Внеаудиторное чтение по английскому языку. Учебное пособие
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Of all the euro zone’s many problems, youth unemployment is perhaps the most |
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Joblessness among young workers is around 30 % in Portugal and nearly 50 % |
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in Spain. |
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3While hard-to-fire older workers luxuriate on permanent contracts, the young are typically hired temporarily and are easier to sack.
4In order to inject more flexibility into the labour market it is necessary to create a less-protected class of employees.
5Frequent job turnover makes households’ finances less certain, making it harder, for example, to save regularly for old age.
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6The cost to an employer of converting an expiring temporary contract into a permanent one is quite high because of a discontinuous jump in the cost of sacking the worker.
7Between 2005 and 2007 roughly 80 % of Spanish workers aged 16 to 19 were on temporary contracts.
8A single, open-ended labour contract should increase the incentive for firms to retain more employees for longer and to invest more in the human capital of new workers.
9Permanent positions protected by strong employment rules still dominate its labour market.
10The Anglo-Saxon preference for little or no employment protection may be the most effective at herding workers from declining industries to growing ones, driving job creation and innovation.
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1…even in more liberal markets like America’s.
2… which were subject to lower dismissal costs than those for workers on openended contracts.
3… to save regularly for old age.
4… to retain more employees for longer and to invest more in the human capital of new workers.
5… when competitive pressures demanded it.
6… will fall first on temporary workers.
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h, f, c, d, a, e, b, g. |
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1The World Trade Organisation denies patrons the right of automatic readmission.
2China had to relax over 7,000 tariffs, quotas and other trade barriers.
3Its dollar GDP has quadrupled, its exports almost quintupled.
4In a recent poll, 61 % of Americans said that China’s recent economic expansion had been bad for America; just 15 % thought it had been good.
5By keeping the exchange rate down, China has gained a substitute for the mercantilist measures it gave up to join the WTO.
6Foreign firms lament losing trade battles they might not bother to wage in a less lucrative market. They also face competition from local upstarts in markets where no such rivals previously existed.
7China’s first electronic payment card was issued in 1986 by MasterCard.
8To modernise its economy, it has remained wedded to industrial policies, stateowned enterprises, and a “techno-nationalism” that protects and promotes home-grown technologies.
9As part of its WTO agreement, China now circulates draft laws and regulations for 30 days to collect comments.
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10 China’s trade policies may look a little uglier than WTO members had hoped
when they opened the club’s doors ten years ago. |
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1… to gain entry after reapplying in the 1980s.
2… in global economic history.
3… to wage in a less lucrative market.
4… with the Chinese state.
5… such as for 3G mobile phones.
6… when they opened the club’s doors ten years ago.
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e, d, a, h, f, b, g, c. |
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6.5
1BP may have resolved some of the claims it faced over the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill with a $7.8bn deal to compensate people and businesses hurt by the spill.
2The settlement with the private sector plaintiffs in the litigation over the spill is a significant step for BP in putting an end to some of the financial uncertainty that has surrounded it over the past two years.
3The US Department of Justice is investigating possible criminal charges against BP, other companies involved in the spill, and their employees.
4Comments from federal and state officials over the weekend suggested they would take a tough line in extracting the maximum possible pay-out from BP.
5Jason Kenney is an analyst at Banco Santander.
6The United States is prepared to hold the responsible parties accountable for the damage suffered in the Gulf region.
7Garret Graves is the chair of Louisiana’s Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority.
8If BP took “incremental” further charges to settle all remaining claims, it would send a signal to the US that the company was taking its punishment.
9Investors will be supportive of incremental charges to the P&L, if this provides the basis for settlement with major parties involved, and the prospect of returning to ‘business as normal’.
10For Bob Dudley, the task at hand will be to steer the group through the remaining uncertainty.
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1 … to some of the financial uncertainty that has surrounded it over the past two
years.
2… extracting the maximum possible pay-out from BP.
3… which could cover claims from state governments and environmental restoration.
4… the damage suffered in the Gulf region.
5… on the remaining matters before the court.
6… BP was being forced to repair the damage.
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Oprah Winfrey is the US’s highestrated syndicated talk-show host. |
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2In 1996 Oprah Winfrey announced the launch of a book club designed to “get America reading again”.
3Ms Winfrey would use her celebrity influence to convince her viewers to turn to literature, in one of the most highly publicised reading promotion programmes in history.
4Ms Winfrey would select a book and announce the title during a show, and then discuss it during a televised segment a month or so later.
5Oprah’s Book Club faced immediate scepticism from literary commentators, who associated syndicated daytime shows with lowbrow offerings such as soap operas.
6Ms Winfrey’s endorsement led to lasting sales increases for the chosen authors.
7The novel The Deep End of the Ocean by Jacquelyn Mitchard had sold 70,000 copies and in the month after its endorsement, sales increased by 700,000 copies.
8No, sales of other titles by the same author also increase and the magnitude of this spillover benefit grows in the three months after the announcement.
9In some countries, as much as 40 per cent of ads use some form of celebrity endorsement.
10An endorsement announcement from a rival may require a company to increase its own marketing and promotions significantly.
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1… designed to “get America reading again”.
2… during a televised segment a month or so later.
3… had fallen from 57 per cent in 1982 to 47 per cent in 2002.
4… expand the market.
5… of the Vin Mariani alcoholic beverage.
6… to increase its own marketing and promotions significantly.
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experimenting, analysing and ruminating on each of those things in the name of “innovation”.
2“Innovation” is a corporate mantra that P&G staff repeat with a frequency that suggests heartfelt commitment or rigorous brainwashing.
3It told journalists that the squishy Tide Pods represented the biggest “disruption” in US laundry since it introduced Tide liquid detergent in 1984.
4Given the high costs and high risks involved, being the first mover is generally not a good thing if you are trying to create an entirely new product category.
5The idea of first-mover advantage was challenged by the academics Peter Golder and Gerard Tellis, whose research into the history of 66 industries found that companies get limited rewards from being pioneers.
6Eric Schwartz is general manager of laundry care at Henkel in the US.
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7One reason is that first movers that fall by the wayside get forgotten. Another is the law, which gives first movers the right to register new patents and brands.
8Asked if P&G was playing catch-up, Ms Keith answered with a firm “no”.
9For some brands, the arrival of several similar products at the same time can even be helpful.
10No, Chux, a Johnson & Johnson brand, was first to market in 1949.
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1… were changed in a meaningful way.
2… that companies get limited rewards from being pioneers.
3… consumer tastes, new designs and manufacturing techniques, and the potential size of a market.
4… in many people’s minds.
5… can even be helpful.
6… hit the market first.
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c, g, a, b, e, h, f, d. |
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9.5
1Jobless figures are the one major economic indicator that measures people.
2The eurozone's unemployment rate had risen to a record high of 10,7 %, hat's 16,9 million people out of work across the 17-nation euro area.
3Spain holds the EU record, with unemployment at 23,3 %, or 5,3 million people
–and rising.
4Voters across the EU care much more about the jobs deficit than they do about the budget deficit.
5On the jobless side of the Atlantic, the only solution to austerity-induced unemployment is more austerity.
6Basic economics teaches us that the best way to cut borrowing levels is to get people back to work and paying taxes.
7Having a job isn't just about earning a living or paying taxes; it's about human dignity and self-worth.
8The human and social costs of unemployment are: financial hardship, emotional stress, depression, lethargy, loss of morale and status, shame, sickness and premature death.
9In the UK, unemployment stands at a 17-year high of 2,7 million.
10Over the past three years, the Bank of England governor has authorized the creation of £325 bn of new money through a process of “quantitative easing”.
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