Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации. Горные машины. Учебное пособие

UNIT VIII. BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATORS

I. Прочитайте следующие слова и словосочетания, постарайтесь

II. Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов и переведите их на русский язык без словаря.

The world’s largest capacity bucket wheel excavator; five crawler tractors; six conveyor drives; the new lignite mine; full production; a total installed capacity; a five men crew; cubic yards per day; cubic yards of material; the first hydraulic bucket wheel excavator; cubic yards of overburden per hour; four 335 – horse power electric motors.

III. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, способствующие извлечению информации.

IV. После чтения ответьте на вопросы:

1.How many types of bucket wheel excavators are described in the text?

2.What companies produce these excavators?

3.What country are these companies in?

BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATORS

Two bucket wheel excavators were commissioned during 1979 by Fried Krupp GmbH of West Germany. One of these machines is rated as the world's largest capacity bucket wheel excavator and was built for a new mine located near Hambach, West Germany. A bucket wheel excavator, overburden stacker, five crawler tractors, six conveyor drives, and eight return stations comprise the system which it; designed to move 38,900 short tons of material per hour and bring the new lignite nine into full production bу 1983. Тhе excavator wheel is 71,3 feet in diameter and is equipped with eight buckets which can excavate 312,000 cubic yards per dау. Approximately 934 square feet of crawler track bearing area support the machine's total weight of 14,440 tons1. More than 100 electric motors on the machine have a total installed capacity of 16,000 kilowatts and average 11,500 kilowatts consumption. It is estimated that a five man crew will bе able to operate the new machine.

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The second Krupp wheel excavator is destined for the Belchatow lignite mine in Poland. It has the capacity to move 165,100 bank cubic yards per day and is equipped with 11 buckets, each carrying 4,6 cubic yards of material.

Orenstein and Koppel of West Germany announced that the first hydraulic bucket wheel excavator, a model SH 630, manufactured at Dundas, Ontario, Canada, is destined for a Unites States coal mine. The machine, scheduled to move approximately 4,000 cubic yards of overburden per hour, is powered by four 335- horse-power electric motors.

COMMENTARY

1. 934 square feet of crawler track bearing area support the machine's total weight of 14.440 tons – несущая площадь гусениц 934 кв. фута выдерживает общий вес машины 14440 тонн

V. Найдите в первом абзаце текста ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.Что вошло в систему, которая вывела рудник на полную мощность?

2.Какое предложение подтверждает, что экскаватор является роторным?

3.Как приводится экскаватор?

4.Сколько человек обслуживают этот экскаватор?

VI. Переведите 2 и 3 абзацы текста.

VII. Расскажите по-русски о технической характеристике роторного экскаватора.

VIII. В процессе чтения текста выберете информацию об использовании информационной системы с применением ЭВМ на драглайнах.

DRAGLINE COMPUTER NOW AVAILABLE

FOR SMALLER EQUIPMENT

A computerized information system for large coal draglines can now be used with smaller strip-mining equipment. McDonnell Douglas Electronics Co. a division of McDonnell Douglas Corp. says its system, DIGS (display and Information gathering system), is now available for smaller mobile mining units. The system has increased dragline excavation efficiency by nearly 8% according to the company.

McDonnell Douglas says DIGS improves the efficiency and productivity of coal mining equipment transforming a “seat of the pants” operation (трудоемкую ручную работу) to one based on electronic data.

The first version of DIGS, DIGS 1 was created exclusively for the largest coal draglines. DIGS 2 was recently introduced for smaller equipment. It provides mine operators with computerized information for smaller draglines loading shovels, hydraulic excavators, front-end loaders, bucketwheel excavators and drills.

McDonnell Douglas reports that the first DIGS installed on a large draglines resulted in marked productivity increases. Using stripping rates as the key performance indicator, DIGS raised productivity 7,8%. DIGS 1 is now used on large draglines at seven coal mines in six states.

Machine-mounted DIGS 2 mechanical and optical sensors show strip rate, load time, swing angle, and cycle time. The system shows performance for the entire shift.

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UNIT IX. HYDRAULIC SHOVEL

I. Прочитайте следующие слова, группы слов и предложения. Предложения переведите.

1.advantage – преимущество. One of the main advantages of this machine is its easy maintenance

2.blasting – взрывание. Blasting is often used in mining industry

3.bottom dump discharge – разгрузка через дно. The bucket available on most hydraulic shovels are of two types, the bottom dump discharge & the front dump type

4.compared to (with) – по сравнению с. Draglines have more advantages compared to mechanical shovels

5.to eliminate – исключать, устранять. Free digging capability eliminates blasting of soft materials

6.front-end loader – фронтальный погрузчик. Front-end loaders are used in many operations

7.hydraulic shovel – гидравлический экскаватор. The development of large hydraulic shovels was achieved in a short period of time

8.to include – включать. Some advantages of hydraulic excavators include many important & unique features

9.in addition to – кроме того, к тому же. In addition, loaders are widely used in canal digging & railway building

10.major – главный, основной. At the present time the major trend is to design new excavators

11.to replace – заменять, замещать. Hydraulic shovels are replacing mechanical shovels

12.to refine – улучшать. Old models of excavators are being refined by manufacturers

13.cycle time – время рабочего цикла. One of the major advantages of the hydraulic shovel is the short cycle time

14.truck box – кузов самосвала. When the discharge height is reduced the load has less impact on the truck box

15.to wear – изнашивать(ся). When the discharge height is reduced, wear of the truck box is much less

II. Определите значение слов при помощи антонимов.

1.easy – difficult

2.better – worse

3.hard – soft

4.to load – to discharge

5.to minimize – to maximize

6.more – less

7.to reduce – to increase

8.simple – complex, complicated

9.slightly – considerably

10.thin – thick

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III. Докажите, что следующие слова относятся к одной части речи. К какой именно? Слова переведите.

Slightly, extremely, forward, towards, upward, downward.

IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание:

HYDRAULIC SHOVEL

The introduction of hydraulic excavators to surface mining operations continued during 1979 with equipment manufacturers designing new hydraulic excavators and refining older marketed models. At the present time the leading manufacturers of the shovels appear to be Orenstein and Koppel AG of West Germany.

With the current trend to minimize the number of pieces of equipment and yet produce large quantities of material in a short time, hydraulic excavators are replacing mechanical shovels and large front-end loaders in many operations. Major advantages to the excavators when compared to mechanical shovels and loaders reportedly include:

-independent articulation of the loading bucket;

-easy maintenance;

-free digging capability thus eliminating blasting of materials such as sandstones, limestones and conglomerates;

-better selectivity when mining thin seamed deposits;

-faster traversing speeds, better maneuverability and good clearance when moving to a new operating face;

-variety and versatility of application due to the many different buckets and attachments available.

The buckets available on most hydraulic shovels are of two types, the bottom dump discharge and the front dump type. One of major advantages of the hydraulic shovel, that of short cycle times, is further multiplied by using the bottom dump type bucket.

In addition to the shorter cycle time, the bottom dump bucket is much less wearing on the trucks being loaded because the discharge height is reduced and the load has less impact on the truck box. According to the manufacturers polled, the bottom dump bucket is much more popular with most mine operators. However, the front dump bucket appears to be slightly better designed for material that is extremely hard, having a more rugged and simpler construction.

COMMENTARY

1.independent articulation of the loading bucket – гибкое (нежесткое)

управление положением ковша

2.free digging capability – большие выемочные возможности

3.better selectivity when mining – возможность вести селективную

выемку

4.faster traversing speeds – более быстрые переключения скоростей

5.good clearance when moving to a new operating face – хороший клиренс (зазор между нижними частями машины и грунтом), способствующий повышению проходимости

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6.variety and versatility of application due to the many different buckets and attachments available – разнообразие и универсальность применений благодаря использованию различных модификаций и конструктивных приспособлений

7.according to the manufacturers polled – согласно определенному мнению производителей

V. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What firm is considered to be the leading manufacture of shovels?

2.Why are hydraulic excavators replacing mechanical shovels?

3.What are major advantages of hydraulic shovels?

4.Are there two types of the buckets available on most hydraulic shovels? What are they?

5.What bucket is much more popular with most mine operators?

VI. Переведите текст, используя слова и комментарий к тексту.

VII. Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные по смыслу слова, приведенные ниже.

to minimize, are replacing, are, the front dump type, available, the bottom dump discharge, major, cycle, bottom dump type bucket, popular, polled

1.With the current trend to … the number of pieces of equipment, hydraulic excavators … … mechanical shovels.

2.The buckets … on most hydraulic shovels … of two types, … and … .

3.One of … advantages of the hydraulic shovel, that of short … times, is multiplied by using the … … … bucket.

4.According to the manufacturers …, the bottom dump bucket is much more

…with most mine operators.

VIII. Расскажите по-английски о преимуществах гидравлического экскаватора.

VI. Переведите текст, используя слова.

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MECHANIZATION, AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL

IN MINING

Much attention is given to mechanization, automation and remote control of mining operations. It is important to note that in coal faces all the main process, cutting, breaking, loading and roof supporting are mechanized. Mining equipment sets (complexes) consisting of cutting-loaders or ploughs, conveyers and mechanical supports are used on a broad scale.

Removal of coal may be done by different methods: mechanical cutting, use of explosives, nuclear explosives, hydraulic mining, use of lasers and drilling. The use of explosives is one of the reliable methods of cutting hard rock underground. Recent developments have included slurries containing explosives as opposed to nitroglycerine. These slurries are extremely safe but require a strong detonation.

There is a considerable potential in the use of nuclear explosion but the process is limited because of radioactive contamination and structure damages.

Recent years have been highlighted by a transition to narrow-web coal mining machines and the wide-scale use of powered roof supports. Mechanized complexes for working flat seams between 0.8 and 3.5 m thick have been developed and are commercially available. Special complexes are manufactured for steep seams of greater thickness.

In gently sloping and inclined thick beds the longwall method is common. Extraction coal by this method promotes mechanization of all mining operations. The average length of the working face in coal mines is 100-105 m. The average monthly advance is 35-40 m as a result of operating with mechanized sets. The tendency is the use of coal winning machines, powered roof supports, flexible conveyers and other equipment.

The principal goal for research is to design new systems and improve existing ones to increase the level of mechanization under complicated mining conditions, particularly in thin and steep seams as well as in seams with poorly caving or unstable roofs.

Progress in the field of drivage work is being directed towards improving and widening the use of heading and tunnelling machines. For example, in driving headings much use is made of special combines, coal loading machines with crab buckets and bucket-type rock loaders. Development of active cutting heads for heading machines is very effective. A boom-type heading combine has been developed for work in coal and rock of not very great hardness, and rotary type heading machines with diesel cutting heads are also well advanced.

Heading complexes to increase the efficiency of drivage are being developed. They integrate a heading machine, arch support erection, drilling and roof support units, a telescopic belt conveyer and a monorail, some complexes include shuttle cars. It is also planned to develop tunneling machines which will provide for the mechanization of all operations of the driving cycle.

Main trends in the development of underground transport are towards the use of belt conveyers for coal transport in trunk roadways. This tendency is expanding and consequently new models of belt conveyers have been developed. Belt conveyers

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find application in horizontal and inclined workings. But hard conditions under which belt conveyers have to operate in coal workings often limit their use.

A model that works successfully under these hard conditions and meets the high output requirements is the flight or drag conveyer. The rigid structure of such machines makes it possible to mount a winning machine on its frame for self-loading of coal on the conveyer.

Other problems to be solved include materials handling, ventilation, methane drainage, the control of preparation plants, etc. In many mines the remote control of conveyer sequences, fans and hoists are in operation.

Automation is the main objective to make mining processes less dependent upon miners in the mine. It will also improve the quality of the product and the workers’ safety. Much has been done in automated planning and control of the coal industry as a whole. It is quite possible to say that semiautomated longwall system have already become a reality. In such a face an automated powered roof support may be used in conjunction with remotely controlled shearer which improves the working conditions of miners greatly.

Besides, it is of interest to note that computers gain mining acceptance. They have become valuable tools in many applications. They are especially useful in mine design, simulation, scheduling, monitoring and reclamation. As is known, mine planning is labour-consuming operation and requires a considerable amount of the planner’s time. The computer programmes can give information on coal seam thickness, tonnage, quality and the nature of disturbances. Computers can help determine production levels of different extraction strategies. Microcomputers also find their way to mining and exploration projects.

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UNIT X. SCRAPERS

I. Прочитайте следующие слова, группы слов и предложения. Предложения переведите.

1.to constitute – составлять. Scrapers can be chosen when loading constitutes a relatively large part of the ahole cycle.

2.elevating scraper – скрепер погрузчик. The elevating scraper are widely used for many small operations.

3.to fit – снабжать, оснащать. This model of the dragline is fitted with a computer.

4.to handle – грузить, транспортировать. Top-soil can be handled by

scrapers.

5.to justify – оправдывать. The results justify the expense.

6.to offer – предлагать. Two new elevating scrapers are offered.

7.to perform – выполнять, исполнять. Sometimes self-loading can be performed with assistance from a dozer during the final topping up.

8.to remove – снимать, удалять. Shovels & scrapers can be employed to remove & transport overburden.

9.single-engined scraper – одномоторный скрепер. Single-engined scraper can load & carry a wide range of materials.

10.to undertake(undertook, undertaken) – предпринимать. The scientists have undertaken a new line of research.

II. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их на русский язык без словаря.

To suit the requirements.

A number of important roles. Initial development work. Weather conditions.

Two sizes of elevating scrapers. The projected life of a mine.

At many surface mines. Controlled automatic transmission.

III. Докажите, что следующие слова относятся к одной части речи. К какой именно? Слова переведите.

Vital, expensive, important, sufficient, reasonable, arduous, careful, careless, automatic, possible.

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IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание:

SCRAPERS

Scrappers have a number of important roles in surface mining. In some cases the parameters for the selection of major, costly equipment are insufficiently proved, and initial development work has to be undertaken by machines which can be easily varied in both size and number: scrapers will ideally suit this requirement. Another example is when the projected life of a mine is too short or the required output is too small to justify the cost of large equipment such as shovels and draglines. At many surface mines scrapers have a vital role in removing and handling top-soil and shallower overburden.

Scrapers can be employed to remove and transport overburden or parting material and in some cases even the coal or other mineral product.

Types of Scrapers

Standard single-engined scrapers can load and carry a wide range of materials, but they are limited to low uphill gradients of about 5 % and to total gradient and rolling resistances of less than 10%. Hence properly surfaced, well maintained and reasonably level roads are required. In order to load a single-engined scraper, pushing by a tractor dozer is usually necessary, an exception being a steep, down-hill load in easily gathered material. Sometimes self-loading can be performed for part of the distance, with assistance from a dozer during the final topping up. The power required by the dozer engine will lie between 200 kW for 15 m3 scraper on an easy site and 450 kW or more for 30 m3 scrapers under difficult loading conditions.

When bad weather conditions prevail and when gradient and rolling resistance total over 10%, tandem-powered four-wheeled drive machines are selected. However, they are expensive to purchase and to operate, with appreciably higher fuel and maintenance costs compared with single-engined types.

Arduous work, such as that involved when moving overburden from the highwall side of trip mines, is undertaken by machines in push-pull or "Twin-Hitch" mode. Pairs of tandem-powered scrapers are linked through a cushion push-block and bail on the rear of one machine and an extended push-block and hook on the front of the other. The leading machine is loaded as it in being pushed by the second, and the trailing machine is then loaded whilst being pulled by the first.

For shorter hauls, to around 1 km, especially when loading constitutes a relatively large part of the whole cycle, elevating scrapers can be chosen. These offer the prime advantage of self-loading-pusher dozers are not required.

Tandem-powered elevating scrapers are selected when gradients are steep and surfaces poor. Elevating scrapers are ideally suited for many small fleet operations, or when carefully controlled or selective loading has to be performed.

Two sizes of elevating scrapers are offered, John Deere 762A and the 862. Both models are fitted with microprocessor-controlled automatic transmission, which selects the correct gear and torque converter state in order to optimize performance.

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COMMENTARY

1.tandem-powered four-wheeled drive machines – спаренные полно-

приводные машины

2.from the highwall side of trip mines – со стороны откоса карьеров

3.in push-pull or "Twin-Hitch" mode – в режиме последовательной

сцепки

4.through a cushion push-block and bail on the rear of one machine –

через амортизационный блок в хвостовой части одной машины

5.an extended push-block and hook on the front of the other – через укрупненный блок и крюк спереди другой машины

СЛОВА К ТЕКСТУ

V. Определите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста.

1. Scrapers are important in surface mining when projected life of a mine is too

short.

2.Scrapers are not used in removing and handling top-soil and shallower overburden.

3.Scrapers are usually employed to remove and transport overburden or other mineral product.

4.When weather conditions are good tandem-powered four-wheeled drive machines are selected.

5.For shorter hauls elevating scrapers can be chosen.

6.Tandem-powered elevating scrapers are not selected when gradients are

steep.

VI. Расскажите по-английски о видах скреперов и условиях, в которых они используются.

IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание при

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