Внеаудиторное чтение по английскому языку. Учебное пособие
.pdf3Saudi Arabia, the only OPEC member with enough spare capacity to make up supply shortfalls, is the best hope of keeping the market stable.
4Between 2000 and 2010 China increased its consumption of oil more than any other country, by 4.3m b/d, a 90% jump.
5Yet these calculations do not take account of the region’s growing thirst for its
own oil.
6Saudi Arabia has the cheapest fuel in the Gulf and dirt-cheap electricity.
7Global oil consumption stayed at roughly 4.6 barrels a head annually between 2000 and 2010, but the average Iranian and Saudi was getting through roughly 30% more by the end of the decade.
8Oil is used with such profligacy because domestic consumption is massively subsidised.
9This puts big strains on oil markets.
10The Gulf is usually seen as the answer to the world’s oil problems, but it looks ever more like a question-mark instead.
13.2 Match the words with their definitions:
1) |
Conventional |
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The amount of something produced by a |
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person, machine, or industry. |
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2) |
Shortfall |
2) |
Increase rapidly above the usual level. |
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3) |
Output |
3) |
Say something again or a number of times, |
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typically for emphasis or clarity. |
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4) |
Boost |
4) |
An increase or addition, esp. one of a series on |
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a fixed scale; a regular increase in salary on such a |
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scale. |
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5) |
Strain |
5) |
Consisting of three parts; threefold. |
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6) |
Reiterate |
6) |
Based on or in accordance with what is |
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generally done or believed. |
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7) |
Soar |
7) |
A deficit of something required or expected. |
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8) |
Increment |
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A force tending to pull or stretch something to |
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an extreme or damaging degree. |
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9) Meagre |
9) To increase or improve something and make it |
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more successful; to help someone reach a higher |
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place by lifting or pushing them. |
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10) Treble |
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(Of something provided or available) |
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lacking in quantity or quality. |
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13.3 Insert the correct preposition.
1 Everyone knows why oil prices, … …$125 … a barrel … Brent crude, are so
high.
2… some 2.8m b/d, it is now the world’s sixth-largest consumer, getting ….. more
…a quarter of its 10m b/d output.
3Energy use …. head is also rising. ….. to BP, in 1970 … the Middle East it was half what it was in other emerging markets.
4Saudi Arabia’s grew …. …. 20 m … 27.4 m, a 37% increase.
5… its fleet …. oil-fired power stations will keep going …. years.
6…. current trends the kingdom would become a net importer … oil … 2038 (unlikely though that is).
7Global demand … oil is projected to rise … …. 100 m b/d …. 2030.
13.4 Say whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, give the
correct variant:
1Saudi Arabia, the only OPEC member, is the best hope of keeping the market
stable.
2Between 2000 and 2010 China increased its consumption of oil more than any other country, by 4.3m b/d, a 90% jump.
3The Far East, home to six OPEC members, saw consumption grow by 56% in the first decade of the century, four times the global growth rate and nearly double the rate in Asia (see map).
4Saudi power-generating capacity has trebled in the past decade.
5Only Iran, which had the most generous subsidy regime, has managed a big price hike—and it had a handy scapegoat in the form of sanctions.
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13.5 Answer the following questions.
1What are the oil prices and why are they so?
2What do Iraq and Iran have?
3What has happened in China between 2000 and 2010?
4What can you say about oil consumption in Saudi Arabia?
5What are the explanations for the growing taste of oil?
6What are the calculations made by International Energy Agency?
7What can you say about fuel and its usage in Saudi Arabia?
8What can you say about “unassociated” gas prices?
9What is Saudi Arabia trying to develop and what has it already done?
10What is the long-term picture according to general project?
13.5 Match equivalents: |
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1) |
capacity |
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lack |
2) |
oil |
2) |
tension |
3) |
conventional |
3) |
wastefullness |
4) |
shortfall |
4) |
provide |
5) |
strain |
5) |
shatter |
6) |
pledge |
6) |
usual |
7) |
supply |
7) |
increase |
8) |
increment |
8) |
petroleum |
9) |
profligacy |
9) |
security |
10) |
disrupt |
10)faculty |
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13.7 Finish the following sentences using the original text:
1Iraq—and Iran itself—have vast oilfields…. .
2The Middle East, home to six OPEC members, saw consumption grow by…. .
3Global oil consumption stayed at roughly 4.6 barrels a head annually between 2000 and 2010, but…. .
4Some 65% of Saudi electricity is generated using black gold, even as successive price shocks and …. .
5Much of the “unassociated” gas that doesn’t spew out alongside … .
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6 Gas does now contribute 35% to power generation, but rock-bottom prices… .
13.8 Choose the correct variant.
1 Saudi Arabia, the only …. member with enough spare capacity to make up
supply shortfalls, is the best hope of keeping the market stable. |
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a) NATO; |
b) |
OPEC; |
c) |
WTO. |
2 Between 2000 and 2010 China increased its consumption of …. more than any |
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other country, by 4.3m b/d, a 90% jump. |
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a) oil; |
b) |
gas; |
c) |
energy. |
3 The Middle East, home to …. OPEC members, saw consumption grow by 56% in the first decade of the century, four times the global growth rate and nearly double
the rate in Asia (see map). |
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a) |
four; |
b) |
five; |
c) |
six. |
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Overall …. consumption per head, at 7.3 tonnes of oil equivalent, is roughly the |
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same as in America (see chart), which is much richer. |
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a) |
oil; |
b) |
gas; |
c) |
energy. |
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Saudi power-generating capacity has….. in the past decade. |
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a) |
doubled; |
b) |
trebled; |
c) |
fourbled. |
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Aramco, the Saudi state oil company, sucks up nearly 10% of the …. output. |
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a) |
world’s oil; |
b) |
region’s gas; |
c) |
country’s energy. |
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7 Some 65% of Saudi electricity is generated using …., even as successive price shocks and the relative inefficiency of oil generation have seen it all but phased out in
rich countries. |
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a) |
iron ore; |
b) |
black gold; |
c) |
wood. |
8 According to …., oil makes up 74% of the region’s energy production. |
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a) |
Chatham house; |
b) |
Barclays capital; |
c) |
BP. |
9 Last year the upswing between March and July was some 750,000 barrels of |
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fuel a …, according to Barclays Capital. |
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a) |
month; |
b) |
week; |
c) |
day. |
10 The Gulf is usually seen as the answer to the ….. problems, but it looks ever
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more like a question-mark instead. |
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a) world’s oil; |
b) region’s gas; |
c) country’s energy. |
13.9Write out key expressions. Make up a plan for retelling.
13.10Be ready to retell the text in class.
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Keys
1.1 |
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d, a, g, c, f, e, h, b. |
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1.2 |
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1) 8 |
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3) 1 |
5) 6 |
7) 9 |
9) 7 |
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2) 4 |
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4) 10 |
6) 2 |
8) 3 |
10) 5 |
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1.3 |
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1 |
on |
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5 |
on/upon |
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2 |
for |
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6 |
up |
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3 |
through |
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7 |
of |
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4 |
of |
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1.4 |
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1 |
F |
2 |
F |
3 T |
4 F |
5 T |
1.5 |
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1Enda Kenny is an Ireland’s prime minister.
2A new treaty to impose greater fiscal discipline on euro-zone members and eight others (but not Britain or the Czech Republic) was signed after being negotiated in record time.
3Italy’s technocratic prime minister, Mario Monti, and Mario Draghi, the president of the European Central Bank helped Europe breathe more easily.
4Its unemployment rate, at 23,3 % last month, is the highest in the EU. And its budget deficit last year barely declined from 2010, standing at 8,5 % of GDP instead of the planned 6%.
5Senior source in Berlin says that the Spanish are lying about the figures.
6Member States under market pressure should meet agreed budgetary targets and stand ready to pursue further consolidation measures if needed.
7The recession has now reached the Netherlands. The latest official forecasts show that the Netherlands would post a deficit of 4.5% of GDP this year, falling to 3,3 % in 2015.
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8The easiest way of doing this would be to allow the current temporary European Financial Stability Facility to continue using its leftover funds.
9The summit communiqué calls for a “scoreboard” to compare the performance of member states, and “regular monitoring” in future summits.
10When you keep hearing talk of Greek default and the end of the euro, you will save your money rather than spend it.
1.6
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9) |
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10) 9 |
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1.7
1… was signed today after being negotiated in record time.
2… if elected in Greece's general election, expected in April.
3… Spain may be coming closer to a deflationary spiral.
4… and Italy has also made more cuts to balance the budget by next year.
5… whether to enhance the euro zone’s rescue funds.
6… to open up the EU’s single market, particularly in services.
1.8 |
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1 |
b) default |
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c) market |
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2 |
a) crisis |
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b) GDP |
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3 |
b) treaty |
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8 |
a) economic |
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4 |
c) recession |
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9 |
a) performance |
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5 |
a) figures |
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10 |
c) zone |
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2.1 |
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b, h, f, d, a, g, e, c. |
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2.2 |
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1-4 |
3-9 |
5-2 |
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7-3 |
9-6 |
2-7 |
4-1 |
6-10 |
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8-8 |
10-5 |
2.3 |
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on |
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from |
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into |
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at |
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3 into |
7 |
to |
4 up
2.4
1 T |
2 F |
3 F |
4 T |
5 F |
2.5
1In order to assess how much economic progress it has undone, The Economist has constructed a measure of lost time for hard-hit countries.
2The clock uses seven indicators of economic health: household wealth, financialasset prices, property prices, annual output, private consumption, real wages and unemployment.
3American equities lost a quarter of their value in the month after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008.
4It took 25 years for American stocks to regain their 1929 highs and Japanese stocks have never made it back to their peak.
5How quickly economies make up lost time will depend on where they have ceded ground.
6Nominal GDP is a vital metric of governments’ debt sustainability.
7The average American homeowner is living in 2001, judging by inflationadjusted property values.
8In ten of them real wages were lower in 2010 than previously, with four years lost on average by those that went backwards. Workers in Greece and Hungary had lost six years, with pay below its 2004 level.
9Yes, they had.
10The IMF predicts that in three years Italy will be the only G7 country with real GDP lower than in 2007.
2.6 |
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2.7
1… The Economist has constructed a measure of lost time for hard-hit countries.
2… the S&P 500 is back to around 90 % of its peak value.
3… where they have ceded ground.
4… how well consumers are doing.
5… since living standards are best measured on a per-person basis.
6… Italy will be the only G7 country with real GDP lower than in 2007.
2.8 |
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c) index |
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c) value |
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a) assessed |
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a) debt |
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3 |
b) output |
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b) consumer |
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4 |
b) wages |
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c) share |
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a) equity |
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10 c) prospect |
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3.1 |
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f, d, a, e, b, c. |
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3.2 |
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1) 9 |
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3) 7 |
5) 10 |
7) 2 |
9) 8 |
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4) 1 |
6) 4 |
8) 5 |
10) 6 |
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3.3 |
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of |
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at |
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on |
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7 |
in |
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out |
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3.4 |
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1 |
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F |
3 T |
4 F |
5 T |
3.5 |
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1The past four years have seen the worst economic crisis since the 1930s and the biggest food-price increases since the 1970s.
2The best estimates for global poverty come from the World Bank’s Development Research Group.
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3The new estimates show that in 2008, the first year of the finance-and-food crisis, both the number and share of the population living on less than $1,25 a day was falling in every part of the world.
4The UN’s “millennium development goal” is halving world poverty between 1990 and 2015 five years early.
5Martin Ravallion is the director of the bank’s Development Research Group.
6Its poverty headcount rose at every three-year interval between 1981 and 2005.
7No, the number of poor people had also been rising (from much lower levels) in Latin America and in eastern Europe and Central Asia.
8Derek Headey of the International Food Policy Research Institute has shown that despite the world food-price spike, people’s assessment of their own food situation in most poor and middle-income countries was better in 2008 than it had been in 2006.
9According to Mr. Ravallion, poverty-reduction policies seem to help most at the very bottom.
10Yes, the poorest of the poor seem to have escaped the worst of the post-2007 downturn.
3.6 |
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5 |
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2) |
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4) |
10 |
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3.7
1… the biggest food-price increases since the 1970s.
2… was falling in every part of the world.
3… halving world poverty between 1990 and 2015 five years early.
4… and in eastern Europe and Central Asia.
5… fearing they would prove inflationary, inefficient and ill-timed.
6… who have just escaped from absolute poverty; population growth does the
rest.
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