Грамматические модели. Grammar charts. Учебное пособие

INVERSION (= Auxiliary before Subject in Positive Sentence) is used to give emphasis:

With Some Negative and Restrictive Adverbs

– At no time

e.g. At no time did I say I would accept late homework.

– Little

e.g. Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar.

– Not + object

e.g. Not a single word did she say.

– Not only.....but (also)

e.g. Not only did he take the exam, but he also passed it with an excellent mark.

– Not until

e.g. Not until January will I have a holiday.

– Nowhere

e.g. Nowhere had Susan seen a more beautifully decorated room.

– Only after (is usually used with the Past Simple)

e.g. Only after the film started did I realise that I'd seen it before.

– On no account/ Under no circumstances

e.g. On no account should you be absent from your seminars.

– Only then/If/When

e.g. Only then did I know what I had got myself into.

– Rarely/Seldom/Never

e.g. Rarely does a movie make you feel so warm and so uneasy at the same time. Seldom have I seen him looking so miserable.

Never in her life had she experienced this exhilarating emotion.

– So......that (usually is used with an adjective and the verb `be`)

e.g. So exciting was the soap opera, that I forgot to do my English homework. It can also be used with ‘much’.

e.g. So much did she adore John that she would not give him up.

– Such....that

Used with the verb `be` and a noun, it means ‘so much’ or ‘so great’.

e.g. Such was the popularity of the soap opera, that the streets were deserted whenever it was on.

To an Event That Quickly Followed Another

(=verb is usually used in the Past Perfect or Past Simple)

– Scarcely/Barely....when

e.g. Scarcely had I arrived home when there was a knock on the door.

-No sooner.....than

e.g. No sooner had I reached the door than I realised it was locked.

– Hardly........when/before

e.g. Hardly had I got into bed, when there was a knock at the door. Hardly had I left before the trouble started.

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SYNTAX MODELS

Defining Relative clauses are used to identify a person or thing, by giving additional information about them, which is essential to the meaning of the main clause.

For this purpose we use relative pronouns:

–Who – for people

–Which – for things

–That/Whose – for both (people and things)

e.g. I spoke to the man who/that owns the hotel.

Did you see the letter which/that came this morning?

Note:

1. Notice the lack of commas.

2. It’s possible to leave out ‘who, that, which’ if they stand for object (not the subject of the sentence):

e.g. Carol is the girl who (=subject) invited us to the party. Carol is the girl (who=object) we (=subject) met last night.

3. Prepositions can come either before relative pronouns or at the end of the relative clause. e.g. This is the house in which Shakespeare lived.

This is the house (which) Shakespeare lived in.

4. We can also use relative adverbs of time – ‘when’, place – ‘where, reason – ‘why’. e.g. This is the house where Shakespeare lived. (=no preposition)

Non-Defining Relative clauses are used to give extra information about a known person or thing, which is not essential to the meaning of the main clause.

e.g. Mr. Gray, to whom you spoke yesterday, is our new manager.

Note:

1. Notice the use of commas.

2. ‘That’ cannot be used in a non-defining clause. 3. ‘Who’ or ‘which’ cannot be omitted.

Linking words join two clauses in the sentence, giving emphasis on:

– time: when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, until (till), by the time

e.g. When/After he graduated from the university, he started working abroad.

–order: at first (firstly), then, next, soon afterwards, eventually, finally e.g. He finally realized the purpose of Andrew’s visit.

–contrast: although, (even) though, in spite of/ despite, while, whereas, however, on the other hand e.g. In spite of/ Despite the rain, we went out for a walk.

–addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, also, besides

e.g. She is kind, moreover she is generous.

–reason and result: because (of), as, since, so, as a result, therefore e.g. I failed the exam and I therefore took it again.

–purpose: to, in order to, for, so that, in case

e.g. I went to Britain to learn English.

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TEXT PUNCTUATION

Punctuation marks help structure and organise your writing. They are used as following:

Question mark (?) – at the end of the direct question e.g. Where is he?

Exclamation mark (!) – at the end of exclamatory sentences e.g. What a day!

Quotation marks (“”) – in direct speech e.g. “Tony has left,” she said.

Comma (,) – to separate items in the list e.g. Buy me some bread, butter and milk.

Apostrophe (’) – in contracted forms and with possessives e.g. It’s John’s.

Full stop/ Period (.) – at the end of the statement e.g. It was a cold day.

Colon (: )– before enumeration after generalising word

e.g. I need some new clothes: a couple of shirts, a pair of trousers and shoes.

Dash (– ) – after enumeration before generalising word

e.g. Cameras, jewelry, perfume – all sorts of expensive goods were hidden in the smuggler’s car.

Semi-colon (;) – in compound sentences without conjunctions e.g. We entered the hall; lights blazed in every corner.

Hyphen (-) – in compound words

e.g. time-table, Anglo-Saxon, dining-room

Brackets-() – for independent additional information

e.g. York (population 108,600) is about three times the size of Canterbury (population 32,790).

Slash (/) – to indicate alternatives

e.g. You may study one of the subjects here: Maths/ Physics/ Chemistry.

Ellipsis (…) – to indicate a pause, unfinished thought, omitted words e.g. I’m not sure what to do…

Punctuating sentences

Sentences should begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, an exclamation mark or a question mark.

e.g. This is an old city. Such a wonderful day!

Can you wait here, please?

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Punctuating Direct Speech

We use inverted commas (also called quotation marks, quotes or speech marks) to indicate direct speech. Note: single quotes (') are more common in British English, while double quotes (") are used in American English.

e.g. 'I'm coming home late tonight,' he said. (British English)

"I'm coming home late tonight," he said. (American English) If we quote within direct speech, we use both quotation marks:

e.g. 'He said, "I'm coming home late tonight",' recalled Jane. (British English) "He said, 'I'm coming home late tonight'," recalled Jane. (American English)

Note: a full stop (.), a question/ exclamation mark (?/!) and a comma (,) are used at the end of the quotation, before the closing speech mark.

e.g. He added, ‘Don't expect me before midnight.’ ‘Hurry up!’ he shouted.

She asked, ‘Am I late?’

The quotation normally begins with a capital letter, except if it is interrupted by a reporting clause, then the first letter of the continuation is not capitalised:

e.g. ‘I'm coming home late tonight,’ he said and added, ‘don't expect me before midnight.’

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QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR REVISION

Word Order

1.Why is the word order inflexible in the English language?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Вчера в лесу охотник убил медведя из ружья.

2.Is it possible to use ‘not’ with any negative word in the same sentence?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Этот охотник никогда раньше не убивал медведей.

3.What is the indirect word order?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Кого убил охотник в лесу?

4.In what types of questions can we use direct word order?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Кто убил медведя из ружья?

–Вы знаете, где находится автобусная остановка?

5.What verb is used as the auxiliary in questions if there are no auxiliary verbs in the statement?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Охотник убил медведя или лисицу?

6.Can the normal sentence be used without any subject? What other words do we usually use instead of subject if there is no ‘doer’ in the sentence?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Это ваш диктант.

–В вашем диктанте есть ошибка.

7.Where do you usually place indirect objects (if present), before or after the direct object?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Он написал своей жене прекрасное стихотворение.

Degrees of Comparison

1.What is the difference between the comparisons ‘older’ and ‘elder’?

Translate from Russian into English:

– Моя сестра старше, чем я.

2.What intensifier for comparison can you put in the following sentence? “It takes longer time to go to the station.”

The System of Tenses

1. What tense aspect is used for regular actions, states and quick chained actions?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Земля вращается вокруг солнца.

–Наш сосед – электрик.

–Она повторила изученные слова, выполнилаупражнения и начала читать новую книгу.

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2.What auxiliary is used for describing actions happening during the time of speaking or round now?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Кэтрин печатает письмо.

–Они сейчас изучают итальянский язык, потому что хотят пройти стажировку вИталии.

3.What tense shows the present result of actions happened before?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Конференция уже завершилась.

4.We can use this aspect to show the length of actions happening (happened) by the time.

Translate from Russian into English:

–Я изучаю историю Востока два года.

–Как давно вы меня ждете?

5.How many Tense Forms do you know (in the Active and Passive Voice)?

Translate from Russian into English:

Он пишет стихи. Он пишет стих прямо сейчас. Он написал несколько стихов сегодня. Он пишет этот стих уже в течение часа. Он написал мне стих вчера. Писал его, пока я работал. Написал до того, как я ушел. Писал вчера два часа, прежде чем я ушел. Он напишет сборник (=collection) стихов через месяц. Завтра, когда ты придешь, он будет писать стих. Он будет писать его уже час, когда ты придешь. Думаю, он закончит писать стих к тому времени, когда я приду.

Его часто просят написать стихи. Видишь, и сейчас его кто-то просит написать стих. Его сегодня попросили написать стихи несколько человек. Его просили написать серию (=series) стихотворений в прошлом году, но в тот момент его как раз просили написать большую поэму в издательстве. Его уже попросили написать несколько стихотворений для детей к тому времени. Уверен, в следующем году его попросят написать еще один сборник стихов. К тому моменту его попросят написать стихи уже более сотни людей.

Reported Speech

1.Continue the rule: “The sequence of tenses (in the reported speech) is when the reporting verb (…)”

Translate from Russian into English:

–Полицейский сказал, что машина припаркована неправильно.

2.Time expressions are usually changed in the reported speech, aren’t they?

Translate from Russian into English using the reported speech:

–Его спросили: «Вы знаете погоду на завтра?»

3.To report request and orders we use the infinitive, don’t we?

Translate from Russian into English using the reported speech:

–Им велели не пользоваться словарями при переводе текстов.

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The Noun

1.Which form of the verb is used with uncountable nouns: singular or plural?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Для вас есть хорошие новости.

2.Why is ‘any’ not used in the following interrogative sentence: “Would you like some water?”

The Article

1.We use the article ‘an’ before a word beginning with a vowel letter or a vowel sound?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Какой союз у этих компаний!/ Какой идеальный союз у этих компаний!

2.What article is usual in the following expressions? Translate into English:

–Жаль, что вы не смогли прийти.

–По правде говоря, эта статья мне нравится больше.

–В лучшем случае, это произойдет позже.

Modal Verbs

1. Do the modals express actions or attitude to the actions?

Translate from Russian into English using different modal verbs:

–Вам нельзя пользоваться словарем.

–Вам нет необходимости пользоваться словарем.

2.Why are modal verbs called “defective”?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Мы не сможем поехать на велосипеде, если пойдет дождь.

3.What equivalent for ‘must’ do we use in the Future Simple?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Мы будем обязаны заплатить за парковку, если мы оставим здесь свою машину.

The Verbal

1.What verbals can express features of nouns/ adjectives?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Компания настаивает на подписании контракта.

–Условия контракта многообещающие.

–Мы заинтересованы в его подписании.

2.What are key differences between the Gerund and Participle I?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Поход по магазинам может быть утомительным.

–Все знали заранее о его приезде.

3.Translate the following sentences into English using constructions with verbals.

–(Им) известно, что он снимает какой-то фильм. (Please, use three different objective constructions.)

–Телефон требует зарядки.

–Я подстригся.

–Мне строят гараж.

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Conditionals

1.Is the rule ‘one tense back’ used in the main clause or If-clause?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Дети пойдут загорать, если будет солнечная погода.

–Дети пошли бы сейчас загорать, если была бы солнечная погода.

–Дети загорали бы вчера, если бы погода была солнечная.

2.Are mixed conditionals usually ‘real’ or ‘unreal’?

Translate from Russian into English:

– Наш сын сейчас работал бы в престижной компании, если бы он лучше учился в университете.

Inversion

1.How can you use inversion in the conditional sentences?

Translate from Russian into English:

–Попроси он тогда меня, я бы помог ему.

2.Translate the following sentences with agreement constructions.

–Мне нравится классическая литература. - Мне тоже.

–Я не умею водить машину. - Я тоже.

Syntax Models

1.Translate from Russian into English using the preposition in two ways (in the middle/at the end of the sentence):

–Это дом, в котором жил Кант.

2.Use two variants of the linking word while translating the sentence:

–Несмотря на все трудности, он получил степень магистра.

Text Punctuation

Put the right punctuation marks in the sentence with the Direct Speech.

– It’s a wonderful day he added.

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REFERENCES

1.Берман И.М. Грамматика английского языка. М., Высшая школа. 1999.

2.Зайцев Н.А. Методика преподавания английского языка. Санкт-Петербург. Издательство ООО «Методики Н. Зайцева». 2011.

3.Гузеева К.А., Трошко Т.Г. Английский язык. Справочные материалы. М., Просве-

щение. 2000.

4.Качалова К. Н., Израилевич Е. Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка. М.,

КАРО. 2018.

5.Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger. English Grammar. An Intermediate Reference and Practice Book. The Heinemann ELT. 2003.

6.Jay Maurer, Irene E. Schoenberg, Marjorie Fuchs, Margaret Bonner, Miriam Westheimer. Focus on grammar: an integrated skills approach. Longman Pearson. 2017.

7.Raymond Murphy. English grammar in use. For Intermediate students. Cambridge English. 2020.

8.Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. New Enterprise B1. Express Publishing. 2019.

9.English Quizzes & Grammar Exercises. https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/

10. Online Tests of English. https://englishtestsonline.com/english-grammar-tests/

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