Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов специалистов 23.05.06 - Строительство железных дорог, мостов и транспортных тоннелей

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TEXT C

I. Words and word combination to memorize:

stations are worth looking at - на станции стоит посмотреть architecturally remarkable - замечательны с точки зрения архитектуры to refer - относиться

to base - основываться to rival - соперничать resort - курорт

to expend - расширять

to accommodate - вмещать to handle - пропускать

commuter - пригородного назначения stall - ларек

without - без interfering - помеха unable - не в состоянии to cope - справляться flow - поток

II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:

Moscow Terminals

There are nine terminals in the capital of Russia.

design of the present Yaroslavsky station, built in 1906-1907 by architect F.O.

The big clock with the sight of the zodiac is also of interest.

The Kursky terminal services a great flow of passengers going to the Black Sea Coast, the biggest resort in our country. The Kursky terminal was the first to be reconstructed in Moscow. The main hall was considerably expended and now it can accommodate up to 6.000 passengers. The station handles about 40.000 long-distance passengers and 75.000 commuters daily. Different platforms are

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provided for commuter and long-distance passengers. This terminal is considered to be the largest and the most comfortable railway station in Europe.

The Leningradsky terminal in Moscow and the Moscowsky terminal in ST. Petersburg seem quite identical in design. The main hall of the Leningradsky terminal is rather spacious and offers passengers various kinds of service they may need. Long rows of stalls and posts are arranged on both sides of the hall without interfering with passengers.

The Byelorussky terminal is being reconstructed now.

As is known all the nine railway terminals in Moscow were erected many years ago. As they were unable to cope with the increased flow of passengers some of them were reconstructed while others are being rebuilt or will be rebuilt in the near future.

1.Give the summary of the text.

2.Make up a dialogue on the text.

3.Find in the text the sentences with a) Modal verbs, b) Passive Voice and make the sentences negative and interrogative.

4.Underline or mark the main idea of the text.

Unit 4

I. Words and word combinations to memorize.

track – рельсовый путь, колея

lay down a track – укладывать дорогу permanent way – верхнее строение пути consist of – состоять (из)

tie (Amer.) – шпала syn. sleeper (Br.) different – разный, различный

differ – отличаться

rest – подпорка, стойка, опирать, опираться; подпирать heavy – тяжѐлый, тяжеловесный

replace – заменять strength – мощность, сила

strong – мощный, сильный ant. weak (the) same – такой же

gauge – ширина колеи

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for – ради, в честь, в пользу, для, за

joint – стык, соединение, место соединения switch – стрелка

weight – вес

weigh – взвешивать according to – согласно almost – почти syn. nearly in order to – для того, чтобы

last – прошлый, недавний; последний support – подпирать, поддерживать, опора during – в течение, в продолжение, во время improve – улучшать, усовершенствовать

improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование eliminate – удалять, устранять

reduce – сокращать, укорачивать reduction – сокращение, укорачивание

smooth – гладкий, ровный; скользкий (о поверхности) increase – увеличивать(ся)

thus – так, таким образом because of – за, из-за, от advantage – преимущество traffic – движение; транспорт

to carry the traffic – транспортировать volume of traffic – интенсивность движения provide – доставлять, обеспечивать

provide for – обеспечивать средствами к существованию (кого-либо) main – главный, основной

main line – магистраль

II. Read and translate the text:

TEXT A

THE RAILROAD TRACK

The track is one of the basic features of a railway. It is also called the permanent way. The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site. And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks or the permanent way, as it was called. The permanent way consists of rails, ties, and ballast.

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The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways. The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heave blocks of granite. Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties or sleepers. This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains. The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance for the railways for, when placed in the same tack, steel rails had a life 15 times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge. The standard gauge in most countries is 1,435 mm while in Ukraine the railroads have a gauge of 1,524 mm That gauge was finally adopted when the first main-line Moscow-St. Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 - 1851). Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways. In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.

The place, where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint. The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks. In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they have to carry when placed in the track. The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main-line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote. The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure. They rest upon a bed of crushed rock or gravel, which is called ballast. Ballast is a very important element of the track for it is the ballast which supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

The history of railways is more than one century and a half. During this period the track structure has been substantially improved. One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints. In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths. These continuous or longwelded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.

Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers. Thus in some countries, concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages. Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood. The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track. It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.

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project, cracks, width, penetrate, objected, civil, mentioned, estimated, actually,

local, further, piles, layer, so far, outstanding, to prevent, fall, doubt

1. ... in the structure may lead to its collapse. 2. A big engineering ... was suggested by a group of designers. 3. He ... to their remark. 4. The road needs widening as its ... is not enough for the modern traffic. 5. No sound could ... the thick walls of the building. 6. The people of the village could easily get to town by a ... train. 7. During the war all ... population was evacuated from the city. 8. They had to remove a thick ... of sand before they started the construction. 9. When ...

the new project proved to be cheaper and was adopted. 10. The fact that the existing roads were not properly maintained has been also ... during the discussion. 11.... this valuable information has not been received. 12. ... much more efforts were required in order to finish the work. 13. He never makes people wait, no ... he'll be in time in spite of all the difficulties. 14. The ... of the apple helped Newton to discover the theory of gravitation. 15. What is the most ...

discovery of the 20th century? 16. In early times people learned to drive wooden

... into the bed of the river. 17. We must observe traffic rules ... road accidents. 18. To continue the work we must obtain ... information.

TEXT B

I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:

1.Title the text.

2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.

3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.

4.Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.

Rail transport is one of the safest forms of land travel. Trains can travel at very high speed, but they are heavy, are unable to deviate from the track and require a great distance to stop. Possible accidents include derailment (jumping the track), a collision with another train or collision with an automobile or other vehicle at level crossings. The latter accounts for the majority of rail accidents and casualties. The most important safety measures to prevent accidents are strict operating rules, e.g. railway signaling and gates or grade separation at crossings. Train whistles, bells or horns warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains.

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An important element in the safety of many high-speed inter-city networks such as Japan's Shinkansen is the fact that trains only run on dedicated railway lines, without level crossings. This effectively eliminates the potential for collision with automobiles, other vehicles and pedestrians, vastly reduces the likelihood of collision with other trains and helps ensure services remain timely.

TEXT C

I. Words and word combination to memorize:

to be likely - вероятно the purpose - цель, задача to get into - впускать

to get out - выпускать either … or - или … или

the inquiry office - справочное бюро

a timetable - расписание прибытия и отправления поездов the train indicator - светящееся табло

a check-room - камера хранения to be intended - предназначаться to safekeep - хранить (о багаже)

a left-luggage office - багажное отделение the refreshment - буфет

a stall - киоск, ларек

an Intourist office - офис для иностранцев

the first-aid post - пункт медицинской помощи the bank of telephone - телефонная кабинка numerous - многочисленный

to be taken for granted - иметь в наличии ruiluxy - первоклассный

to book - заказывать, покупать (билеты)

II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:

At the Railway Station

Journeys by railway begin and end at stations. They must offer the passenger all he is likely to need in the way of service.

The main purpose of a railway station is to get a passenger and his luggage into or out of railway trains as effectively and speedily as possible,

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The first need of the passenger is to know what trains are available to his destination, how long they take and where, if anywhere, he has to change. Thus

An automatic check-room (cloak-room) is intended for safekeeping handluggage at railway stations. It is also called a left-luggage office. A meal can be obtained in the restaurant, in the refreshment and dining rooms. Book-, newspaper- flower-, souvenirs stalls, a post-office and a telegraph office, an Intourist office, the first-aid post, banks of telephones, spacious waiting-rooms and numerous booking offices are taken for granted at large ruiluxy stations. An automatic system ―Express-2‖ for booking and long-distance train ticket selling is in operation on the Moscow Railway. Similar systems are installed now in other railway stations of our country.

1.Make up a short story about railway station (7-10 sentences).

2.Make up a dialogue on the text.

3.Find in the text the sentences with a) Modal verbs, b) Passive Voice and make the sentences negative and interrogative.

4.Underline or mark the main idea of the text.

Unit 5

I. Words and word combinations to memorize:

to indicate – указывать

elevation – высота; возвышенность height – высота

straight – прямой line – 1) линия; 2) ряд

area – площадь, район

rough – неровный, шероховатый angle-угол

to mount – устанавливать, монтировать fraction – доля; дробь

highway – дорога, шоссе preliminary – предварительный

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of regular passenger transport. Investigations have revealed that the most effective monorails are when the cars either suspend from the rail or roll atop of it. Elevated monorails can be built either with an open or a covered rail. The wheels of the cars, with pneumatic types, roll on top of this rail.

3. What kind of monorails is suitable for the central part of Russia?

3. The choice of the type of monorail depends upon climatic conditions, terrain and the number of passengers. For example, it would be better to build suspension-type monorail with a covered-up rail in the central part of Russia and of the top type with an open rail-in the southern areas. The high-speed aircushioned transport is more effective for long distances.

4. Why can monorails be built in a comparatively short time?

4.High speed is the main advantage of-the monorail. Today a person who lives in a large city covers some 40 km every day. The monorail trains which can do 80 km or more per hour, as compared with the approximately 15 kph speed of the tram, would save the passenger 670 hours every year. But the saving of time is far from being the only advantage of the monorail. Monorail can be laid at a comparatively short time because its construction involves little earth-moving work. And, surely, as calculations show, the construction of monorail will be about 30 per cent cheaper than that of the Metro.

5.Where can monorails be utilized?

5. Monorails supply comfortable high-speed communication between the centre of the city and the airports which are usually situated some 25-30 kilometers away.

Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev and other cities and especially industrial centres each have several satellite towns. These towns are densely populated and many people living in them go to work to the centre of the big city, which takes them one or even two hours. Monorails offer a reliable solution to this problem.

The health-resort routes running along the Black Sea coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus are an important possible field for the utilization of monorails. For example, Sochi spreads for 140 km along the sea coast. Naturally the holidaymakers must be given' an opportunity to travel up and down the resort swiftly and in comfort. Monorail is the obvious answer here too.

III. Complete tasks for the text:

1. Answer the questions to the text:

1. In what country was the first electric monorail designed?