UNIT 1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

•International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) which operate internationally. These include international nonand worldwide companies such as the World Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières.

•Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs). It is the type of organization most closely associated with the term “international organization”. These are

organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member state). Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe (COE), International Labour Organization (ILO) and International Police Organization (INTERPOL). The UN has used the term “intergovernmental organization” instead of “international organization” for clarity.

The first and oldest intergovernmental organization is the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

International organizations now play a significant role in international affairs generally and in the development of international law specifically. The role of international organizations is helping to set the international agenda, mediating political bargaining, providing a place for political initiatives and acting as catalysts for coalition-formation. International organizations also define the salient issues and decide which issues can be grouped together, thus help governmental priority determination or other governmental arrangements.

*B. Answer the questions:

1.What is and international organization?

2.When were the first international organizations?

3.What are the main types of international organization?

4.What functions do they perform?

5.What are the main peculiarities distinguishing intergovernmental organizations from non-government alones?

**C. Give Russian equivalents for the following abbreviations and match them with their full variants bellow:

40

*A. Match the emblems of the United Nations Agencies with the right definition:

42

Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.

The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April and June 1945 in San Francisco, and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference; this charter took effect on 24 October 1945, and the UN began operation.

The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the USA and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success.

The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; for promoting international economic and social co-operation

(the primary judicial organ); and the UN Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994).

UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN's work.

44

*D. Make questions using information from the text and the following verbs or word combinations:

establish locate protect maintain develop cooperate promote contribute provide

GRAMMAR:

The use of articles with proper names

46

4.Is ___ Mississippi longer or shorter than ___ Thames?

5.Portugal is a small country in ___ west of Europe.

6.___ USA is the biggest country of ___ North America.

7.___ Lake Ontario, or ___ Ontario, is one of the largest lakes in ___

north of ___ United States on the border with ___ Canada.

8.Greece is situated in ___ south of ___ Eastern Europe on the coast of ___ Mediterranean.

9.The forests of ___ Siberia and of ___ Far East are the greatest forest resources in ___ east of ___ modern Russia.

10.___ United Kingdom includes ___ Great Britain and ___ Northern Ireland; it occupies ___ British Isles.

READING

How does the European Union influence on Member States?

The European Committee Treaty is directly applicable in every Member State. Accession to the Community limits the power of national governments and affects national sovereignty – the power to govern.

Community law has supremacy over national law. This supremacy was established in the case of Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64) ECR 545. The single European Act 1986 made provisions creating an obligation on the Community to take the necessary measures to achieve the Internal Market.

There five types of legal act which the Community may use:

•Regulations – have general application and are binding in their entirety on all Member States and have direct effect, meaning they automatically become law in Member States.

•Directives – are binding on Member States as to their result but do not bind individuals until they have been transported into national law.

•Decisions of the European Court of Justice – are binding on those to whom they are addressed.

•Recommendations and opinions – have no binding force but may be persuasive, i.e. have influence.

48