Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов специалистов 23.05.06 - Строительство железных дорог, мостов и транспортных тоннелей

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underground line a 'sardine-box railway". The small windows in the trains were made in the roof so that passengers could see nothing. The oil and gas lamps used gave little light. So passengers wishing to read, while travelling, had to take candles with them. Besides, the steam locomotives filled the tunnels with steam and smoke. It was this discomfort that later on made engineers introduce electric traction for hauling trains on underground railways.

When put into service, electric trains eliminated steam and smoke and ensured a much more frequent service for passengers. Since that time the construction of great rapid subway systems in such great cities as London, New York, Berlin and Moscow has become practicable. Nowadays one of the most highly developed underground systems in the world is that of Moscow. Its beautiful architecture and cleanliness are well known. All stations are finished in marble and granite with mosaic decorations. Work on the first section from "Sokolniki" to "Central Park" was initiated in 1932.

The Moscow Metro consists of a circle line with twelve stations and other lines radiating from the centre to the countryside. The total length of metro lines in Moscow is more than 300 km. Construction work is still going on.

III. Complete tasks for the text:

1. Answer the questions to the text:

1.Where was the world's first underground railway built?

2.What new transport did appear in big cities in the second half of the 19th century?

3.Why the Metropolitan line wasn't a success in its early days?

4.What discomforts did the passengers experience on the. Metropolitan line?

5.What advantages had the electric traction have when introduced on underground railways?

6.What features do the Moscow underground make one of the best systems in the world?

7.What lines does the Moscow Metro consist of?

2. Replace the selected words with words from the vocabulary before the text:

To provide great safety of travel; high-speed railway systems; a railway of some kilometers long; the underground lines; to design a passenger car; to begin the construction of the line; to meet with many difficulties; to help metro builders; to carry a large volume of traffic; to inspect the locomotive; to be widely used on railways; to finish the experimental work; to improve the signaling equipment; expensive means of transport; to offer a plan.

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3. Ask 4 types of questions for the following sentences:

1.The introduction of electric traction on railways was spoken of at the end of the 19th century.

2.The first steam trains were looked at with great interest.

3.These experimental data can be relied upon.

4.The importance of railways for the economic development of a country is much written about.

5.The total length of metro lines in Moscow is more than 300 km.

6.The small windows in the trains were made in the roof.

4. Solve the crossword puzzle:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

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1.Railway carriages for transporting people and freight.

2.The very first railways used it for drawing trains.

3.An Englishman who demonstrated his working model of a steam engine in London in 1808.

4.The fastest means of transport.

5.It makes modern engines work.

6.Very strong.

7.A person on a journey.

8.The inventor of the world's first steam locomotive.

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9.The place where students from different towns live.

10.A person who creates or designs something new.

11.The tractive power of early engines.

TEXT B

I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:

1.Title the text.

2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.

3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.

4.Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.

A passenger train travels between stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a guard/train manager. Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains can involve a variety of functions including long distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services. They even include a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right of way requirements, and service frequency.

Passenger trains usually can be divided into two operations: intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas as intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours).

Intercity trains are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a dining car. Some lines also provide over-night services with sleeping cars. Some long-haul trains were given a specific name. Regional trains are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds. Commuter trains serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily commuting service.

TEXT C

I. Words and word combination to memorize:

one can – можно

to choose – выбирать

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first-class sleepers – международный вагон second-class sleepers – мягкий спальный вагон third-class sleepers – жесткий спальный вагон no doubt – без сомнения

to offer – предлагать

berth – спальное место, полка compartment – купе

sleeping accommodation – спальные места to provide – обеспечивать

adjoining – соседний

to share – пользоваться совместно shower room – душевая комната passage – коридор

to prefer – предпочитать

fast through train – скорый поезд double-decker carriage – двухъярусный вагон

air-conditioned carriage – вагон, оснащенный воздушным кондиционированием

day coaches – вагоны с нумерованными местами для сидения soft carriage – сидячий вагон с мягкими местами для сидения hard carriage – сидячий вагон с жесткими местами для сидения to attach – прицеплять

to cater for all tastes – удовлетворять любой вкус choice – выбор

cuisine – кухня

to be available – быть в наличии luggage-van – багажный вагон

overnight train – поезд, идущий ночью и днем

to relieve of the trouble of taking care of – освобождать от беспокойства за to have luggage registered – сдавать вещи в багаж

destination – направление

luggage receipt – багажная квитанция light (hand) luggage – ручной багаж travel light – путешествовать налегке porter – носильщик

luggage rack – багажная полка restrictions – ограничения weight – вес

basket – корзина

traveling bag – дорожная сумка following – следующий

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perambulator – детская коляска sports gear – спортивный инвентарь

II. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:

Trains and Carriages

While touring about the Russian Federation one can choose between three classes of sleepers: first-class sleepers, second-class sleepers and third-class sleepers.

No doubt first and second class sleepers are the most convenient ones. First-class sleepers are offered for international service. There are two versions of this sleeping carriage: with two-berth and four-berth compartments. Sleeping accommodation is provided for 22/44 passengers respectively.

An ―SV‖ carriage resembles a comfortable hotel with cushioned easychairs and berths in the compartments. Two adjoining compartments share a toilet and there is shower room at the end of the passage.

All passengers prefer traveling in fast through trains. But some routes provide for changes to be made.

Foreign tourists are offered a double-decker air-conditioned carriage. A lower deck provides 28 sleeping berths and an upper deck offers 28 seats.

Besides, Russia run day coaches and combined soft and hard carriages with four-berth compartments. The carriage is air conditioned.

Going on a journey you needn’t worry about your meals en-route. A dining car will be attached to your train. The dining car will cater for all tastes. A wide choice of Russian and European cuisine will be available there. While enroute from Moscow to Vladivostok the passenger may enjoy his three hot meals a day.

Both luggage-vans and dining cars are available on all overnight and long-distance trains.

The luggage-van (baggage-car) relieves a passenger of the trouble of taking care of trunks, suitcases and heavy luggage.

Luggage can be registered through to one’s destination. Then only thing you have to carry about is the luggage receipt. Light (hand) luggage is usually taken by the passenger to the sleeper so that he could travel light.

A porter will place your luggage on special luggage rack in the compartment.

There are no restrictions on total luggage weight. The weight of each piece, however should be not more than75 kg and not less than 5 kg. Luggage should be packed in trunks, baskets, traveling bags, handbags or boxes.

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The following goods are transported unpacked: perambulators, musical instruments, bicycles, scooters, motorcycles, and sports gear up 4 m in length.

1. Make up a story, using the scheme. You may start with such words:

As for me…

I know…

I prefer…

I like…

I hate (dislike)…

I like…most of all….

As far as I know…

2.Make up a dialogue on the text.

3.Find in the text the sentences in the following tenses and make them sentences negative and interrogative:

a)Future Simple

b)Passive Voice

4. Underline or mark the main idea of the text.

Unit 3

I. Words and word combinations to memorize:

outstanding – выдающийся readily – легко

to evolve – развивать(ся) beam – балка

to reach – достигать, простираться

by means of – при помощи, посредством rope – веревка, канат

to suspend – 1) подвешивать; 2) приостанавливать rock – 1) скала; 2) горная порода

to lay (laid, laid) – класть, положить temporary – временный

extremely – крайне, чрезвычайно pile – свая

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bed – русло, дно basis – основа

to prevent – предотвращать, мешать passage – проход

civil – гражданский project – проект

to take into consideration – принимать во внимание local – местный

suitable – подходящий width – ширина

depth – глубина

to erect – строить, сооружать

to distribute – распределять, раздавать

range – 1) цепь (гор); 2) пределы (колебаний, изменений) to acquire – приобретать

circular – круглый, окружной cross-section – поперечное сечение to suggest – предлагать

to agree – соглашаться

actually – фактически, действительно scheme – схема, план, проект

layer – слой

to penetrate – проникать to share – делить

so far –до сих пор

II. Read and translate the text:

TEXT A

THE HISTORY OF BRIDGE AND TUNNEL BUILDING BRIDGES

One of the outstanding statesmen once said, "There can be little doubt that in many ways the story of bridge-building is the story of civilization. By it we can readily measure an important part of a people's progress." Great rivers are important means of communication for in many parts of the world they have been, and still are, the chief roads. But they are also barriers to communication, and people have always been concerned with finding ways to cross them.

For hundreds of years men have built bridges over fast-flowing rivers or deep and rocky canyons. Early man probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. From this, at a later stage, a bridge on a very simple bracket

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or cantilever principle was evolved. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan, and in India. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. Further ropes as handrails were added. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails.

All these bridges made possible crossings only over narrow rivers. The type of temporary floating bridge, the pontoon bridge, has been used for military purposes; military engineers can construct a temporary bridge on this principle, able to carry all the heavy equipment of a modern army, in an extremely short time.

The idea of driving wooden piles into the bed of the river in order to support a platform was put into practice 3,500 years ago. This is the basis of the 'trestle' or pile bridge which makes it possible to build a wider crossing easier for the transport of animals and goods.

With the coming of the railway in the 19th century there was a great demand for bridges, and the railways had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. In many places long lines of viaducts were built to carry railways; for instance, there are miles of brick viaducts supporting railways to London.

The next important development in bridge-building was the use of iron and, later, steel. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.

The idea of a drawbridge, a bridge hinged so that it can be lifted by chains from inside to prevent passage, is an old one. Some Leningrad bridges were built on this principle.

A modern bridge probably demands greater skill from designer and builder than any other civil engineering project. Many things should be taken into consideration, and these may vary widely according to local conditions. In deciding what type of bridge is most suitable the designer has to consider the type and weight of the traffic, and width and depth of the gap to be bridged, the nature of the foundations and the method of erecting the bridge. The designer has to calculate carefully how the various loads would be distributed and to decide which building materials are more suitable for carrying these loads.

III. Complete tasks for the text:

1. Answer the questions to the text:

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1.What did early man get an idea of a bridge from?

2.What kind of bridge is a cantilever one?

3.For what purpose is a temporary floating bridge used?

4.For what purpose are piles driven into the bed of the river?

5.Why was there a great demand for bridges in the 19th century?

6.Where was the first iron bridge built in Great Britain?

7.What are tunnels built for?

8.Where did one of the earliest tunnels pass?

2. Translate the following phrases:

Outstanding invention; outstanding writer; no doubt about it; to have no concern; a fallen tree; to evolve a theory; supporting beam; to get no support; to rope a box; to support a family; to lay bricks; to be secure from danger; to secure freedom; to prevent an accident; to prevent war; a bridge pile; to drive piles; the fall of an apple; civil engineer; a number of projects; although it was taken into consideration; local transport; a suitable person; the width and the depth of the river; to erect buildings; to distribute books; to acquire experience; circular crosssection; to suggest a scheme; to agree to such a schedule; actually different; to object to the condition; the layers of the soil; numerous cracks; to penetrate rapidly; to estimate the cost; to share losses; so far unknown; to mention the same fact; upper layer and lower layer; to reach the railway station in time; by means of sputniks; to suspend research; to be readily calculated; temporary construction; extremely difficult; to deepen the bed of the river; the basis of the economy; a narrow passage; temperature range; a demand for specialists; a gold chain.

3. Find the word in each row that is translated at the beginning:

1.товары a) vehicle, b) stage, c) substance, d) goods

2.значить, иметь ввиду a) to drag, b)to mean, c) to pay, d) to justify

3.грузовик a) driver, b) coal, c) tube, d) traffic

4.экипаж, автобус a) safety, b) coach, c) tube, d) traffic

5.тот же самый a) in turn, b) backward, c) the same, d) total

6.колесо a) wind, b) weight, c) light, d) wheel

7.внутренний a) general, b) current, c) internal, d) excellent

8.двигатель a) engine, b)lorry, c) source, d)directly

9.из-за a) without, b) within, c) because of, d) directly

10.сгорание a) direction, b) combustion, c) collapse, d) admission

11.измерять a)to measure, b)to settle, c) to vary, d) to repair

12.почва, грунт a) step , b) strength, c) piece, d) soil

13.заряжать a) to introduce, b)to collapse, c) to charge, d) to hand

14.если не a) also, b) although, c) no matter, d) unless

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15. поверхность a) delay, b) surface, c) top, d) wood

4. Find an adjective in each row:

1.a)probably, b) property, c) probable, d) properly

2.a)suddenly, b)different, c)degree, d)during

3.a)excellent, b)member, c) enough, d) explanation

TEXT B

I. Read and translate the text and be ready to work with it:

1.Title the text.

2.Make up 3 questions to the text and answer them.

3.Find sentences in the Passive Voice.

4.Write out 15 new words and make up your own sentences with them.

For many years of its existence London's Underground was the most popular and efficient means of public transport in the city. However, during the five years of World War II it played a far more important part in the life of England's capital than in the pre-war period.

In those hard days thousands of Londoners had to spend nights in London's Underground. Besides, many ancient books and rare collections from the British Museum spent the war in the underground tunnels. Some of the unused tunnels 5 miles in length were occupied by a factory producing airplanes.

Life for the people at the 79 stations was made as comfortable as possible. There were sleeping accommodations and a clinic at these stations. Special trains carried food supplies to 124 canteens.

The operation of London's Underground was so perfectly organized that even in the worst days of the war it was handling its normal volume of traffic during the day and was used as home by 177,000 people every night.

Great efforts were made in order to ensure a safe operation of the whole system. The underground railways had duplicate control and power supply systems. In order to reduce the danger of flooding the tunnels near the Thames were equipped with isolating doors. All London trains had special reduced lighting for use on the track sections running on the surface.