Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации. Горные машины. Учебное пособие

УДК 811.111 ББК 81.2

Б39

Автор:

Безбородова С. А. — к. п. н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков и деловой коммуникации ФГБОУ ВО

«Уральский государственный горный университет».

Рецензент:

Пипченко Е. Л. — к. п. н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков, лингвистики и перевода ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет».

Безбородова, С. А.

Б39 Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации. Горные машины [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие / С. А. Безбородова. — Электрон. дан. и прогр. (7 Мб). — Саратов: Ай Пи Эр Медиа, 2018. — 76 с.

ISBN 978-5-4486-0170-5

Цель учебного пособия – подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и аннотированию оригинальной технической литературы по специальности. Каждый раздел посвящен определенной теме, содержит тексты, лексический минимум и упражнения к текстам.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I и II курсов направления специалитета 21.05.04 – «Горное дело» специализации «Горные машины и оборудование» и направлено на реализацию дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)» на аудиторных практических занятиях и для самостоятельной работы студентов в рамках профессионально-ориентированного обучения английскому языку.

Учебное электронное издание

©Безбородова С. А., 2017

©ООО «Ай Пи Эр Медиа», 2017

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ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I и II курсов направления специалитета 21.05.04 – «Горное дело» специализации «Горные машины и оборудование» и направлено на реализацию дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)» на аудиторных практических занятиях и для самостоятельной работы студентов в рамках профессионально-ориентированного обучения английскому языку.

Цель данного учебного пособия – подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и аннотированию оригинальной технической литературы по специальности.

Пособие состоит из пятнадцати разделов, из которых обучаемые получают сведения об эксплуатационных параметрах, устройстве машин, механизмов и узлов горных машин и оборудования, используемом при разработке месторождений полезных ископаемых.

Учебное пособие способствует формированию теоретических знаний, практических навыков, вырабатывает компетенции, которые дают возможность изучать зарубежный опыт в профессиональной деятельности и осуществлять контакты на профессиональном уровне.

Каждый раздел посвящен определенной теме, содержит тексты, лексический минимум и упражнения к текстам.

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UNIT I. MINING INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

I. Прочитайте следующие слова и словосочетания. Запомните их.

II. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова без словаря: to characterize, chemical, productivity, primary, operation, constantly, to

accelerate, socioeconomic, report, committee, intensification, technological, fundamentally, system, machinery, complex, mechanization, automation, principal, production, control, phase, activity, planning, to convey, transportation, to sort, priority, to formulate, transition.

III. Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их на русский язык без словаря:

mining industry, methods of development, chemical raw materials, labour consuming, branch of industry, growth rates, labour productivity, quantitative growth of machines, complex mechanization, auxiliary operations, level of organization, control systems, creative phase of activity, mining equipment, technological operations, excavating equipment, loading equipment, conveying machinery, transportation vehicles, sorting equipment, ore dressing equipment, organization of production.

IV. Докажите, что следующие слова относятся к одной части речи. К какой именно?

development, productivity, importance, operation, technology, computer, machinery, microprocessor, planning, growth.

V. Прочитайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание.

MINING INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

At present the mining industry of Russia is characterized by the intensive methods of development in the open pit mining. Surface mining has a decisive part to play in mining ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical raw materials and building material. As is known, the mining industry presents one of the labour consuming branches of industry, therefore the growth rates of labour productivity are of primary importance.

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The fleet (парк) of mining and transporting machines employed in surface mining operations is constantly growing. However the quantitative growth of machines for rapid increase of productivity cannot meet the mining industry's requirements.

The present-day level of intensification is the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the transition of fundamentally new systems of machinery and new technologies.

To do this, there is a need to ensure priority development of complex mechanization that is mechanization and automation of all principal and auxiliary operations. Complex mechanization creates necessary conditions for the transition to the highest level of organization of production that raises labour productivity. Under these conditions the control systems including computers and microprocessors will monitor mining machinery instead of men. The latter will only be engaged in the creative phase of activity, planning, maintenance and controlling the mining equipment.

Until recently machines and equipment used in the open pit mining are usually divided into seven classes in accordance with the kind of work carried out, i.e. technological operations.

*Machines for preparation of rock excavation.

*Excavating and loading equipment.

*Excavating and conveying machinery.

*Transportation vehicles.

*Spreaders (отвалообразователи).

*Sorting and ore dressing equipment.

*Machines for auxiliary operations.

Today in open pit mining Russia has reached the highest output of raw materials in the world.

VI. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы. Ответы прочитайте.

1.What method of mining is intensively developed in Russia?

2.What is of primary importance in mining industry?

3.What is the decisive lever of intensification?

4.What is necessary to develop in the mining industry?

5.What does complex mechanization create?

6.What is the function of computers and microprocessors?

7.What machines are used in open pit mining?

8.What output of raw materials has been reacted by Russia?

VII. Переведите текст на русский язык.

VIII. Расскажите по-английски об основных задачах горной промышленности в России.

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IX. Прочитайте и переведите текст при помощи данных слов.

The nature of the material, the topography and general conditions, the quantities to be handled, capital investment and engineering determine the methods of excavation and the selection of the machines. The problem of open-pit mining is economical and efficient handling of ore and of waste rock, which may be overburden or may be in part included within the ore mass. Open-pit mining calls for the use of modern excavating and transportation machinery and methods. Excavating involves the loosening and breaking by machinery or by drilling and blasting, loading, transportation and dumping.

Materials handled in open-pit operations range from alluvials, clays, and shales up to hard rocks. Excavation equipment falls into two groups: 1) excavators and loaders and 2) excavators, loaders and transporters.

The machinery used in open-pit mining are the power shovel, dragline excavator, continuous-bucket excavator, and locomotive crane and bucket. The power shovel excavates from the level upon which the machine stands to a bank height determined by the highest position of the bucket; it loads into cars, trucks, belt-conveyer hoppers, or other units. The dragline excavator digs below its level, it can dig under water. The locomotive crane and bucket can excavate below the level and under water and can also excavate from stockpiles of low height. Of these three the power shovel can handle large, coarse rock and excavate more compact materials than can the others; the dragline excavator is more effective over a wider range of loose rock and alluvials than the locomotive crane and bucket.

The modern power shovel is full-revolving, mounted on tractors and operated by electric motors, diesel engine or gasoline engine. It is a mobile unit moving under its own power and handled by one operator. Its principal motions are: 1) the swing about its axis, 2) the crowding action of the dipper as it takes its load, 3) the lifting action as the dipper cuts into the bank, 4) the final swing to dumping position, and 5) the operating of the dipper door to discharge the contents of the dipper. The dipper is provided with a cutting edge and with teeth for tearing and cutting into the bank and for handling coarse loose rock.

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Shovels are available in a wide range of designs and capacities to meet most stripping conditions. For example, the giant shovel has a reach of more than 460 ft and is powered by 50 motors ranging from ¼ to 300 hp. It will remove 3 million yd³ of overburden per month while working in banks more than 100 ft high.

The full revolving steel frame-and-boom dragline was developed in 1906 and the walking dragline in 1912. Since then the dragline excavators have been improved and electric, diesel and gasoline engine units are used as conditions require. Bucket capacities up to 25 cu yd (weight 35 tons plus load 65 tons) and boom up to 250 ft in length represent the common size. The boom is mounted on a heavy steel frame that can be rotated 360 deg. The boom angle can be adjusted to digging conditions. Buckets vary in weight to suit digging conditions; heavier buckets with the weight concentrated close to the cutting edges are required for hard digging. The dragline is a versatile machine. It will dig noncoherent and well-fragmented blasted material but not coarsely broken or compact materials. It will excavate below water. Short-boom draglines are used for loaders, for trucks and cars. Long-boom draglines are used in coal stripping overburden excavation in soils, sands and gravels. Dragline capacity depends upon the machine size and type, the operating and digging conditions. Draglines are available in a wide range of sizes to meet varying conditions.

As has already been mentioned bucket wheel excavators of different types find wide application in mining operations. One of the latest types can work with a bench height of up to 28 metres, a pit slope of 65° and a bench width of about 65 metres.

Theoretical digging capacity is in the order of 4,500 to 3,600 cubic metres per hour. Bucket capacity is 820 liters. The number of buckets equals 22 and the length of bucket boom is 37 metres and the discharge boom length is 40.5 metres. Bucket wheel drive power is about 2 by 630 kilowatts.

A typical operation using bulldozers and draglines for stripping removes overburden consisting of medium hard shale and sandstone which is drilled and shot. Two heavy bulldozers remove the overburden to the spoil area. A diesel dragline with a 165-ft boom and a 14 ½ – yd. bucket follows the bulldozers and throws material as far away from the highwall as possible. The dragline casts an average of about 800 yd³/hr and the two bulldozers push this material to the spoil area.

Flat coal seams and steep slopes cause overburden thickness to increase rapidly as successive cuts advance into the hillside. To meet these difficult conditions the large walking dragline is most useful because of its long dumping range. The disadvantage in using the large dragline is that it must have a suitable base to be mounted on and this is sometimes difficult to provide in rocky overburden. This factor must be considered in choosing between a dragline and a shovel.

Summing up, it is necessary to say that though all the equipment described remains in surface mining operations, various new developments are being introduced such as hydraulic removal of overburden, different automated systems and others.

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UNIT II. PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

I. Прочитайте слова и словосочетания. Запомните их.

II. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональное слова без словаря. nature, problem, biosphere, optimum, complex, equilibrium, intensification,

negative, resources, competence, situation, specialist, limit, global, crisis, human, race, pessimistic, intervention, balance, atmosphere, concept, monument, history, culture, region, approximately, separate.

III.Покажите, что следующие слова откосятся к одной части речи.

Ккакой именно?

realize, estimate, classify, supply, strengthen.

IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание.

PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Man's interaction with nature in one of the most important and complex problems facing mankind. The biosphere has maintained optimum proportions of the vital elements for hundreds of millions of years. A few decades of the industrial revolution have been enough to disrupt this equilibrium. The rapid growth of industries and the increase of population during the last decades has resulted in an intensification of man's negative influence on the environment which has considered to be an inexhaustible source of consumption.

Nowadays the natural resources of the biosphere are no longer unlimited. Protection of environment is of crucial importance now. If anyone attempts to outline all the present-day environmental problems, he would find it beyond his competence. The environmental situation has long been a subject of separate and joint research efforts by specialists of interrelated fields. The problem of man and his interaction with the environment has now become the focal point for many sciences not because it is fashionable but because of its great significance for the whole of mankind.

Many Western scientists say that our world is going through a global ecological crisis which means the gradual destruction of the human race.

Russian scientists are not that pessimistic but they do think that men's intervention in nature is steadily increasing which is a growing threat to the

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