What are polymers (Что такое полимеры). Учебное пособие
.pdf4)The term "melting point" when applied to polymers suggests not a solid-liquid phase transition but a transition from a crystalline phase to a solid amorphous phase.
5)Animal horn, made of the protein α-keratin, may be regarded as a natural, quasi-thermoplastic material.
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3 ! 4 «Phase behavior of polymers»
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cooling rate |
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flow temperature |
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disordered |
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crystal node |
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favored conformation |
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solid |
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vitrification |
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matrix breakup |
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chain mobility |
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to lose mechanical strength |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)The phase behavior of polymer materials is more complex in comparison with low molecular weight substances.
2)The glass transition temperature is the temperature below which molecules have little relative mobility, and is usually applicable to wholly or partially amorphous phases.
3)If a plastic with some desirable properties has too high Tg, it can sometimes be combined with another in a copolymer with the Tg below the temperature of intended use.
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4)The boiling point of a polymer substance is never defined due to the fact that polymers will decompose before reaching theoretical boiling temperatures.
5)A thermoplastic is a plastic that melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a brittle, very glassy state when cooled sufficiently.
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3 ! 5 «Processing of polymers»
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ultra oriented fiber |
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blend |
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variability in properties |
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exposure to high temperatures |
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single screw extruder |
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dispersion |
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casting |
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fiber drawing |
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devolatilization |
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processing of polymers |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Different processing conditions determine the difference between a milk jug and, to a great extent, high strength PE fibers (ultra oriented).
2)Polymer processing is of importance to a variety of parts of a fairly intricate industrial complex.
3)Ultraviolet light can initiate chemical reactions in polymers, resulting in polymer chain destruction and loss of chemical and physical properties.
4)Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create long objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile.
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5)Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material, such as a polymer melt, is introduced into a mould, allowed to solidify and then broken out to make a fabricated part.
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3 ! 5 «Processing of polymers»
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1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
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high strength fiber |
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different grade polymers |
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loss of properties |
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exposure to stress |
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twin screw extruder |
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modification |
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feeding |
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calendering |
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foaming |
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pelletization |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)The various grade polymers are partly composed of blends of different branch content, molecular weight and density.
2)The modern chemical engineering approach is to study the elementary steps (or physical stages) of all unit operations in a single focal area.
3)Synergistic antioxidant blends are used to ensure thermal and processing stability during pelletization, processing and end-use.
4)Injection molding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials in production.
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5)Molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mold, which is the inverse of the product’s shape.
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3 ! 6 «Polymerization catalysis»
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promoter |
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biocatalyst |
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organometallic active center |
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Ziegler-Natta catalysts |
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substrate |
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acid catalysis |
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phase boundary catalysis |
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autocatalysis |
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to expose active sites |
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to activate reactants |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
2)Heterogeneous catalysis involves the use of a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants.
3)There are many possible chemical compounds that can act as sources for the protons to be transferred in an acid catalysis system.
4)Catalytic, rather than stoichiometric reactions are preferred in environmentally friendly green chemistry due to the reduced amount of waste generated.
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5)A simple model for heterogeneous catalysis involves the catalyst providing a surface on which the reactants (or substrates) temporarily become adsorbed.
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3 ! 6 «Polymerization catalysis»
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1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
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inhibitor |
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co-catalyst |
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polymerization technique |
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stereospecific catalysis |
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reactant |
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irreversible |
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catalytic active site |
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stoichiometric reaction |
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to be deposited on pores |
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to adsorb molecules |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Catalysis is of paramount importance in the polymer industry. The production of most industrially important polymers involves catalysis.
2)A good catalyst needs to adsorb the reactant molecules strongly enough for them to react, but not so strongly that the product molecules stick to the surface.
3)Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. This is a typical example of a homogeneous catalysis reaction.
4)The titanium catalyst compounds are deposited on pores in the support, and these very porous particles expose many active sites to the monomer.
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