Грамматические модели. Grammar charts. Учебное пособие
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Application 1 |
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PRONOUNS |
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Personal |
Objective |
Possessive adjective |
Absolute possessive |
Reflexive |
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+ noun |
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(without a noun, |
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as |
it’s known) |
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I |
me |
my |
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family |
It’ s |
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mine. |
myself |
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(sing.) you |
you |
your |
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flat |
It’s |
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yours. |
yourself |
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(pl.) you |
you |
your |
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flat |
It’s |
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yours. |
yourselves |
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he |
him |
his |
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car |
It’s |
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his. |
himself |
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she |
her |
her |
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dress |
It’s |
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hers. |
herself |
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it |
it |
its |
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bone |
- (not |
usual) |
itself |
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we |
us |
our |
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room |
It’s |
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ours. |
ourselves |
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they |
them |
their |
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house |
It’s |
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theirs. |
themselves |
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Indefinite Pronouns |
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any |
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every |
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some |
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no |
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person |
everybody (-one) |
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somebody (-one) |
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anybody (-one) |
nobody (no one) |
thing |
everything |
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something |
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anything |
nothing |
place |
everywhere |
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somewhere |
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anywhere |
nowhere |
Other Pronouns
demonstrative |
this |
these |
that |
those |
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quantity |
some |
any |
much/ many |
little/ few |
+ noun |
all |
every |
each |
both |
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31
Application 2
STATIVE VERBS
They describe the state, condition or perception of the Subject while dynamic verbs describe an action.
Stative verbs are not normally used in the progressive forms in the following meanings*:
Verbs of Cognition
– agree, believe, consider, doubt, forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, realise, recognize, remember, see (=understand), suppose, think (=believe), understand, etc.
Verbs of Feelings and Emotions
– astonish, admire, adore, concern, depend, desire, deserve, detest, dislike, enjoy, fear, hate, hope, impress, like, love, need, please, prefer, respect, surprise, value, want, wish, etc.
Verbs of Senses and Perception
– appear, feel, hear, taste, see, seem, sense, smell, sound, etc.
Verbs of Possession
– belong to, have, lack, owe, own, possess, etc.
Verbs of Existence and Composition
– be, become, comprise, consist of, contain, cost, equal, fit, include, involve, look, matter, measure, require, weigh, etc.
Note: Some intransitive stative verbs can as well be linking verbs (that are always followed by a Subject compliment = a noun or adjective). To determine a linking verb, you can replace the stative verb with the verb ‘be’ to see if it still makes sense.
e.g. He looked a good player. =He was a good player. – ‘Look’ is a stative and linking verb here.
She resembled her. – ‘Resemble’ is stative but not a linking verb as ‘she was her’ doesn’t make sense.
Other linking verbs can be: appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, etc.
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*in case when these verbs are used in progressive forms, they are not stative, and have another meaning e.g. I’m thinking about it. (It’s not verb of cognition =‘believe’, but it expresses a deliberate action =‘making decision’)
32
Application 3
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES
1. Active Voice
Interrogative, negative and positive models of sentences in Future (F), Present (Pr), Past (P)
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Simple |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
– (negative) |
+ (positive) |
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F |
Will |
I – they* |
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I – They |
won’t |
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I – They |
will |
Inf . |
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Pr |
Do |
I/you/we/they |
Inf.*? |
I/You/We/They |
don’t |
Inf . |
I/You/We/They |
(-)* |
V1*. |
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Does |
he/she/it |
He/She/It |
doesn’t |
He/She/It |
(-) |
V1+(e)s. |
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P |
Did |
I -they |
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I – They |
didn’t |
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I -They |
(-) |
V1+(e)d -reg./ |
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V2*- irreg. |
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I – they * (=for all personal pronouns) Inf* (=bare infinitive, without “to”)
(-)* No use of “do, does, did” in positive sentences. Full verb (with or without endings) is used instead. V1* (=Full verb in Present Simple, Base form = without endings)
V2* (=Past form of Irreg. verbs)
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Progressive |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
– (negative) |
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+ (positive) |
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F |
Will |
I – they |
be |
I – They |
won’t be |
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I – They |
will be |
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PI*? |
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Am |
I |
I |
‘m not |
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I |
am |
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Pr |
Is |
he/she/it |
PI? |
He/She/It |
isn’t |
PI. |
He/She/It |
is |
PI. |
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Are |
you/we/they |
You/We/They |
aren’t |
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You/We/They |
are |
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P |
Was |
I / he/she/it |
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I / He/She/It |
wasn’t |
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I / He/She/It |
was |
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Were |
you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
weren’t |
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You/We/They |
were |
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P1 *Participle I (=ing form)
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Perfect |
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+ (positive) |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
– (negative) |
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F |
Will |
I – they |
have |
I – They |
won’t |
PII. |
I – They |
will have |
PII. |
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PII *? |
have |
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Pr |
Have |
I/you/we/they |
PII? |
I/You/We/They |
haven’t |
PII. |
I/You/We/They |
have |
PII. |
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Has |
he/she/it |
He/She/It |
hasn’t |
He/She/It |
has |
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P |
Had |
I – they |
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I – They |
hadn’t |
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I – They |
had |
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PII * Participle II (=-(e)d – reg. verbs/Past Participle (V3) – irreg. verbs)
Perfect Progressive
Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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F |
Will |
I – they |
have |
I – They |
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won’t |
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been |
been PI? |
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have |
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PI. |
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Pr |
Have |
I/you/we/they |
been PI? |
I/You/We/They |
haven’t |
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been |
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Has |
he/she/it |
He/She/It |
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hasn’t |
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P |
Had |
I – they |
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I – They |
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hadn’t |
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PI. |
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+ (positive)
I – They |
will |
been |
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have |
PI. |
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I/You/We/They |
have |
been |
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He/She/It |
has |
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PI. |
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I – They |
had |
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Sentence Patterns in Active Voice with Regular and Irregular Verbs
Interrogative/ negative/ positive patterns of sentences in Future (F), Present (Pr), Past (P)
Simple
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+ (positive) |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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F |
Will |
I – they* |
study/ |
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I – They |
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won’t |
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study/ |
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I – They |
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will |
study/learn. |
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Pr |
Do |
I/you/we/they |
I/You/We/They |
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don’t |
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I/You/We/They |
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(-) |
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study/learn. |
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Does |
he/she/it |
learn? |
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He/She/It |
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doesn’t |
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learn. |
He/She/It |
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(-) |
studies/learns. |
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P |
Did |
I – they |
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I – They |
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didn’t |
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I – They |
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(-) |
studied/learnt. |
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Progressive |
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+ (positive) |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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F |
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Will |
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I – they |
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be |
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I – They |
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won’t |
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studying/ |
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I – They |
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will |
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studying/ |
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studying / |
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be |
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learning. |
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be |
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learning. |
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learning? |
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Am |
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I |
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I |
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‘m not |
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I |
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am |
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Pr |
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Is |
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he/she/it |
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studying/ |
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He/She/It |
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isn’t |
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studying/ |
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He/She/It |
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is |
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studying/ |
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Are |
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you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
aren’t |
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You/We/They |
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are |
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learning? |
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learning. |
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learning. |
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P |
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Was |
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I / he/she/it |
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I / He/She/It |
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wasn’t |
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I / He/She/It |
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was |
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Were |
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you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
weren’t |
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You/We/They |
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were |
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Perfect |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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+ (positive) |
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I – they |
have |
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I – They |
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won’t |
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studied/ |
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I – They |
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will |
studied/ |
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F |
Will |
studied/ |
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have |
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learnt. |
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have |
learnt. |
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learnt? |
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Pr |
Have |
I/you/we/they |
studied/ |
I/You/We/They |
haven’t |
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studied/ |
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I/You/We/They |
have |
studied/ |
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Has |
he/she/it |
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He/She/It |
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hasn’t |
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He/She/It |
has |
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P |
Had |
I – they |
learnt? |
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I – They |
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hadn’t |
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learnt. |
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I – They |
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had |
learnt. |
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Perfect Progressive
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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have |
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been |
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F |
Will |
I – they |
been |
I – They |
won’t |
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studying/ |
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studying / |
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have |
learning. |
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learning? |
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been |
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been |
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Pr |
Have |
I/you/we/they |
I/You/We/They |
haven’t |
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Has |
he/she/it |
studying / |
He/She/It |
hasn’t |
studying/ |
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P |
Had |
I – they |
learning? |
I – They |
hadn’t |
learning. |
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The changes of the Verbs in Time
+ (positive) |
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I – They |
will |
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been |
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studying / |
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have |
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learning. |
I/You/We/They |
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have |
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been |
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He/She/It |
has |
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studying / |
I – They |
had |
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learning. |
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Simple |
Progressive |
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Perfect |
Perfect Progressive |
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Active |
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(+) V / (-?) Do + Inf |
Be + PI |
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Have + PII |
Have been + PI |
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* |
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Passive |
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Be + PII |
Be being + PII (*) |
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Have been + PII |
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* Do changes in Pr/ P (in Future the auxiliary verb ‘will’ |
is used instead) |
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(*) only for Pr/ P Progressive. (Future Progressive is not used in Passive. Future Simple is used instead)
34
2. Passive Voice
Interrogative, negative and positive models of sentences in Future (F), Present (Pr), Past (P)
Simple
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
– (negative) |
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+ (positive) |
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F |
Will |
I – they* |
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be |
I –They |
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won’t |
PII. |
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I –They |
will be |
PII. |
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PII*? |
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be |
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Am |
I |
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I |
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‘m not |
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I |
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am |
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Pr |
Is |
he/she/it |
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He/She/It |
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isn’t |
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He/She/It |
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is |
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Are |
you/we/they |
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PII? |
You/We/They |
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aren’t |
PII. |
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You/We/They |
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are |
PII. |
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P |
Was |
I / he/she/it |
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I / He/She/It |
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wasn’t |
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I / He/She/It |
was |
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Were |
you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
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weren’t |
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You/We/They |
were |
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I – they * (=for all personal pronouns) |
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PII * Participle II (=-e(d) -reg. verbs/ Past Participle (V3) –irreg. verbs) |
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Progressive |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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+ (positive) |
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F |
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(-)* |
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Am |
I |
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I |
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‘m not |
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I |
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am |
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Pr |
Is |
he/she/it |
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being |
He/She/It |
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isn’t |
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being |
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He/She/It |
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is |
being |
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Are |
you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
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aren’t |
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You/We/They |
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are |
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PII? |
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PII. |
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PII. |
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P |
Was |
I / he/she/it |
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I / He/She/It |
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wasn’t |
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I / He/She/It |
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was |
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Were |
you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
weren’t |
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You/We/They |
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were |
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(-)* Future Progressive is not used in Passive (Future Simple is used instead)
Perfect
Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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+ (positive) |
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have |
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won’t |
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been |
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will |
been |
F |
Will |
I – they |
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been |
I –They |
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I –They |
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have |
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PII. |
have |
PII. |
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PII? |
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Pr |
Have |
I/you/we/they |
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been |
I/You/We/They |
haven’t |
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been |
I/You/We/They |
have |
been |
Has |
he/she/it |
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He/She/It |
hasn’t |
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He/She/It |
has |
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PII? |
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PII. |
PII. |
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P |
Had |
I – they |
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I –They |
hadn’t |
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I –They |
had |
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Perfect Progressive*
Perfect Progressive* is not used in Passive (Perfect tenses are used instead).
35
Sentence Patterns in Passive Voice with Regular and Irregular Verbs
Interrogative/ negative/ positive patterns of sentences in Future (F), Present (Pr), Past (P)
Simple
Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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+ (positive) |
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I – they |
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be |
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I – They |
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asked/ |
I – They |
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asked/ |
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F |
Will |
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asked/ |
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won’t be |
will be |
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told? |
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told. |
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told. |
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Am |
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I |
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I |
‘m not |
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I |
am |
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Pr |
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Is |
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he/she/it |
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asked/ |
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He/She/It |
isn’t |
asked/ |
He/She/It |
is |
asked/ |
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Are |
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you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
aren’t |
You/We/They |
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are |
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told? |
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told. |
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told. |
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P |
Was |
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I / he/she/it |
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I / He/She/It |
wasn’t |
I / He/She/It |
was |
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Were |
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you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
weren’t |
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You/We/They |
were |
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Progressive |
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+ (positive) |
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Time |
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? (interrogative) |
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– (negative) |
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F |
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(–)* |
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Am |
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I |
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I |
‘m not |
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I |
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am |
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Pr |
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Is |
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he/she/it |
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being |
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He/She/It |
isn’t |
being |
He/She/It |
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is |
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being |
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Are |
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you/we/they |
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asked/ |
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You/We/They |
aren’t |
asked/ |
You/We/They |
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are |
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asked/ |
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P |
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Was |
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I / he/she/it |
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told? |
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I / He/She/It |
wasn’t |
told. |
I / He/She/It |
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was |
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told. |
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Were |
you/we/they |
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You/We/They |
weren’t |
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You/We/They |
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were |
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(–)* Future Progressive is not used in Passive (Future Simple is used instead)
Perfect
Time |
|
? (interrogative) |
– (negative) |
|
+ (positive) |
|
||||
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|
|
have |
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won’t |
been |
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will |
been |
|
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been |
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|||||
F |
Will |
I – they |
I – They |
asked/ |
I – They |
asked/ |
||||
asked/ |
have |
have |
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told? |
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told. |
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told. |
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||
Pr |
Have |
I/you/we/they |
been |
I/You/We/They |
haven’t |
been |
I/You/We/They |
have |
been |
|
Has |
he/she/it |
asked/ |
He/She/It |
hasn’t |
asked/ |
He/She/It |
has |
asked/ |
||
|
||||||||||
P |
Had |
I – they |
told? |
I – They |
hadn’t |
told. |
I – They |
had |
told. |
|
Perfect Progressive*
Perfect Progressive* is not used in Passive (Perfect tenses are used instead).
36
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Application 4 |
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THE FORMS OF IRREGULAR VERBS |
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Past participle (V3) |
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Verb (V1) |
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Past simple (V2) |
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All forms are the same |
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1 |
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bet |
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2 |
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cost |
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3 |
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cut |
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4 |
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fit |
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5 |
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hit |
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6 |
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let |
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7 |
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put |
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8 |
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set |
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9 |
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shed |
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10 |
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split |
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Verb and past simple are the same |
beaten |
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11 |
beat |
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beat |
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Past |
simple and past participle are the same |
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12 |
bend |
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bent |
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13 |
bind |
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bound |
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14 |
breed |
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bred |
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15 |
bring |
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brought |
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16 |
build |
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built |
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17 |
burn |
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burnt |
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18 |
buy |
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bought |
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19 |
catch |
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caught |
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20 |
deal |
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dealt |
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21 |
dig |
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dug |
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22 |
dream |
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dreamt |
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23 |
dwell |
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dwelt |
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24 |
feed |
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fed |
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25 |
feel |
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felt |
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26 |
fight |
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fought |
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27 |
light |
|
lit |
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28 |
find |
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found |
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29 |
get |
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got |
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30 |
have |
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had |
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31 |
hang |
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hung |
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32 |
hear |
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heard |
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33 |
hold |
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held |
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34 |
keep |
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kept |
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37
|
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|
Продолжение таблицы |
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||
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|
Past participle (V3) |
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|
Verb (V1) |
|
Past simple (V2) |
|
||
35 |
lay |
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laid |
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36 |
lead |
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led |
|
|
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37 |
learn |
|
learnt |
|
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38 |
leave |
|
left |
|
|
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39 |
lend |
|
lent |
|
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|
40 |
loose |
|
lost |
|
|
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41 |
make |
|
made |
|
|
|
42 |
mean |
|
meant |
|
|
|
43 |
meet |
|
met |
|
|
|
44 |
pay |
|
paid |
|
|
|
45 |
read |
|
read [red] |
|
|
|
46 |
say |
|
said |
|
|
|
47 |
seek |
|
sought |
|
|
|
48 |
sell |
|
sold |
|
|
|
49 |
send |
|
sent |
|
|
|
50 |
shoot |
|
shot |
|
|
|
51 |
sit |
|
sat |
|
|
|
52 |
sleep |
|
slept |
|
|
|
53 |
smell |
|
smelt |
|
|
|
54 |
spell |
|
spelt |
|
|
|
55 |
spend |
|
spent |
|
|
|
56 |
stand |
|
stood |
|
|
|
57 |
strike |
|
struck |
|
|
|
58 |
sweep |
|
swept |
|
|
|
59 |
teach |
|
taught |
|
|
|
60 |
tell |
|
told |
|
|
|
61 |
think |
|
thought |
|
|
|
62 |
understand |
|
understood |
|
|
|
63 |
weep |
|
wept |
|
|
|
64 |
win |
|
won |
|
|
|
|
|
Verb and past participle are the same |
|
|
||
65 |
come |
|
came |
|
come |
|
66 |
run |
|
ran |
|
run |
|
|
|
|
All the forms are different |
|
been |
|
67 |
be |
|
was, were |
|
|
|
68 |
bear |
|
bore |
|
born |
|
69 |
begin |
|
began |
|
begun |
|
70 |
blow |
|
blew |
|
blown |
|
38
|
|
|
Окончание таблицы |
|
|
|
|
Past participle (V3) |
|
|
Verb (V1) |
Past simple (V2) |
|
|
71 |
break |
broke |
broken |
|
72 |
choose |
chose |
chosen |
|
73 |
do |
did |
done |
|
74 |
draw |
drew |
drawn |
|
75 |
drink |
drank |
drunk |
|
76 |
drive |
drove |
driven |
|
77 |
eat |
ate |
eaten |
|
78 |
fall |
fell |
fallen |
|
79 |
fly |
flew |
flown |
|
80 |
forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
|
81 |
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
|
82 |
give |
gave |
given |
|
83 |
go |
went |
gone |
|
84 |
grow |
grew |
grown |
|
85 |
hide |
hid |
hidden |
|
86 |
know |
knew |
known |
|
87 |
ride |
rode |
ridden |
|
88 |
ring |
rang |
rung |
|
89 |
rise |
rose |
risen |
|
90 |
see |
saw |
seen |
|
91 |
shake |
shook |
shaken |
|
92 |
show |
showed |
shown |
|
93 |
sing |
sang |
sung |
|
94 |
speak |
spoke |
spoken |
|
95 |
steal |
stole |
stolen |
|
96 |
swim |
swam |
swum |
|
97 |
take |
took |
taken |
|
98 |
throw |
threw |
thrown |
|
99 |
wear |
wore |
worn |
|
100 |
write |
wrote |
written |
|
39
CONTENTS |
|
About studying English grammar .................................................................................................... |
3 |
Word Order ...................................................................................................................................... |
4 |
Degrees of Comparison ................................................................................................................... |
6 |
The Verb .......................................................................................................................................... |
7 |
Reported Speech .............................................................................................................................. |
10 |
The Noun ......................................................................................................................................... |
12 |
The Article ....................................................................................................................................... |
13 |
Modal Verbs .................................................................................................................................... |
16 |
The Verbal ....................................................................................................................................... |
17 |
Conditionals ..................................................................................................................................... |
20 |
Inversion .......................................................................................................................................... |
21 |
Syntax Models ................................................................................................................................. |
23 |
Text Punctuation… .......................................................................................................................... |
24 |
Questions and Tasks for Revision ................................................................................................... |
26 |
References........................................................................................................................................ |
30 |
Applications ..................................................................................................................................... |
31 |
40