What are polymers (Что такое полимеры). Учебное пособие
.pdf5) Paper is made of cellulose, which is a polymer of biological origin.
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3 ! 2 «Polymerization»
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1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
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polyaddition |
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addition polymer |
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double chemical bond |
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unsaturated monomers |
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chain termination |
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step process |
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breaking of bonds |
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to incorporate atoms |
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to add to each other |
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to make up the polymer |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Addition polymerization involves the linking together of molecules incorporating double or triple chemical bonds.
2)Unsaturated monomers have extra internal bonds which are able to break and link up with other monomers to form the repeating chain.
3)In polymer chemistry, a series of condensation reactions take place whereby monomers or monomer chains add to each other to form longer chains.
4)A condensation reaction may be considered as the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction.
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5)When an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid, an amide or peptide bond is formed.
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3 ! 2 «Polymerization»
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condensation polymer |
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triple chemical bond |
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bifunctional monomers |
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chain propagation |
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liberation of small molecules |
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conversion rate |
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rearrangement of bonds |
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to react with |
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to link up |
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to form the repeating chains |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them.
2)Condensation polymerization occurs when monomers bond together through condensation reactions.
3)In general, condensation polymers form more slowly than addition polymers, often requiring heat.
4)The first useful addition polymer was made by accident in 1933 by chemists Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett.
5)Addition polymers are non-biodegradable and hard to recycle.
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3 ! 3 «Supramolecular structure of polymers»
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crystalline |
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parallel displacement |
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three-dimensional ordering |
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degree of crystallinity |
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chain folding |
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primary structure |
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weak Van der Waals forces |
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supramolecular |
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spherulite |
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conformational feature |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)A synthetic polymer may be described as crystalline if it contains regions of three-dimensional ordering on atomic length scales, arising from intramolecular folding and/or stacking of adjacent chains.
2)Different side groups on the polymer can lend the polymer to ionic bonding or hydrogen bonding between its own chains.
3)Reduced crystallinity may also be associated with increased transparency due to light scattering by small crystalline regions.
4)Polymer crystals frequently do not display the perfection that is usual for low-molar-mass substances.
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5)Fibrous crystal - a type of crystal significantly longer in one dimension than in either of the other two.
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3 ! 3 «Supramolecular structure of polymers»
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crystallite |
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arrangement of molecules |
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imperfect regularity |
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constituent macromolecule |
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stacking of adjacent chains |
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secondary structure |
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a cloud of negative electrons |
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entanglements |
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extended-chain crystal |
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globular conformation |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Polymer crystals frequently do not display the perfection that is usual for low-molar-mass substances.
2)The attractive forces between polymer chains play a large part in determining polymer properties.
3)High density polyethylene has a very low degree of branching, is quite stiff, and is used in applications such as milk jugs.
4)Chain folding is the conformational feature in which a loop connects two parallel stems belonging to the same crystal.
5)Globular-chain crystal - a type of crystal comprised of macromolecules having globular conformation.
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3 ! 4 «Phase behavior of polymers»
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1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
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rubber state |
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glass transition temperature |
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ordered system |
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binding energy |
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energetically preferred |
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brittle |
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viscoelastic material |
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crosslinking |
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boiling point |
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to resist deformations |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Formation of an ordered system takes a certain amount of time since the molecules must move from their current location to energetically preferred points at crystal nodes.
2)The glass transition temperature corresponds to the temperature where when you heat to and above this temperature, the polymer goes from a hard glassy to a rubbery material.
3)When a stress is applied to a viscoelastic material such as a polymer, parts of the long polymer chain change position.
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