Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов специалистов 23.05.06 - Строительство железных дорог, мостов и транспортных тоннелей
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In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit project for building railways in Russia.
Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skilful mechanics and serf, the first Russian locomotive of today. Under the boiler there were two cylinders, which turned the locomotive’s two driving wheels. At the front there was a smoke-stack, while at the back there was a platform for the driver.
III. Complete tasks for the text:
1. Answer the questions to the text:
1.What kind of animals was used for work during the Bronze Age?
2.What were the first wheels like?
3.What are the stages in the development of the wheels?
4.How many people did the first steam carriages carry?
5.Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom?
6.Was the Russian government interested in railway transportation?
7.What were the Cherepanovs?
8.What was the first Russian locomotive like?
2. Complete the following sentences:
1. The wheel:
1) was invented during the Stone Age;
2) was known to American Indians before the White Man came; 3) came into use during the Bronze Age.
2. In the West the first steam carriage was invented:
1) in the United Kingdom;
2) in France ; 3)in Germany.
3. The steam locomotive:
1) was cheaper than horses; 2)was not cheaper than horses;
3)was more expansive than horses.
4. The Cherepanovs were:
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1)engineers;
2)scientists ;
3)mechanics.
5. The first Russian locomotive had:
1)three wheels;
2)two wheels;
3)four wheels.
3. Fill in the gaps with the corresponding single-root words:
consume, consumption, consumer
1. The engine … little fuel. 2. The … of fuel was low. 3. Motor industry is a great … of fuel. 4. The work on the project … almost all his time.
restricted, restrictions, restrictive
1. The consumption of energy should be … 2. The speed of motor cars on the country’s roads was… 3. There were introduced the … on fuel consumption. 4. Certain … measure were introduced.
relative, relatively, relativity, relation
1. It was a … easy task. 2. Einstein’s theory established the … of time and space.
3.He tried to established the … of time and space. 4. He tried to establish the …between these two groups of factors. 5. The speed of the comet …to the earth was great.
4.Make your own sentences using the following word:
Story, progress, communication, barrier, canyon, central, parallel, cable, lift, peak,
ventilate, automobile.
TEXT B
I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
1.Title the text.
2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.
3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.
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4. Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.
There is a great difference between the conditions in which the railway builders had to work in the past and those provided today. The construction of the Trans-Caspian railway may be a good illustration.
In the eighties of the last century a project was worked out to build with the greatest possible speed a railway near the Caspian Sea. The job was especially difficult because of the lack of drinking water. For the first 177 km the Caspian water had to be distilled and taken to the builders in large tanks.
Other difficulties with which the workers had to meet were diseases and sandstorms. The sand in mobile dunes was carried from place to place by strong winds. Great efforts were made to overcome those difficulties. In order to make the sand near the Caspian sea as hard as possible the workers poured sea water on the sand or built fences of wood to arrest the dunes. It was a hard and a timeconsuming job.
The railway was planned as a standard gauge line. The rails and sleepers were all of home production. Over 22,000 people took part in the construction work. The men worked in six-hour shifts. The building materials and all the needed equipment were carried by trains that ran twice daily from the base. Every day four miles of track were laid down. It was an unheard-of speed for those days.
TEXT C
I. Words and word combination to memorize:
en route - в пути
to pass through - проследовать an opportunity - возможность
to change trains - делать пересадку
to interrupt the trip - прервать поездку fascinating trip - увлекательная поездка
II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
En Route
Fast train number twenty-one runs twenty hours to Berlin. It passes through Orsha, Minsk, Smolensk and Brest. In Orsha the train stops for five minutes and in Brest for two hours. There the passengers have opportunity to see the sights of the city. Some passengers change trains in Brest, or interrupt (break)
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their trip. During the fascinating trip passengers can enjoy the beautiful landscapes of our country.
1.Describe the way to Berlin.
2.Make up a dialogue on the text.
3.Find in the text the sentences in the following tenses and make them sentences negative and interrogative:
a)Present Simple
b)Passive Voice
4. Underline or mark the main idea of the text.
Unit 8
I. Words and word combinations to memorize:
beyond - за (пределами), вне reflect – отражать, изображать quarter -четверть
consume– потреблять, расходовать glass– стекло
rubber– резина, каучук finally - в конце концов
employ– использовать; to be employed-служить, работать largely– в значительной степени, широко
responsible– ответственный (за что-либо) pollution– загрязнение
exact– точный definition– определение root– корень
yet - однако, всѐ же; ещѐ overall– общий, весь (в целом)
involve – включать в себя; вовлекать; заключать, содержать, затрагивать trend – тенденция, общее направление
consequence– последствие
call for– требовать, предусматривать eventually – в конечном счѐте
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restrict– ограничивать
relative– относительный, сравнительный
efficiency– эффективность, производительность, коэффициент полезного действия.
remember– помнить steep –крутой
result –происходить в результате чего-либо by-product–побочный продукт uniformity–единообразие
maintenance–техническое обслуживание, эксплуатация altogether -в общем, всего
private–частный, личный
sound -звук; разумный, здравый; надежный, прочный application – применение
vast– обширный, громадный
II. Read and translate the text:
TEXT A
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Man, nature, transport…What is for which and which is for whom? Who is to gain or to lose?
Interest in these problems had extended beyond the specialist to the million of men interested in the problem that have come with development. Everyone rides on some vehicle every day, of course, but besides this, in modern society-the big city energy problems, raw materials. Finally there are the problems of the distribution of manpower resources (about a fifth of the employed population in developed countries work directly or indirectly in transport), and ecology (transport is largely responsible for pollution)
So far transport research has given no exact definition of transport’s place in modern society.
To get to the root of the transport problems one must begin by understanding what society needs transport for. This seemingly simple questions has never been fully answered. Yet an answer we must have, if we are to solve the overall transport problem or even the problems involved in developing one or another system.
Now an analysis of the social role of road transport has made it possible to see the main trends of its development and forecast the consequences.
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The development of road transport has called for controlled technological progress, for subordinating the technical aspects of transport to the harmonious development of transport, for a balanced combination of private and public transport.
The fact, though at first glance insignificant, that in public transport people learn to be considerate to each other is very important in the development of society-indeed, it helps to create a more friendly atmosphere.
The fast growing transport systems call for still higher costs, and it is essential that technological progress in transport should eventually coordinate the society’s transport needs with its minerals and manpower resources.
An unbalanced development of transport may lead to a situation when the economic benefits in agriculture and industry are largely swallowed by high transport costs. Therefore, unbalanced developments of both individual types of transport and public transport system may restrict their relative efficiency.
In modern society transport has grown from a weak child into a giant whose habits are hard to live with.
Everyone wants to reach a place comfortably and fast. Yet even transport engineers have user interest in transport. This is quite natural, but one must remember that the development of speed and comfort in transport can become a difficult problem-current steep rise in business; tourist and other journeys result in transport indiscipline.
III. Complete tasks for the text:
1. Answer the questions to the text:
1.What makes transport problems important to everybody?
2.What are the most important social problems connected with the car?
3.What has the development of road transport demanded?
4.What may an unbalanced development of transport lead to?
5.What does the increase of different journeys result in?
6.What are the negative aspects of the motor transport?
2. Make up questions by changing these suggestions:
1)how the idea of a monorail was first taken by the public;
2)why Brennan designed his monorail as military transport;
3)where and when I. Romanov's monorail was demonstrated;
4)why Behr's project was not realized;
5)if all existing monorails are commercial systems;
6)what the two types of monorail railroads are;
7)what the choice of the monorail type depends on;
8)what the most promising uses of monorails are;
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9)what advantages monorails have;
10)what important problems are to be solved to make monorails commercially successful.
3. Fill in the gaps with the corresponding words:
steep |
rubber |
spare |
output |
pollution |
private |
quarter |
maintenance |
vast |
beyond |
involves |
avoid |
ride |
forecast |
by-product |
1. As it was growing dark the tourists decided to spend the night in the village which was … the river. 2. During the … along the mountains roads the tourists enjoyed the sights. 3. The Kremlin tower clock strikes every … of an hour. 4. The life of the car depends largely on the … which must be performed by skilled mechanics in due time. 5. Tyres are made of … , which is required in great quantities for car manufacture. 6. The Sterling engine which first appeared more than 150 years ago… external combustion as in the case of a steam engine. Fuel is burned completely outside the cylinders. 7. Few countries are as heavily polluted as Japan. According to the official estimation more than one third of the urban population has suffered from some form of … in the past five years. 8. According to the weather … it will be sunny and warm during the next two days. 9. The mountain was so … that only five men from the tourist group, the strongest and most experienced ones, continued the climbing. 10. Repairs and supplies of … parts have become much easier because of the highly standardized fleet of cars. 12. Only a very experienced driver could … accident in such bad weather and road conditions. 13. The … of combustion consist of carbon dioxide, water and additives. 14. Though the number of … cars is growing in our country, the development of public transport continues to be prime importance.
4. Name the words from which the following derived words are formed and translate them:
Finally, largely, consumption, reflection, rubberized, responsibility, definition, involvement, uniformity, beneficial, restriction, relatively, efficiency, application.
TEXT B
I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
1. Title the text.
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2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.
3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.
4.Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.
The tram which disappeared in many cities before and after the war may come back.
The advantage of the tram is that it is considerably cheaper than the railway, silent in operation, free from exhaust gases and able to provide a more frequent service with more stops.
Much interest is being shown in the both Europe and America where existing system is being extended and new up-to-date vehicles are coming into service.
Studies are being carried out in my countries. Considerable mount of work has been done in the development of electric light railway systems in various parts of the world.
TEXT C
I. Words and word combination to memorize:
ready-packed - в упаковке a rusk - сухарь
confectionary - кондитерские изделия both … and - как … так и
foreign currency - иностранная валюта free of charge - бесплатно
a choice - выбор
varied courses - различные блюда pastries - пироги, торты
II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
Serving Tea
In the sleepers of Russian Railways passengers are served with tea, coffee and ready-packed biscuits, waffles and rusks. Hot drinks and confectionary are available at any time. A cup of tea with sugar costs three rubles. A cup of coffee with sugar costs five rubles. Passengers can pay for drinks and
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confectionary both in Russian and foreign currency. Passengers are provided with spoons, forks, knives and plates free of charge.
Each passenger train has a dining car. In the dining car passengers are offered a great choice of varied courses of Russian and European cuisine, wines, fruits and pastries.
1.Describe the serving tea process.
2.Make up a dialogue on the text.
3.Find in the text the sentences in the a) Passive Voice and with b) Modal Verbs and make them negative and interrogative.
4.Underline or mark the main idea of the text.
Unit 9
I. Words and word combinations to memorize:
put forward – выдвигать, ускорять believe – думать, верить promising – перспективный
design – конструировать, проектировать, разрабатывать, конструкция, чертѐж, проект
vehicle – транспортное средство single – одиночыий, единый single-track line – однопутная линия
purpose – цель; назначение; намерение; замисел work – приводить в движение
suspend – (при)останавливать; временно прекращать; подвешивать suspension – подвешивание; подвеска; подвесное устройство, навесное устройство
lack – недостаток, нужда; отсутствие (чего-л.) decide – решать
decision – решение
exist – существовать; иметься в природе among – среди
mention – упоминание; ссылка (на что-л. / кого-л.); упоминать, ссылаться (на кого-л. / что-л.)
choice – выбор
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etc. – и так далее
consider – рассматривать; обсуждать; полагать, считать similar to – подобный, схожий
double – двойной
double-track line – двухколейная дорога; двухпутная железнодорожная линия
principal – главный, основной link – звено, линия (связи) convenient – удобный
achieve – достигать
save – охранять, защищать, ограждать (от чего-л.); беречь; экономить savings – экономия
space – место, пространство; интервал above – над, cверху ant. below
point (to) – показывать (на), указывать (на) point out – указывать, обращать внимание solve a problem – решать проблему solution – решение
noise – шум
II. Read and translate the text:
TEXT A
MONORAIL VEHICLES
One of the new ideas and inventions put forward in the last quarter of the 19th century was the idea of the monorail road. This idea was laughed at by many, but some people believed that it was promising.
One of the first monorails appeared in 1882 when L. Brennan, an Irishman, built an experimental monorail car. The inventor designed his car as a military vehicle for the speed at which a single rail could be laid made it ideal for military purpose. According to Brennan, these cars were to be worked by steam, petrol, or electricity.
ln 1897, the Russian technical society organized in Petersburg a demonstration of working models. One was the first suspended electric monorail designed by engineer Ippolit Romanov. The demonstration of a small car powered by a miniature motor was a success.
In 1901, Behr, one of the monorail pioneers in England, worked out a promising monorail system which was to be built between Manchester and