Внеаудиторное чтение по английскому языку. Учебное пособие

Unit 3

1Attributable - If something is attributable to an event, situation, or person, it is likely that it was caused by that event, situation or person.

2Cheer - praise or encourage with shouts; give comfort or support to.

3Dual - consisting of two parts, elements, or aspects.

4Embark - begin (a course of action, esp. one that is important or demanding).

5Headcount - an instance of counting the number of people present; a total number of people, especially the number of people employed in a particular organization.

6Ill-timed - If you describe something as ill-timed, you mean that it happens or is done at the wrong time, so that it is damaging or rude.

7Imply - strongly suggest the truth or existence of (something not expressly stated); (of a fact or occurrence) suggest (something) as a logical consequence.

8Poverty - the state of being extremely poor; the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount.

9Resilient - able to recoil or spring back into shape after bending, stretching, or being compressed; able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions.

10Sobering - You say that something is a sobering thought or has a sobering effect when a situation seems serious and makes you become serious and thoughtful.

11Spike - a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something, e.g. in

price.

12Unabated - without any reduction in intensity or strength.

Unit 4

1Brunt - the worst part or chief impact of a specified thing.

2Churn – move about vigorously.

3Dual - consisting of two parts, elements, or aspects.

4Favour - an attitude of approval or liking; support or advancement given as a sign of approval.

5Incentive - a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something.

6Incremental – increasing gradually; growing step by step.

7Inexorably - the state of being inflexible and unbending.

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8Instructive - useful and informative.

9Luxuriate - enjoy oneself in a luxurious way; take self-indulgent delight.

10Moderate - not radical or excessively rightor left-wing.

11Open-ended - having no determined limit or boundary.

12Sack - dismiss from employment.

13Soar - increase rapidly above the usual level.

14Surge - increase suddenly and powerfully, typically during an otherwise stable or quiescent period.

15Swing - a smooth flowing rhythm or action; a discernible change in something.

16Tenure - the conditions under which land or buildings are held or occupied; the holding of an office.

17Volatility – the state of being unstable and not constant.

Unit 5

1Draft - a preliminary version of a piece of writing; plan, sketch, or rough

drawing.

2Enforce - cause (something) to happen by necessity or force.

3Evolve - develop gradually, esp. from a simple to a more complex form.

4Foul - unfairly; contrary to the rules.

5Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, esp. because of inability to change or achieve something.

6Lament - express regret or disappointment over something considered unsatisfactory, unreasonable, or unfair.

7Lucrative - producing a great deal of profit.

8Patron - a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity; a customer, esp. a regular one, of a store, restaurant, or theater.

9Poll - a record of the number of votes cast in an election.

10Predecessor - a person who held a job or office before the current holder.

11Quit - leave (a place), usually permanently; resign from (a job).

12Reap - receive (a reward or benefit) as a consequence of one's own or other people's actions.

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13Rival - a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity.

14Rusty - (of a metal object) affected by rust.

15Spirit - the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul; a supernatural being.

16Spot - see, notice, or recognize (someone or something) that is difficult to detect or that one is searching for.

17Uproot - move (someone) from their home or a familiar location; eradicate;

destroy.

18Violate - break or fail to comply with (a rule or formal agreement); fail to respect (someone's peace, privacy, or rights).

19Wage - carry on (a war or campaign).

20Wedded - of or relating to marriage or married people.

Unit 6

1Anxious - experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.

2Assert - state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully; behave or speak in a confident and forceful manner.

3Challenge - a task or situation that tests someone's abilities.

4Claim - an application for compensation under the terms of an insurance

policy.

5Extract - obtain (something such as money or an admission) from someone in the face of initial unwillingness.

6Face - be positioned with the face or front toward (someone or something); confront and deal with or accept.

7Incremental - increasing gradually; growing step by step.

8Litigation – legal process.

9Negligence - failure to take proper care in doing something.

10Penalty - a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

11Plaintiff - a person who brings a case against another in a court of law.

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12Postpone - cause or arrange for (something) to take place at a time later than that first scheduled.

13Restoration - the action of returning something to a former owner, place, or

condition.

14Robust - strong and healthy, vigorous; (of a process or system, esp. an economic one) able to withstand or overcome adverse conditions.

15Spill - reveal (confidential information) to someone.

16Tough - (of a substance or object) strong enough to withstand adverse conditions or rough or careless handling; able to protect one's own interests or maintain one's own opinions without being intimidated by opposition; confident and determined.

17Trial - a formal examination of evidence by a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings.

18Unallocate - set something free; release.

Unit 7

1Aggregate – a whole formed by combining several (typically disparate)

elements.

2Beverage – a drink, esp. one other than water.

3Endorsement – an act of giving one's public approval or support to someone or something; a recommendation of a product in an advertisement.

4Host – a person who receives or entertains other people as guests; a person, place, or organization that holds and organizes an event to which others are invited.

5Kidnap – take (someone) away illegally by force, typically to obtain a ransom.

6Launch – start or set in motion (an activity or enterprise).

7Lowbrow – not highly intellectual or cultured.

8Magnitude – the great size or extent of something; great importance.

9Prominent – important; famous.

10Response – a verbal or written answer; a reaction to something.

11Roughly – n a manner lacking gentleness; harshly or violently; in a manner lacking refinement and precision.

12Straightforward - uncomplicated and easy to do or understand.

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Unit 8

1Adjacent - расположенный рядом, смежный, соседний (с кем-л./чем-л.).

2Bleach - whiten by exposure to sunlight or by a chemical process; clean and

sterilize.

3Brainwashing – the process of making (someone) adopt radically different beliefs by using systematic and often forcible pressure.

4Bulge - swell or protrude to an unnatural or incongruous extent.

5Commitment - an act of pledging or setting aside something; an engagement or obligation that restricts freedom of action.

6Crack up - express warm approval or admiration of ; express one's respect and gratitude toward (a deity).

7Detergent - a water-soluble cleansing agent that combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water.

8Disruption - the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired.

9Dissolvable - (of a substance) able to be dissolved, esp. in water; (of a problem) able to be solved.

10Echo - often be echoed repeat (someone's words or opinions), typically to express agreement.

11Embedded - if ideas, attitudes, or feelings etc. are embedded, you believe or feel them very strongly; to put something firmly and deeply into something else, or to be put into something in this way.

12Gooey - soft and sticky; mawkishly sentimental.

13Heartfelt - (of a feeling or its expression) sincere; deeply and strongly felt.

14Inclination - a person's natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way; a disposition or propensity.

15Jellyfish - a free-swimming marine coelenterate with a jellylike bellor saucershaped body that is typically transparent and has stinging tentacles around the edge.

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16Laundry - clothes and linens that need to be washed or that have been newly

washed.

17Lodge - make or become firmly fixed or embedded in a particular place.

18Pioneer - a person who is among the first to explore or settle a new country or

area.

19Pledged - a thing that is given as security for the fulfillment of a contract or the payment of a debt and is liable to forfeiture in the event of failure.

20Rigorous - extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.

21Rival - a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity.

22Ruminate - think deeply about something.

23Shipment - the action of shipping goods; a quantity of goods shipped; a consignment.

Unit 9

1Austerity - when a government has a deliberate policy of trying to reduce the amount of money it spends.

2Bishop - a priest with a high rank in some Christian religions, who is the head of all the churches and priests in a large area.

3Boost - to increase or improve something and make it more successful; to help someone reach a higher place by lifting or pushing them.

4Cancer - a very serious disease in which cells in one part of the body start to grow in a way that is not normal.

5Complacency - a feeling of satisfaction with a situation or with what you have achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or change things - used to show disapproval.

6Comprehend - to understand something that is complicated or difficult.

7Consolidate - to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer; to combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with.

8Countenance - to accept, support, or approve of something.

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9Dignity - the ability to behave in a calm controlled way even in a difficult situation; the fact of being respected or deserving respect; a calm and serious quality.

10Dole - the number of people who are unemployed and claiming money from the government, or a line of people waiting to claim this money each week.

11Fiddle - to give false information about something, in order to avoid paying money or to get extra money.

12Hardship - something that makes your life difficult or unpleasant, especially a lack of money, or the condition of having a difficult life.

13Haunt - to cause problems for someone over a long period of time.

14Junky - someone who likes something so much that they seem to be dependent on it - used humorously; someone who takes dangerous drugs and is dependent on them.

15Land - to make a plane move safely down onto the ground at the end of a

journey.

16Leeway - freedom to do things in the way you want to.

17Loosen - to make laws, rules etc less strict; to reduce the control or power you have over someone or something.

18Mere - used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is; used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important.

19Proclaim - to say publicly or officially that something important is true or

exists.

20Riot - a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something.

21Spur - to encourage someone or make them want to do something; to make an improvement or change happen faster.

22Stun - to surprise or upset someone so much that they do not react immediately.

23Tap - a piece of equipment for controlling the flow of water, gas etc from a pipe or container.

24Toll - the number of people killed or injured in a particular accident, by a particular illness etc.

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25 Witness - to see something happen, especially a crime or accident.

Unit 10

1Burden - a duty or misfortune that causes hardship, anxiety, or grief; a nuisance.

2Cheerful - noticeably happy and optimistic.

3Confidence - the feeling or belief that one can rely on someone or something; firm trust.

4Conventional - based on or in accordance with what is generally done or

believed.

5Crude - in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined; (of an action) showing little finesse or subtlety and as a result unlikely to succeed.

6Discretionary - available for use at the discretion of the user; denoting or relating to investment funds placed with a broker or manager who has discretion to invest them on the client's behalf.

7Disruption - a situation in which something is prevented from continuing in its usual way.

8Elevateraise or lift (something) up to a higher position; raise to a more important or impressive level.

9Erode - gradually destroy or be gradually destroyed.

10Fair - in accordance with the rules or standards; legitimate; a periodic gathering for the sale of goods.

11Forecourt - an open area in front of a large building.

12Headwind - a wind blowing from directly in front, opposing forward motion.

13Hike - a sharp increase, esp. in price; a long walk, esp. in the country or wilderness.

14Impact - have a strong effect.

15Margin - a sum deposited with a broker to cover the risk of loss on a transaction or account.

16Petrol - refined petroleum used as fuel for internal combustion engines.

17Revive - give new strength or energy to; restore interest in or the popularity of; improve the position or condition of.

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18 Scream - give a long, loud, piercing cry or cries expressing excitement, great

emotion, or pain.

19Sluggish - slow-moving or inactive; lacking energy or alertness; slow to respond or make progress.

20Steer - follow (a course) in a specified direction; guide the movement or course of (someone or something).

21Surged - a sudden powerful forward or upward movement, esp. by a crowd or by a natural force such as the waves or tide; increase suddenly and powerfully, typically during an otherwise stable or quiescent period.

22Threshold - the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction, phenomenon, result, or condition to occur or be manifested.

23Wholesale - the selling of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others; sell (goods) in large quantities at low prices to be retailed by others.

24Wiggle - move or cause to move up and down or from side to side with small rapid movements.

25Wisdom - the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise; the soundness of an action or decision with regard to the application of such experience, knowledge, and good judgment.

Unit 11

1Buffer - a person or thing that prevents incompatible or antagonistic people or things from coming into contact with or harming each other.

2Bust - a period of economic difficulty or depression; bankrupt.

3Collateral - something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default; descended from the same stock but by a different line.

4Dip - spend from or make use of (one's financial resources).

5Elevate - raise or lift (something) up to a higher position; raise to a more important or impressive level.

6Fragile - easily broken or damaged; (of a person) not strong or sturdy; delicate and vulnerable.

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7Feed up - encourage the growth of; cause to move gradually and steadily, typically through a confined space.

8Genteel - polite, refined, or respectable, often in an affected or ostentatious way.

9Heckle - interrupt (a public speaker) with derisive or aggressive comments or abuse; dress (flax or hemp) to split and straighten the fibers for spinning.

10Leverage - to make money available to someone in order to invest or to buy something such as a company; to spread or use resources (=money, skills, buildings etc that an organization has available), ideas etc again in several different ways or in different parts of a company, system etc.

11Pledge - a thing that is given as security for the fulfillment of a contract or the payment of a debt and is liable to forfeiture in the event of failure.

12Rebellion - an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or

ruler.

13Reckon - establish by counting or calculation; calculate.

14Shrink - become or make smaller in size or amount; contract or cause to

contract.

15Staff - all the people employed by a particular organization.

16Subdue - overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person) she managed to subdue an instinct to applaud; bring (a country or people) under control by force.

17Transient - lasting only for a short time; impermanent.

18Wind up - arrive or end up in a specified state, situation, or place.

Unit 12

1Abandon - give up (leave) completely (a course of action, a practice, or a way of thinking).

2Amicable - (of relations between people) having a spirit of friendliness; without serious disagreement or rancor.

3Amid - surrounded by; in the middle of.

4Austerity – when a government has a deliberate policy of trying to reduce the amount of money it spends.

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