What are polymers (Что такое полимеры). Учебное пособие
.pdf5)One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon tiny nanoparticles of platinum which adorn slightly larger carbon particles.
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3 ! 7 «Polymer liquid crystals»
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1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
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phase transition |
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superconductors |
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polarized light source |
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thermotropic liquid crystals |
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spatial organization |
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long range order |
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densely packed chains |
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delicate ordering |
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to lose positional order |
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to be arranged/ordered in a crystal-like way |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Liquid crystals find wide use in LC displays, which depend on the optical properties of liquid crystalline substances.
2)Liquid crystals can be divided into thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals.
3)As a result of orientational order, most physical properties of liquid crystals are anisotropic.
4)Nematics have fluidity similar to that of isotropic liquids but they can be easily aligned by an external electric field.
5)A lyotropic liquid crystal consists of two or more components that exhibit liquid-crystalline properties in certain concentration ranges.
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3. Translate sentences into English:
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3 ! 7 «Polymer liquid crystals»
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1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
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birefringence |
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liquid crystalline substances |
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distinct texture |
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lyotropic liquid crystals |
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helical structure |
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intermolecular forces |
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degree of order |
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regular solid crystal |
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to maintain orientational order |
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to exhibit a transition into liquid crystal phase |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Liquid crystals are substances that may flow like a liquid, but have the molecules oriented in a crystal-like way.
2)Liquid crystals are crystals which have lost some positional order, while maintaining full orientation order.
3)Liquid crystals have outstanding mechanical properties at high temperatures and excellent chemical resistance.
4)Nematics are polarizable rod-like organic molecules on the order of 20 Angstroms in length.
5)Smectic crystals are different from nematics in that they have one more degree of orientational order than do the nematics.
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3. Translate sentences into English:
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3 ! 8 «Polyelectrolytes»
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ionogenic group |
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electrolyte group |
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electrically conductive |
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degree of charging |
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polyelectrolyte solution |
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polyion |
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pH-value |
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colloidal suspension |
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hydrophobic backbone |
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surfactant |
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to be dispersed |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)The physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are usually strongly affected by the degree of charging.
2)Charged molecular chains play a fundamental role in determining structure, stability and the interactions of various molecular assemblies.
3)Polyelectrolytes can be used to either stabilize colloidal suspensions or to initiate flocculation (precipitation).
4)In order to make polymers dissolve in water, it is necessary to add charged groups along the hydrophobic backbone.
5)Polyelectrolytes which bear both cationic and anionic repeating groups are called polyampholytes.
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3. Translate sentences into English:
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3 ! 8 «Polyelectrolytes»
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separation |
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charged molecular chain |
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Debye length |
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polyelectrolyte properties |
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polyacid |
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dissociation constant |
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flocculation |
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ion-exchange resins |
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cationic/anionic groups |
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to dissolve in water |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Polyelectrolytes are polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group.
2)Since the polyelectrolyte dissociation releases counter-ions, this necessarily affects the solution ionic strength, and, therefore, the Debye length.
3)Polyelectrolytes can be used to impart a surface charge to neutral particles, enabling them to be dispersed in aqueous solution.
4)Polyelectrolytes now have a wide range of technological uses, for instance in the manufacture of membranes, ion-exchange resins, gels and modified plastics, wastewater treatment and petroleum recovery.
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5)It is known that the presence of polyelectrolytes induces aggregation of the oppositely charged surfactant.
3. Translate sentences into English:
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2). ) , .
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3 ! 9 «Biopolymers»
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living organism |
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starch |
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amino acids |
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human footprint on the environment |
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nucleotides |
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DNA double helix |
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structural component |
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lipoproteins |
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monosaccharide unit |
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to get broken down into |
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)DNA and RNA are made up of nucleic acids, which alternate in precise patterns to encode large quantities of data.
2)Biopolymers are used as an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based polymers, which may take thousands of years to biodegrade.
3)DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.
4)The four bases found in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
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