Television broadcasting. Телевизионное вещание. Учебное пособие

Introduction

Now, the first thing that you have to do is to write an introduction. Your introduction should paraphrase the topic of the essay and try to use different vocabulary/synonyms for the words in the topic, wherever possible.

Then, give a brief idea about what could be expected in the essay, i.e. the advantages and the disadvantages of the concerned topic and state which side you think weighs the most (when asked for an opinion.)

Body paragraphs

Body paragraph 1 should state the advantages of the topic. This should be backed by practical points, and the examples would be even better. Day- to-day incidents and instances can be brought to notice.

Body paragraph 2 should state the disadvantages of the topic. This as well, should be supported by valid points, and the daily incidents and examples can be highlighted to back your points.

Conclusion: Conclude the topic by providing a summary of the points put forth in the entire essay and how advantages or disadvantages of the topic outweighs the other (if applicable).

OUTLINE

Sample Question

What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization? Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks?

Outline

Given below is a brief outline of what to write in the essay after identifying the essay type.

Essay Type

Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

Introduction

Paraphrase the essay topic using synonyms for the words used in the question.

Mention the contents of the following paragraphs.

Body Paragraph 1

Globalisation has led to a lot of positive changes, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. There has been an increase in

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employment opportunities, products and services are easily available to people around the world.

Body Paragraph 2

Globalisation also has various disadvantages like the exploitation of cheap labour from developing countries and also the decline in quality of products and services.

Conclusion

Summarize the topic and state the final view.

Sample Answer

Globalisation has been one of the most significant phenomena in the last few decades, and it has changed several aspects of human society both economically and socially. There has been remarkable progress in terms of economic and financial development for developing countries due to the expansion of global organizations. However, there are several drawbacks to this rapid progress that need to be addressed. Evidently, globalization has more advantages than disadvantages and the following paragraphs will elaborate on the topic and justify these views.

First of all, the most advantageous aspect of globalization is the advent of numerous international companies and franchises in developing countries. Ever since global brands and corporations have expanded their operations in countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka and many more, there has been a notable increase in employment in these countries. Additionally, due to the remarkable rise in the number of imports and exports, people from third world countries now have access to a vast catalogue of products and services that were previously unattainable.

That being said, there are drawbacks to globalization that create concerning issues for a sizeable portion of the global population. One of the most disturbing consequences faced is the exploitation of labour. Many corporations are known to outsource their operations to developing countries due to cheap labour costs. This enables them to accomplish their manufacturing operations without having to provide proper remuneration. Also, due to the use of inexpensive labour, the quality of products is diminished, and customers receive inferior products.

In conclusion, there is no doubt that the effects of globalization are not entirely positive or negative. Nonetheless, the benefits brought by this occupation outweigh the drawbacks.

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GRAMMAR

THE PERFECT PASSIVE

Страдательный залог совершенного времени

Обозначает уже завершенное действие, которое испытывало на себе подлежащее. Т.е. предмет (подлежащее) не сам выполнял действие, а испытывал на себе действие другого предмета.

Образуется при помощи глагола to have в соответствующей форме

+been + третья форма глагола.

The message has been written by my boss.

Сообщение уже написано моим начальником.

На русский язык pasive voice может переводиться следующими способами:

1.глаголом совершенного вида с окончанием -ся, -сь (строится, строилось);

2.глаголом быть + причастие пассивного залога (было построено);

3.глаголом совершенного вида 3-го лица множественного числа (построили);

Например:

My house had been built by last year.

Мой дом уже построили к прошлому году.

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the predicates in the Perfect Passive.

1.This theory has been used for analyzing the experimental data.

2.In my opinion this result has not been proved by anybody.

3.The apparatus used in our research has been described recently.

4.We must compare our data with those that have been obtained by other investigators.

5.Many difficulties had been overcome before the researcher succeeded in his work.

6.After the new device had been tested it was installed in our laboratory.

7.The construction of this television centre will have been completed by the end of the next year.

8.In our country great progress has been achieved in developing all branches of science and engineering.

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9.Many different devices have been created in order to improve the performance of communications.

10.The information has been based on the data received from a com-

puter.

11.Much research has been carried out in order to establish the causes of this phenomenon.

12.This question has already been discussed at the conference.

13.By the end of the year a large variety of semiconductor devices will have been produced.

14.This equipment had been repaired before you came.

15.This text has just been translated.

2. Define the functions of the word since in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.Color television has been functioning in our country since 1967.

2.Many expeditions have been here since.

3.I've known her since we were children.

4.Since you are here, I may go home.

5.There is no flow of electrons since the electric current is broken.

6.We've lived in three different towns since last year.

7.Since you weren't at the meeting, we took the decision without you.

8.How long is it since you left school?

9.London has been a capital since 1066.

10.Telescopes have been used since their invention.

11.People wished to handle atom since ancient times.

12.It's ages since I saw you last. 13. He left for London and has been living there since.

14.Since your first letter, we haven't heard from you.

15.Since you have not got anything to read, let's talk.

SPEAKING

Speak about high-definition television. Present your speech to your groupmates.

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PRE-READING TASK

Answer the questions.

1.What is 3D? Can you give your own definition?

2.Have you ever seen the movies in 3D? What is the difference between traditional TV viewing and watching a film in 3D glasses? Name pros and cons of 3D effect.

3.Would you like to buy a 3DTV? Why (not)?

READING

Read the text and translate it.

3D television

A lot of LED LCD and plasma TVs today offer a 3D feature and ship with 3D glasses, but most people never use the feature and never don the glasses. Or they try it once or twice and then leave the glasses to gather dust. The missing thing is content. Despite the hype of its “Avatar”-fueled launch and accompanying predictions about a proliferation of made-in-3D movies, sports, and TV shows, 3D is still uncommon today.

There’s not much actual 3D you can watch on a 3D TV. With a couple hundred total Blu-ray titles available now, that format is by far the best 3D source, but selection is still slim compared with the thousands of 2D Blu-ray titles. Beyond that, most games are 2D-only, on-demand 3D sources available via streaming or your cable/satellite provider are scarce, and the few true 3D TV channels are fading fast.

Aside from lack of content, the requirement to wear glasses is still a big sticking point, as well as the possible need to get 3D-compatible gear, such as a new Blu-ray player. And even after they manage to get a 3D movie playing and put on the glasses, many viewers find they simply don’t like the effect. The fact is that 3D might not be as enjoyable to you as watching good old 2D high-def. Failure or no, however, 3D-compatible TVs are here to stay. It’s cheap for TV makers to add 3D to their sets, and even the active glasses have become quite inexpensive. Today manufacturers use it just like any other feature such as 120Hz or Smart TV: to differentiate high-end sets from low-end ones, or one brand from another.

When we say “a 3D TV” what we mean is “an HDTV with 3D compatibility.” 3D compatibility is a feature on higher-end LED LCD and plasma

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TVs released since 2010. It allows those TVs to display specialized, made- in-3D video with the right accessories – namely 3D glasses and a 3D source device. With that in mind, here are a few basic points about 3D TV.

A screen showing 3D content displays two separate images of the same scene simultaneously, one intended for the viewer’s right eye and one for the left eye. When viewed without the aid of 3D glasses, the two fullsize images appear intermixed with one another, fuzzy and basically unwatchable. When viewers don the glasses, they perceive these two images as a single 3D image, a process known as “fusing.” The system relies on a phenomenon of visual perception called stereopsis, so it’s not “true” 3D like real life or a hologram.

Despite the launch of glasses-free 3D products like the Nintendo 3DS and certain phones and laptops – and breathless reports by bloggers – we think an affordable, practical 3D TV that doesn›t require glasses is at least five years away. For now, every viewer of a 3D TV needs to wear a pair of special glasses to see the 3D effect. 3D glasses are designed to fit over standard glasses. In addition to a new TV and glasses, you’ll also need a 3D source, typically a 3D-capable Blu-ray player or cable/satellite/Internet video box. You’ll also need the 3D version of the Blu-ray disc, or be watching a 3D program on a 3D channel or streaming service.

3D TVs released since 2010 can display high-resolution, color-correct 3D images, which blows away the old “anaglyph” method using redand- blue filtered glasses. The biggest differences between theatrical 3D and 3D TV in the home are the size of the screen and the distance you sit from it. If you enjoy 3D theatrical presentations, you’re a prime candidate for caring about 3D in the home.

There are two types of 3D TVs on the market today: active and passive. Both will work with any source – there’s no such thing as “active” or “passive” 3D Blu-ray players, for example – but they produce the 3D effect in distinctly different ways. Active 3D was first widely introduced in 2010 by most TV makers, while passive 3D widely debuted in 2011. The main difference is in the glasses: active glasses use liquid crystal shutters that run on batteries, while passive glasses use simple polarizing lenses, similar to what you’ll get in most U.S. 3D theaters.

Between 5 percent and 10 percent of Americans suffer from “stereo blindness”. They often have good depth perception – which relies on more than just stereopsis – but cannot perceive the depth dimension of 3D video presentations. Warnings like this one from LG are a little alarmist, but com-

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fort during 3D viewing is a legitimate concern. By the same token, some 3D presentations can cause eye fatigue, headaches, or other discomfort in some viewers, particularly over long periods of time. In CNET’s experience, and in the opinions of most experts we’ve consulted, the main cause of eye fatigue isn’t the 3D technology itself – it’s badly produced 3D content. That said, you’ll still need to give yourself a few minutes to get used to the effect, which can seem jarring at first.

In our experience, 3D picture quality varies greatly depending on manufacturer, model, glasses, technology type (LED LCD or plasma), and even screen size. That said, we can make some broad generalizations between active and passive based on what we’ve seen. Passive 3D TVs have a brighter 3D image than active, although active 3D TVs can get bright enough for most viewing environments. Passive generally causes less crosstalk – a major 3D-specific artifact – than active. Active 3D TVs don’t show jagged-edge artifacts and line structure that can be seen on passive models, although these artifacts are less visible on smaller screens and farther distances. They also keep their 3D effect better when seen from extreme angles to either side or above and below the image – although from most normal viewing angles, passive 3D TVs have no issues maintaining the 3D illusion. The fact that passive isn’t available on plasma TVs is also an issue to hometheater enthusiasts who don’t want to buy an LCD.

You need made-in-3D source material to take full advantage of a 3D TV. Many 3D products feature 2D-to-3D conversion options, but they’re a far cry from a real 3D source. 3D content is still quite rare, and in our opinion that’s the No. 2 obstacle (besides the glasses) preventing 3D TV from quicker adoption. Currently there are only two nationwide 24-7 TV channels that offer 3D content: ESPN 3D and 3net. Unlike Blu-ray, 3D broadcasts on TV currently use a half-resolution 3D format known as side-by- side, resulting in a significantly softer, non-high-def look.

Most pay TV providers, including DirecTV, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Verizon Fios, offer 3D pay-per-view/video-on-demand movies and select special events, for example the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Vudu streaming service also has a smattering of 3D movies available. Some 3D TV makers, namely Samsung, LG, and Sony, have also launched 3D pay-per-view streaming services built into their Internet TVs, although content is very limited at the moment. Sensio’s 3DGo app, currently only available on Vizio TVs, promises more content than other comparable services.

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Manufacturers construct their product lines to get you to pay more for “step-up” features. 3D is just that, just like Smart TV, a nicer remote, or fancy improvements to picture quality. They’re generally all tied together, too, which is why nearly all high-end TVs – and many midrange ones – now feature 3D compatibility.

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

1. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER-READING TASKS

1. Answer the following questions.

1.What is 3D TV?

2.How 3D TV works?

3.What do you need to view 3D on a 3D TV?

4.Does new 3D TVs have 3D quality comparable to a theater?

5.Is it true that not everyone can see 3D, and sometimes 3D causes discomfort?

6.Can you name picture quality pros and cons of active vs. passive 3D TVs?

7.What about 3D content? Is it free /available?

8.Some people believe that actual 3D TV channels are rarer still, and have compromised picture quality. Do you agree with them?

9.What do sources of 3D content include?

10.“The best way to think about 3D is as ׳just another feature׳”.

Do you agree?

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2. Translate the following words. Find them in the text.

1.сolor-correct images

2.stereo blindings

3.legitimate concern

4.jagged-edge

5.artifacts

6.side-by-side format

7.non-high-def look

8.step-up feature

9.3D compatibility

10.LED – ...

11.LCD – ...

12.VOD – ...

3. Fill in the gaps.

1.LED LCD and plasma TVs today offer a 3D … and … with 3D glasses.

2.With a couple hundred total Blu-ray titles …now, that format is by far the best 3D source, but … is still slim compared with the thousands of 2D Blu-ray … .

3.Most games are 2D-only, on-demand 3D sources available via …or your cable/satellite provider are …, and the few true 3D TV channels are … fast.

4.Today manufacturers use it just like any other … such as 120Hz or Smart TV: to … high-end sets from low-end ones, or one … from another.

5.There are two types of 3D TVs on the market today: … and … .

6.3D picture quality … greatly depending on manufacturer, model, glasses, technology … (LED LCD or plasma), and even … size.

7.Passive 3D TVs have a … 3D image than active, although active 3D TVs can get bright enough for most … environments.

8.Passive generally causes less … – a major 3D-specific artifact – than active.

9.Active 3D TVs don’t show … – … artifacts and line structure that can be seen on passive models, although these artifacts are less … on smaller screens and farther distances.

10.They also keep their 3D effect better when seen from …angles to either side or above and below the image – although from most normal viewing …, passive 3D TVs have no issues maintaining the 3D illusion.

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