Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов специалистов 23.05.06 - Строительство железных дорог, мостов и транспортных тоннелей
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2.What are the most efficient forms of the monorail?
3.What kind of monorails is suitable for the central part of Russia?
4.Why can monorails be built in a comparatively short time?
5.Where can monorails be utilized?
2. Translate the following sentences:
1.The shorter the lever arm the greater is the effort necessary to lift the weight.
2.Both the bridge and the dam will be completed before the navigation season.
3.You can get to that part of the city either by bus or by the underground.
4.As soon as all the calculations are completed, we shall begin the tests.
5.These children know neither German nor French languages.
6.As long as you refuse to apply new methods the output will remain unchanged.
7.The strength of this synthetic material is as high as that of steel.
8.Special containers were used in order that the supply of food could be improved.
9.The sun gives us both light and heat; it gives us energy as well.
10.The investigations at the Arctic research station are carried out daily in good as well as in bad weather according to a carefully worked out plan.
11.We decided to cross the mountains so that we could reach the airfield in the day-time.
3. Translate into Russian:
Transport, interest, specialist, million, energy, ecology, natural, comfort, limit, tourist, discipline, motor, industry, standard, to transform, proportional, result, socialist, public, analysis, social, role, control, harmony, balance, combination, fact, aspect, technological, aviation, system, progress, technical, resources, situation, economic, specialization, cooperation, individual, type, theory, function, practical, optimal, symptom, territory, colossal
4. Find a noun in each row and translate it:
1.a) developing, b)development, c) developed, d) develop.
2.a) provide, b) providing, c) provision, d) provided
3.a) attend, b) attention, c) attentive, d) attending
4.a) knowledge, b) smaller, c) know, d) knows
5.a) better, b) keep, c) keeper, d) kept
6.a) finder, b) finding, c) finds, d) harder
7.a) build, b) better, c) built, d) think
8.a) behaviour, b) therefore, c) until, d) think
9.a) possible, b) way, c) throw, d) later
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TEXT B
I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
1.Title the text.
2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.
3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.
4.Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.
In the early years of the 19th century the idea of using steam engines to draw freight and passenger trains interested many inventors. But the history of steam traction began much earlier when an English engineer, William Murdock, built a working model of a steam locomotive in 1784. It was a baby locomotive about a foot (30,5 cm) high. It had three wheels and its boiler was heated by a spirit lamp.
One day Murdock wanted to test his engine. He lighted the spirit lamp and soon the water began boiling. The engine ran fast along the street with loud roaring. Unfortunately, nothing came of Murdock's invention because his little locomotive was thought of as the creation of the Devil.
And this is how the first steam locomotive appeared in the USA. One day in 1804 the people of Philadelphia saw a roaring and fire-breathing monster running along the street, followed by shouting boys. It was really the first steam locomotive in America, although it did not run on rails. After its short journey on land the locomotive fell down into the river and disappeared in the water.
TEXT C
I. Words and word combination to memorize:
boarding - посадка departure - отправление to leave - отправляться both … and - как … так и odd days - нечетные дни even days - четные дни to reach - достигать
the terminus - конечная станция
softseated carriage - сидячий вагон с мягкими сиденьям
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hard-seated carriage - сидячий вагон с жесткими сиденьями to be due out - отправляться
to forward - отправлять
extra charges for overweight - дополнительная плата за провоз багажа сверх нормы
to get off at - сойти с поезда
II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
On the platform Boarding the Train and Departure
Our train Number 9 Moscow-Belgrad leaves both on odd and even days. It’s a fast through train. It leaves from Platform 2 at 3.20 p.m. It takes the train forty hours to reach the terminus. The train has ten carriages. Most of them are sleepers and the rest are soft-and-hard-seated ones.
There is a dining-car in the middle of the train. Meals are served from 10 o’clock a.m. till eleven p.m. The train is due out in ten minutes. Passengers are boarding the train. They can carry thirty-five kilograms of luggage per ticket. Heavy luggage should be registered. It will be forwarded in the luggage-van attached to the train. Extra charges are paid for overweight.
It is a stopping train. The first big railway station is Kiev. Many passengers will get off at Kiev to go sightseeing there.
1. Make up a story, using the scheme. You may start with such words:
As for me…
I know…
I prefer…
I like…
I hate (dislike)…
I like…most of all….
As far as I know…
2.Make up a dialogue on the text.
3.Find in the text the sentences in the following tenses and make them sentences negative and interrogative:
a)Present Simple
b)Passive Voice
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4. Underline or mark the main idea of the text.
Unit 6
I. Words and word combinations to memorize:
introduction – введение, вступление
to mean(meant, meant) – значить; иметь в виду goods – товары, груз
also – тоже, также
vehicle – экипаж, повозка, автомобиль lorry – грузовик
coach – карета, экипаж; автобус (междугородный) the same – тот (же) самый, одинаковый
stage – стадия, этап
directly – прямо, непосредственно wind – ветер
internal – внутренний combustion – сгорание engine – двигатель source – источник
to settle – 1) разрешать (вопрос); 2) поселяться soil – почва, грунт
to beat(beat, beaten) – бить backward – отсталый
to vary – менять, изменять
general – общий, обычный, главный to drag – тащить
because of – из-за, благодаря, вследствие weight – вес
at once – сразу, немедленно to lead (led, led) – вести wide – широкий
to pave – мостить unless – если не surface – поверхность
chiefly – главным образом gradually – постепенно
rather – до некоторой степени, довольно distance – расстояние
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device – устройство to connect – связывать
due – должный, надлежащий
to charge – 1) взимать плату; 2) заряжать
II. Read and translate the text:
TEXT A
LAND TRANSPORT
PORTERS AND PACK ANIMALS
The most ancient people were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to place they had to carry their goods themselves. The porters were usually the woman, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild beasts or enemies. Even now, to carry the household goods is the job of women in backward wandering tribes.
The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same-the bundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dog, although too small to carry much, was probably one of the first transport animals used because of their light weight.
The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The wheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled carts and fourwheeled wagons and carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances, a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough to take a cart and paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in and the cart stuck. In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long-distance paved roads were made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could be marched without delay from place to place. The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.
There were two problems to be solved-first, how to make good roads, and, second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in the 18th century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roads and bridges is still used, especially in the United States. Then it became possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. I n cities like London, rich people went on horseback or walked .Then appeared carriages that
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could be hired for short distances. They correspond to the modern taxis. The word is short for «taxi cab» which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet.
A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19th century. The taximeter is a mechanical device connected with the wheels which, by measuring the distance travelled, shows the fare due at any moment. It is also controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for.
III. Complete tasks for the text:
1. Answer the questions to the text:
1.What does the world «transport» mean?
2.What are the stages of the history of transport?
3.Who were the first porters?
4.What kind of animals was used first for carrying goods?
5.What did the invention of the wheel bring?
6.Whom were the first roads made by?
7.What were the two problems to be solved?
8.What was a cabriolet like?
9.What is a taximeter like?
10.How is waiting time charged for?
2. Find the word in each row that is opposite in meaning to the first word:
1.complicated a) expensive, b) simple , c) similar ,d) numerous
2.shortage a) current ,b) delay ,c) distance ,d) plenty
3.to remain a) to lend, b) to leave, c) to measure, d) to stretch
4.to destroy a) to drag, b) to pave, c) to restore, d) to step
5.huge a) small, b) strong, c) free, d) hard
6.shallow a) wide, b) possible, c) important, d) deep
7.to connect a) to charge, b) to collapse, c) to introduce, d) to part
8.gradually a) also, b) at once, c) chiefly, d) rather
9.repair a) pay, b) remark, c) surface, d) damage
10.the same a) due, b) total, c) different, d) essential
11.wide a) powerful, b) narrow, c) dry, d) necessary
12.strength a) combustion, b) device, c) weakness, d) force
3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
Engine, wind, delayed, charged, soil, the same, to collapse, leads, wide, mean,
vehicle, weight, sources, general, handed, connected, introduced
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1. He did not … anything when he said it. 2. This news comes from different … .
3.Nothing could grow in this poor dry … . 4. The steam … was invented in the
18th centuary. 5. The … plan of the development of the city was considered at a special meeting. 6. The jeep is a small light … with great freedom of movement especially for military use. 7. The method of construction is not … now as it was some years ago. It is quite different. 8. A cold … was blowing from the northwest. 9. The weight of a heavy tank caused the bridge… . 10. The train was … two hours by snow storms. 11. The paper was … over to the director. 12. He says that the road … to the forest. 13. The bridge … the two banks of the river. 14. The lorry was … to the full. 15. He is big and strong, he is twice my … . 16. She is an educated person and her interests are rather … . 17 .A new method has been … at their factory this month. 18. The … from here to the park is ten kilometers.
4.Find Russian equivalents for the following phrases:
To mean nothing; a goods train; also successful powerful vehicle; huge lorries and coaches; the same route; an ordinary remark; numerous stages; without wind; permanent force; to manufacture car engines; internal affairs; rapid combustion; source of energy; dry soil; a backward country; general weakness; to drag along the road; to vary considerably; quick steps; to repair something at once; rather dark; measure distance; under repair ;wide connections; the Earth surface; atomic weight; in due time; in due form; to pay in full; what’s the pay; front wheel; on wheels; to wheel the car; collapse of plans; a collapsed building; without delay; rather big ;nuclear device; charged with electricity; to get the same mark; to settle the question ; because of the accident; a paved engineer; to obtain knowledge gradually; to stretch a cable.
TEXT B
I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
1.Title the text.
2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.
3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.
4.Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.
The combination of rails, ballast and ties is known as the railroad track. The railroad track is also called the "permanent way".
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The distance between the rails is known as the railway gauge; the Russian railways have a 1,524 m.E. gauge. The mechanism which is used to move the trains from one track to another is called a switch. The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is called a joint. The rails rest on ties. In England "ties" are called "sleepers ". The ties or sleepers are laid on a ballast which is the foundation of the railroad track. The best materials for ballast are crushed rock (broken stone) and gravel.
TEXT C
I. Words and word combination to memorize:
tare weight - тара
weight per axle - нагрузка на ось cushioned berths - мягкие сиденья a supply - запас
a socket - розетка valuable - ценный
a guard - проводник to summon - вызывать to forbid - запрещать
a litter bin - мусорный ящик
II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:
In the Carriage
Foreign tourists are offered two kinds of sleepers with two-berth (1-st class) and four-berth (2-nd class) compartments. Sleeping accommodation is provided for 22/44 passengers, tare weight is 52/62 tons, weight per axle – 13/16 tons.
Every compartment has cushioned berths, hot and cold water supply, a mirror, a socket for electric razor, safe for keeping valuable papers. The carriage guard is summoned by pushing an electric bell near the door. The inner room of the carriage includes: 10 compartments, a guard’s compartment (van), a corridor (passage), 2 toilets, 2 carriage platforms.
Passengers are forbidden to throw rubbish through the windows. There is a litter bin at the end of the corridor.
The toilets are at the head and the tail of the carriage. The toilet should not be used while the train is at the station.
1. Retell the text using the words and word combinations to the theme.
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2.Make up a dialogue on the text.
3.Find in the text the sentences in the following tenses and make them sentences negative and interrogative:
a)Present Simple
b)Passive Voice
4. Underline or mark the main idea of the text.
Unit 7
I. Words and word combinations to memorize:
invention – изобретение wheel – колесо
crude - грубый trace - след lighter - легче spokes - спицы rubber - резина cart - телега
vehicle – транспортное средство pace - шаг; темп
carriage- вагон boiler - котел due to - из-за
submit – подчиняться; представлять на рассмотрение serf - крепостные
smoke-stack – дымовая труба driving – вождение
rapid spread- быстрое распространение carry -перевозить
boiler - котел driver - водитель keep - сохранить
electric power - электроэнергия solid – твердый; крепкий
solve - решать
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cover - покрывать; охватывать development - развитие further - дальнейший
prevent – мешать; предотвращать believe – верить
II. Read and translate the text:
TEXT A
THE WHEEL, STEAM, CARRIAGES AND RAILWAYS
One of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communication, only crude farming, no electric power.
Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indian until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels were discs.
The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheels were covered with iron and with rubber.
Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a fourwheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.
In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France.
The three - wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a twocylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minute.
The steam engine appeared in 1763.It was followed by several improved steam road carriages. Their development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of railway in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer.
He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an hour and carry passengers cheaper then horses carry them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success.