Unit 4. MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS
can (could) — (мочь, уметь, быть в состоянии) = be able to
may (might) — (мочь, иметь разрешение) = be allowed to, be permitted to
must (быть должным) = have to, be to
should (следует: рекомендация, совет) = had better, would rather
ought to (следовало бы: предположение) = had better, would rather
need (нуждаться)
I. Translate the following sentences with modal verbs and their equivalents, make negative sentences, and ask questions.
1.When you put down asphalt, you have to think about its properties2. Motorways mustn’t produce glare which can affect a driver’s eyes. 3. There are basically two types of driveway. You can have a firm surface, like stones or concreteor asphalt, and you can have a loose surface ofaggregate, like gravel or crushed stone. 4. You may have a base layer, and underneath that you may have another layer, called a sub-base. 5. They unloaded six trucks before we could stop them.6. The straight line is to go from Point A to Point B.7. I can’t get the crane to start. Theengine is turning over, so the battery must be all right. 8.I need to see the site and discuss a fewmore details with you. 9. In oder to complete the work on schedule masons had to work in three shifts. 10. The invoice will have to come in tomorrow. 11. They were allowed to have more meetings — face-to-face or online. 12. She will be able to do a number of things to solve the problem.
II. Make up sentences arranging words in the correct order.
1.weather / work / have to / builders / any / in.
2.students / not / for surveying / this device / must / apply.
3.the music / I / switch / may / off ?
4.your / guidance / could / work / I / under?
5.my / apply / can / quite / supervisor / well / the equipment.
6.meet / last / able to / we / were / deadline / the.
7.helmets / site / workers / must / wear / on.
8.ought to / bill / householders / month / the electricity / pay / every.
9.higher / you / position / apply / a / should / for.
10.he / manners / improve / his / needs to.
III. Use modal verbs and their equivalents in the Future and in the Past.
Example A: He must translate this text. — He had to translate this text yesterday. — He will have to translate this text tomorrow.
1. We all must know this document better than our own partners. 2.All the students must take the examination on physics. 3. He must begin his work at 9 o’clock. 4. Each of you must be responsible for your own elements in the Work Breakdown Structure. 5. The contractor must pay the extra costs. 6. In this contract the client must pay a fixed amount of money for the finished product.
Example B: He can solve such tasks well. — He could solve such tasks well. — He will be able to solve such tasks well.
1. These drawings show different views of the object, and can include elevations (a view from one side) and crosssections- (the view when you cut through an object)2.. Our largest unitscan pump up to160 cubic metresper hour. 3. Scaffolding can be constructed using different materials, such as metal pipes or bamboo. 4. We can order the parts. 5. A truck can deliverthe heaviest box. 6. They can make the project management software.
Example C: You may use your dictionaries. — You were allowed to use your dictionaries. — You will be allowed to use your dictionaries.
1. He may sign the paperwork. 2. They may continue the experiment. 3. She may attend the meeting with a supplier. 4. The students of our group may visit the site. 5. You may go home after classes. 6. He may use the mobile equipment.
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IV. Match 1–10 with A–J to make sentences.
1 |
We have to send the amendments |
A |
enter. |
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2 |
You have to press |
B |
has a serial number. |
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3 |
We have to log and |
C |
first thing tomorrow. |
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4 |
We have to make sure that each document |
D |
out of the document centre. |
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5 |
I have to book every document in and |
E |
track every document. |
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6 |
Key documents have to be |
F |
written in capital letters. |
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7 |
The name has to be |
G |
locked in the safe at night. |
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8 |
In the future, architects will have to |
H |
when large cargo ships need to go through it. |
consider a series of important aspects |
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9 |
It allows the road way to be raised |
I |
by delivery company. |
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such as creating increasingly friendly, comfortable, |
10 |
We were to send his application form |
J |
stimulating buildings, with spaces such as gyms, |
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laboratories, libraries and green areas. |
V. Complete these conversations with have to, has to or had to:
1.A: What’s the problem with the safe?
B:I’ve lost the combination. I’ll _________ call the locksmith now. What a hassle!
2.A: What’s the hurry?
B:I need to find Adam. I’ve just heard he _________ apply for the permits by next Monday.
3.A: Where were you this morning?
B:In Robert’s office. We _________ sign the contract.
4.A: Why are the lights on in the office? It’s after seven.
B:The document controllers are working late. They_________ scan in the paperwork which arrived this afternoon so we can use it tomorrow.
5.A: Do you know where Mark is?
B:He _________ go to the printer’s to pick up the drawings.
VI. Open the brackets choosing the correct modal verb.
1. We … (can’t/couldn’t) close the door at once as the lock was rusty. 2. … (Can/May) I apply your data for this research? 3. … (May/Could) anybody help me with the design? 4. All our employees … (can/must) sign several documents including this agreement. 5. I haven’t seen our top manager for a long time, he … (may/might) havegone to a business trip. 6. Put on your raincoat. It … (may/can) rain.7. I … (can’t/needn’t) believe your words! You … (have to/must) be joking. 8. In this case you are wrong and … (could/should) stoparguing. You know no one … (can/must) be always right. 9. Bricklayers … (may/must) perform the stonework as soon as possible. 10. Neither lecturers nor students … (must /need) be late for their lessons. 11. School eleventh graders … (must/are to) finish school this year. 12. Both my grandparents are retired, so they … (shouldn’t/don’t have to) work. 13. We have enough food to cook dinner, so we … (mustnt/needn’t) go shopping. 14. What time … (should/have to) we arrive at the airport? 15. I’m so sorry for being late. I … (needed to/had to) wait for the plumber.
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VII. Choose the correct modal verb or equivalent.
1. Modern architects adopt all main trends of classical buildings which … have had strict geometrical organization, simplicity of forms, dramatic use of columns, preference of blank walls, etc.:
a) should; |
c) might; |
b) had to; |
d) must. |
2. The investor thought about taking the old building away that … provide enough space for the
new housing estate: |
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a) must; |
c) might; |
b) was able to; |
d) was allowed to. |
3. An architect today ... be an engineer too: |
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a) may; |
c) is to; |
b) is able to; |
d) has to. |
4. Many engineers of previous times … demonstrate all their creativity having to design ojectspr
according to the accepted plans: |
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a) shouldn’t; |
c) were not allowed; |
b) weren’t able to; |
d) might not. |
5. He … have finished that job yesterday: |
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a) couldn’t; |
c) mustn’t; |
b) isn’t able to; |
d) isn’t allowed to. |
6. When designing the broadcasting tower V. Shukhov … create the first in the world hyperbolic
structure: |
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a) was able to; |
c) should; |
b) had to; |
d) needed to. |
7. You are an engineer, aren’t you? That … be an interesting job: |
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a) has to; |
c) should; |
b) is to; |
d) must. |
8. Every Russian who travels around our country … feel proud of its natural and manmade beauty:
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a) has to; |
c) can; |
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b) should; |
d) is allowed to. |
9. These building experts … have become involved more actively in the construction process: |
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a) are allowed to; |
c) are able to; |
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b) can; |
d) should. |
10. |
Today, long sections of Hadrian’s wall … still be seen and it remains a popular attraction with |
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many visitors every year: |
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a) is able to; |
c) is allowed to; |
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b) can; |
d) should. |
11. |
Mrs. Richards, … you answer my question: |
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a) may; |
c) should; |
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b) can; |
d) could. |
12. |
He wasn’t quite sure, but said I … get there by bus: |
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a) can; |
c) might; |
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b) was able to; |
d) was to. |
13. |
Your train leaves in two hours. You … hurry: |
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a) needn’t; |
c) can’t; |
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b) mustn’t; |
d) are not allowed to. |
14. In bio-architecture all the materials … be chosen very carefully taking into accountthe possible damage (production of toxic gases, water and soil pollution) to the environmental ecosystem:
a) can; |
c) are able to; |
b) should; |
d) may. |
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VIII. Translate the modal verbs in brackets into English in order to complete the sentences.
1.The contractor (смог) employ a lot of construction trade workers such as carpenters, plumbers, plasters and brick masons to perform diverse operations on the construction site.
2.The workers were so skilled that they didn’t (нуждаться) any supervision.
3.Sewerage is a system of engineering structures that (должна) provide purification and transportation of polluted wastewater inside and outside the building.
4.Sewerage (не может) be installed by anybody except professional plumber.
5.The mason (сможет) perform stonework to improve the foundation.
6.Carpenters are specialists who (могут) process wood and make products from it.
7.Workers (нельзя) proceed to the next stage before the concrete hardens enough.
8.According to the project a partition (должна) be erected between the kitchen and the dining room.
IX. Find and correct mistakes in the following sentences.
1.You don’t can be invited to the conference.
2.The plasterer shoulds have completed his work.
3.I will can to help you in performing this draft.
4.The director not must be working with documents right now.
5.Can this engineer applies all the necessary equipment?
6.All employees must to go to the assembly hall.
7.You don’t must use a dictionary during the examination.
X. Translate the following sentences; explain the usage of modal verb.
1.Heavy range of building materials at a similar price can be bought in the market close to my house.
2.The contractor is to carry out landscaping work at the site in addition to the housing development.
3.People living in blocks of flats should follow the sanitary standards dated from 2010: nobody
is allowed to disturb neighbours.
4.We could buy an apartment in a new fashionable housing estate which includes several semidetached houses with their own gardens instead of the one in the block of flats.
5.This old mansion with red tiled roof is perfectly preserved despite historical events resulting in pulling down of big quantity of detached houses for extending free space.
XI. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Здания, имеющие историческую ценность, не могут быть снесены без специального разрешения.
2.Тебе следует включить этот материал в твоеисследование; он очень близок к основной теме.
3.Она сможет переехать в свою новую однокомнатную квартиру через месяц, несмотря на то, что ремонт не будет полностью закончен.
4.Высокие остроконечные крыши домов этого нового района жилой застройки можно видеть (могут быть видны) издалека.
5.Можно мне посмотреть какой-нибудь особняк, схожий с этим, на фото?
6.Ей следовало бы убрать лишний мусор в саду и расширить свободное пространство перед тем, как устраивать такую многолюдную вечеринку.
7.Они вынуждены арендовать квартиру в многоквартирном доме вместо того, чтобы купить собственное жилище.
8.Нам будет позволено использовать большой диапазон устройств, включенных в список.
9.Этот особняк с красной черепичной крышей и декоративными башенками, возможно, датируется XVIII веком.
10.Вы должны добавить в порошок еще немного воды, тогда он растворится лучше, и вы сможете легко добавить его в смесь.
XII. Write down an essay (speak) about rules and regulations for any chosen situation. Try to use as many different modal verbs as possible.
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