғɬɪɨɦ"
ɇɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɞɟғɥɚɥ
Ɍɵ ɯɨғɱɟɲɶ ɤɨғɮɟ"
ɋ ɦɨɥɨɤɨғɦ"
ɇɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɦɨɥɨɤɚғə ɡɚɛɵғɥ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɤɨғ
ɇɟ ɯɨɱɭғə ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸғɤɨғɮɟ ɛɟɡ ɦɨɥɨɤɚғ
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɫɤɚɡɚғɥɢ"
ə ɫɤɚɡɚғɥ ɱɬɨ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɹ ɧɟ ɛɭғɞɭ ɧɚ ɭɪɨғɤɟ
Ƚɞɟ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɛɢɥɟғɬ ɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨғɣ ɬɟɚғɬɪ"
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟғɬɟ
ə ɡɚɛɵғɥ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɬɶ ɬɚɤɫɢғ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɫɟɣɱɚғɫ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɬɶ
Ɂɚғɜɬɪɚ ɹ ɯɨɱɭғɫɞɟғɥɚɬɶ ɩɢғɰɰɭ Ɍɵ ɯɨғɱɟɲɶ ɩɢғɰɰɭ"
Ⱦɚ ɨғɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɱɭғ
ȼɵ ɛɭғɞɟɬɟ ɫɭɩ"
ɇɟɬ ɹ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭғɫɭɩ ə ɯɨɱɭғɡɚɤɚɡɚғɬɶ ɫɚɥɚғɬ ɢ ɱɚɣ
Ⱥ ɞɟɫɟғɪɬ"
ɇɟɬ ɹ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭғɞɟɫɟғɪɬ
ə ɡɚɛɵғɥɚ ɱɬɨ ɹ ɯɨɬɟғɥɚ ɫɞɟғɥɚɬɶ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ Ⱥ ɹ ɯɨɬɟғɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɧɨ ɫɟɣɱɚғɫ ɭɠɟғɩɨғɡɞɧɨ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ
17
Ƚɞɟ ɬɵ ɛɭғɞɟɲɶ ɜ ɩɹғɬɧɢɰɭ ɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ"
ə ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɡɧɚғɸ Ⱥ ɬɵ"
əɬɨғɠɟ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɡɧɚғɸ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɜɟғɱɟɪɨɦ"
Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɨɬɢғɬɟ
ɋɟɝɨғɞɧɹ ɹ ɯɨɱɭғɫɞɟғɥɚɬɶɛɟɮɫɬɪɨғɝɚɧɨɜ ə ɤɭɩɢғɥɚ ɯɨɪɨғɲɟɟ ɦɹғɫɨ ɢɫɦɟɬɚғɧɭ
Ⱥ ɥɭɤ"
Ɉɣɹ ɡɚɛɵғɥɚ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɥɭɤ
ȼɵ ɭɠɟғɫɞɟғɥɚɥɢɡɚɤɚғɡ"
Ⱦɚ ɫɩɚɫɢғɛɨ Ɇɵ ɭɠɟғɡɚɤɚɡɚғɥɢ
Ʉɨɝɞɚғɨɧ ɛɭғɞɟɬ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟғɬɟ" Ɉɧ ɫɤɚɡɚғɥ"
ɇɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚғɥ
ȼɨ ɫɤɨғɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɫɢғɛɭғɞɟɬ ɬɭɬ"
ɑɟғɪɟɡ ɦɢɧɭɬ
ɋɟɝɨғɞɧɹ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɯɥɟɛ ȼɱɟɪɚғɹ ɡɚɛɵғɥɚ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɤɭɩɢғɬɶ ɯɥɟɛ ɨғɤɨɥɨ ɦɟɬɪɨғ
ȼɨ ɫɤɨғɥɶɤɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ"
ɑɟғɪɟɡ ɦɢɧɭғɬ
ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɬɶ ɬɚɤɫɢғɧɚ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ
ə ɭɠɟғɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɥ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɚғɥ
Ɇɢғɲɚ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɭɬ ɜ
Ⱦɚ ɹ ɡɧɚғɸ Ʉɚғɬɹ ɫɤɚɡɚғɥɚ
ə ɨғɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɱɭғɫɩɚɬɶ ɇɭғɠɧɨ ɫɞɟғɥɚɬɶ ɤɨғɮɟ
ə ɡɚɛɵғɥ ɫɤɚɡɚғɬɶ ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɹ ɧɟ ɛɭғɞɭ ɜ ɨғɮɢɫɟ
Ⱥ ɩɨғɫɥɟɡɚғɜɬɪɚ"
ɉɨғɫɥɟɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɬɨғɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɭғɞɭ ə ɛɭғɞɭ ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟғɥɶɧɢɤ
ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɦɨғɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢғɬɶ ɜ ɩɹғɬɧɢɰɭ"
Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ ȼ ɩɹғɬɧɢɰɭ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨғɬɭ ɤɨɝɞɚғɯɨɬɢғɬɟ
ɛɟɡ ɦɨɥɨɤɚғZLWKRXW PLONɱɬɨ ZKDW WKDWɧɨ EXW
ɬɨɠɟғ DOVRɛɟɮɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɨɜғ VWURJDQRIIɫɦɟɬɚғɧɚ VRXU FUHDP ɨɣ RKɡɚɤɚɡғ RUGHUɧɚ ɡɚɜɬɪɚғ IRU WRPRUURZ
7UDQVODWH WKH ZRUGV JLYHQ LQ EUDFNHWV
Ƚɞɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɟғɣ" Ɉɧ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟғɬɟ"
ɇɟɬ ɨɧ FDOOHG ɭғɬɪɨɦ ɢ VDLG ɱɬɨ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ KH ZLOO QRW EH DW WKH OHVVRQ 'R \RX ZDQW ɩɢғɰɰɭ"
Ⱦɚ , ZDQW
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ WR RUGHU ɩɢғɰɰɭ 'R \RX ZDQW "
Ⱦɚ , ZDQW
'R \RX ZDQW ɬɨɪɬ"
ɇɟɬ ɫɩɚɫɢɛɨ ɹ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸғɬɨɪɬ ɇɭғɠɧɨ WR UHDG ɷғɬɨɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɞɨғɦɚ
Ⱦɚ , NQRZ ə ɭɠɟғUHDG Ɍɵ ɡɧɚғɟɲɶ ɱɬɨ ɛɨɫɫ FDQFHOOHG ɜɫɬɪɟғɱɭ"
ɉɪɚғɜɞɚ" , GLGQ¶W NQRZ Ɉɧ ZURWH ɟɦɷɣɥ ɢғɥɢ FDOOHG "
:URWH ɟɦɷɣɥ <RX GLGQ¶W UHFHLYH "
ɇɟɬ , GLGQ¶W UHFHLYH
Ⱦɟɤɚғɧ VLJQHG ɷғɬɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɨғ"
1RW \HW
ə ɞɭғɦɚɸ ɧɭғɠɧɨ WR SD\ ɡɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨғɧ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹ
Ⱥ ɹ ɭɠɟғSDLG ȼɵ VHQW ɞɨɤɭɦɟғɧɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟғɥɶɧɢɤ"
Ⱦɚ ɨɧɢғɭɠɟғɜɫɺ UHFHLYHG Ɉɣ ɹ KDYH IRUJRWWHQ WR ERRN ɬɚɤɫɢғȼɨ ɫɤɨғɥɶɤɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɒɟɪɟɦɟғɬɶɟɜɨ"
ȼ Ɇɨғɠɧɨ WR ERRN QRZ Ɍɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚғɟɲɶ ɤɚɤ WR RSHQ \DQGH[ " ə ɯɨɱɭғWR ZDWFK ɩɨғɱɬɭ ɇɭғɠɧɨ WR WKLQN ɱɬɨ ɧɭғɠɧɨ WR EX\
ə ɭɠɟғWKRXJKW ɢ ZURWHɫɩɢғɫɨɤ Ƚɞɟ ɦɨғɠɧɨ WR EX\ ɛɢɥɟғɬ ɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨғɣ ɬɟɚғɬɪ"
Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɜ ɤɚғɫɫɟ ɢғɥɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟғɬɟ
18
Ʉɨɝɞɚғɦɨғɠɧɨ WR UHFHLYH ɛɢɥɟғɬ"
Ʉɨɝɞɚғɯɨɬɢғɬɟ Ɇɨғɠɧɨ ɫɟɝɨғɞɧɹɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɹ ɜɱɟɪɚ ERRNHG ɬɚɤɫɢғɧɚ ,V LW SRVVLEOH WR FDQFHO ɡɚɤɚғɡ"
Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ ȼɚғɲɚ ɮɚɦɢғɥɢɹ"ɇɭғɠɧɨ WR FDOO ɢ WR FDQFHO ɜɫɬɪɟғɱɭ
ə ɭɠɟғɜɫɺ GLGȼ ɤɨғɦɧɚɬɟ ɨғɱɟɧɶ ɠɚғɪɤɨ Ɇɨɠɧɨ WR RSHQ ɨɤɧɨғ"
Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚə GHFLGHG WR UHDG ©Ⱥғɧɧɚ Ʉɚɪɟғɧɢɧɚª
<RX GHFLGHG WR UHDG ɩɨ ɪɭғɫɫɤɢ"
ɇɟɬ ɤɨɧɟғɱɧɨ ə ERXJKW ©Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɚɪɟɧɢɧɚª ɩɨ ɚɧɝɥɢғɣɫɤɢ, UHDOO\ ZDQW WR HDW ɇɭғɠɧɨ WR RUGHU ɩɢғɰɰɭ ɞɨɦɨғɣ
ə ɭɠɟғRUGHUHG ɉɢғɰɰɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɢɧɭғɬ ɱɟғɪɟɡɈɣ ɹ IRUJRW WR VHQG ɟɦɚɣɥ ɇɭғɠɧɨ WR VHQG ɡɚғɜɬɪɚ ɭғɬɪɨɦɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ GLG \RX UHFHLYH ɦɨɣ ɫɦɫ" ə ZURWH ɱɬɨ ɛɭғɞɭ ɜ
Ⱦɚ , UHFHLYHG ɂɡɜɢɧɢғɬɟ ɱɬɨ , IRUJRW WR UHSO\
ɇɢɱɟɝɨғɗғɬɨ ɬɵ RSHQHG WKH ZLQGRZ " Ɇɨғɠɧɨ WR FORVH "
Ⱦɚ ɩɨɠɚғɥɭɣɫɬɚ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤғ OLVW ɡɚɤɚɡғ UHVHUYDWLRQ ɩɨ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢғ LQ (QJOLVK
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/(6621 |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɌɖ |
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WR ZRUN |
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3 5 ( 6 ( 1 7 |
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ə ɪɚɛɨɬȺɘ |
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Ɇɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚȿɆ |
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Ɍɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚȿɒɖ |
ȼɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚȿɌȿ |
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5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV |
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Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɲɶ" |
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ə ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ ɭɬɪɨɦ |
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Ⱥ ɞɧɺɦ" |
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Ⱦɧɺɦ ɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ |
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Ɍɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɲɶ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ" |
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ɇɟɬ ɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ |
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Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ" |
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ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɹ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ |
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ȼɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ" |
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ɇɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɂɧɨɝɞɚ |
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ȼɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" |
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ȼɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ ɜ ɨɮɢɫɟ ɜ ɩɹɬɧɢɰɭ" |
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ɇɟɬ ɜ ɩɹɬɧɢɰɭ ɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ |
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Ɉɧ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ" |
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ɇɟɬ ɨɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ |
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5HPHPEHU
ɧɢɝɞɟғ QRZKHUH ɜɫɟɝɞɚғ DOZD\V ɢɧɨɝɞɚғ VRPHWLPHV
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ɱɚɫɬɨ RIWHQ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ |
XVXDOO\ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ QHYHU |
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ɬɨɠɟ DOVR |
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1RWH With words ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ, ɧɢɝɞɟ we use double negative: |
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̗ |
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ə ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ |
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Ɇɵ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ |
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19
)LOO LQ WKH JDSV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI YHUE ɊȺȻɈɌȺɌɖ LQ 3UHVHQW 7HQVH |
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Ƚɞɟ ɨɧ |
" Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ |
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ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ Ⱥ ɜɵ |
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ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ" Ɇɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ |
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ɡɚɜɬɪɚ ɞɧɺɦ" Ɇɵ |
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Ʉɨɝɞɚ |
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ɜ ɩɹɬɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɭ ə ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟ |
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ɜɪɚɱ" ȼɪɚɱ |
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ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɜ ɩɹɬɧɢɰɭ Ɇɚɝɚɡɢɧɵ |
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ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ |
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ɜ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ |
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ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ Ɍɵ |
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ɩɨɫɥɟɡɚɜɬɪɚ" Ɇɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ |
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3 $ 6 7 |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɌɖ |
Ʌ |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɅ |
PDVFXOLQH |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɌɖ |
Ʌ Ⱥ |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɅȺ |
IHPLQLQH |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɌɖ |
Ʌ ɂ |
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ɊȺȻɈғɌȺɅɂ |
SOXUDO |
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5HDG WKH GLDORJXHV |
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ɚ Ɍɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜ ɩɹɬɧɢɰɭ" |
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Ⱦɚ ɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ Ⱥ ɬɵ" |
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ə ɬɨɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ |
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ɛ ȼɵ ɪɚɛɨғɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ"ɇɟɬ ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨғɬɭ ɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨғɬɚɥ ə ɛɵɥ ɞɨғɦɚ
ɜ Ɉɧ ɪɚɛɨғɬɚɥ ɩɨɡɚɜɱɟɪɚғ"ɇɟɬ ɨɧ ɪɚɛɨғɬɚɥ ɜɱɟɪɚғ
)LOO LQ WKH JDSV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI YHUE ɊȺȻɈɌȺɌɖ LQ WKH 3DVW 7HQVH
ȼɵ |
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ɜɱɟɪɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" Ƚɞɟ ɨɧ |
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ɜɱɟɪɚ ɭɬɪɨɦ" Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ |
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ɩɨɡɚɜɱɟɪɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ" Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ |
ɜ ɫɭɛɛɨɬɭ Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɧɚ |
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ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ |
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ɜɚɲ ɨɬɟɰ" Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɧɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ |
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ɞɨɦɚ ȿɝɨ ɛɚɛɭɲɤɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ |
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5HPHPEHU |
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PXVW KDYH WR VKRXOG |
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PXVW KDYH WR VKRXOG |
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ə ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ , KDYH WR ZRUN |
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ə ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ , KDG WR ZRUN |
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ə ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɭɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ , ZLOO KDYH WR ZRUN |
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Ɇɵ |
ɡɚɧɹɬɵ |
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$UH |
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ȼɵ |
ғ |
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<RX |
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Ɉɧɢ |
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7KH\ |
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ə ɡɚɧɹɬ , DP EXV\ |
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ғ |
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, ZDV EXV\ |
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ə ɛɵɥ ɡɚɧɹɬ |
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ғ |
, ZLOO EH EXV\ |
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ə ɛɭɞɭ ɡɚɧɹɬ |
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ғ |
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20