Communication. Science. Учебно-методическое пособие

UNIT 2: STRESS

Notes

Abstract

Notes

How Stress Hurts

It might seem counterintuitive, but

Kiecolt-Glaser believes that stress makes

our immune systems less effective

because it actually elicits an immune

response itself. Stress, she says, causes

the body to release pro-inflammatory

cytokines, immune factors that initiate

responses against infections. When the

body produces these cytokines over long

periods of time – for instance, as a result

of chronic stress – all sorts of bad things

can happen. Not only does it hamper our

body’s ability to fight infection and heal

wounds, but chronic inflammation also

increases our risk of heart disease, osteo-

porosis, and autoimmune diseases includ-

ing type 2 diabetes.

What’s more, because regular stress

causes a chronic immune response, it can

also increase a person’s risk for allergies,

which occur when the body elicits

a chronic immune response against some-

thing that’s not really dangerous (like pol-

len). In her most recent study, announced

yesterday, Kiecolt-Glaser found that when

people are under lots of stress – for in-

stance, when they are forced to deliver

a speech or do difficult math problems on

the spot – their allergies worsen over the

course of the next day.

I admit, this post may not exactly have

the intended effect – worrying about the

danger of stress is definitely stressful –

but take a deep breath. If you ask me,

learning a few relaxation techniques

sounds like a more appealing illness-

prevention strategy than many other

alternatives. (Go ahead and throw away

that cod liver oil.) Indeed, the next time

you feel guilty about enjoying a lazy

Sunday, or taking a day off from work

for the heck of it, think again. Your

body will thank you for it”.

Notes

Abstract

Notes

impact hit/

“You probably think you’re doing eve-

annual

effect

rything you can to stay healthy: you

once-a-year

realize under-

get lots of sleep, exercise regularly and

stand/make

try to avoid* fried foods. But you may

real/achieve

be forgetting one important thing. Re-

lax! Stress has a bigger impact on your

health than you might realize, according

to research presented* yesterday at the

annual conference of the American Psy-

chological Association in Boston.

virologist doc-

Ohio State University psychologist

chronically al-

tor who stud-

Janice Kiecolt-Glaser and her partner,

most always

ies viruses and

Ronald Glaser, an OSU virologist and

ailing suffer-

the diseases

immunologist, have spent 20-odd years

ing spouse

they cause

researching how stress affects the im-

husband or

startling sur-

mune system, and they have made some

wife

prising

startling discoveries. An easy example

immune un-

caregiver

comes from their work with caregivers,

able to be

person who

people who look after chronically ail-

harmed

gives help and

ing spouses or parents (no one would

adequate

protection to

argue that this role is quite stressful).

(good) enough

someone

In one experiment, Kiecolt-Glaser and

counterpart

her colleagues administered flu vac-

partner

cines to caregivers and control subjects

ultimately in

and compared the numbers of antibod-

the end

ies – proteins involved in immune reac-

tions – that the two groups produced in

response. Only 38 percent of the car-

egivers produced what is considered an

adequate antibody response* compared

to 66 percent of their relaxed counter-

parts, suggesting that the caregivers’

immune systems weren’t doing their

jobs very well – and that the stress of

caregiving ultimately put them at an in-

creased risk of infection.

UNIT 2: STRESS

Notes

Abstract

Notes

counterintui-

How Stress Hurts

hamper slow

tive surprising

It might seem counterintuitive, but

down/ distract

elicit bring out

Kiecolt-Glaser believes that stress

inflammation

inflammato-

makes our immune systems less effec-

swelling

ry insulting/

tive because it actually elicits an im-

osteoporosis

swelling

mune response itself. Stress, she says,

weakening

initiate start

causes the body to release* pro-inflam-

bones/weak

matory cytokines, immune factors that

bones

initiate responses against infections.

When the body produces these cy-

tokines over long periods of time – for

instance, as a result of chronic stress –

all sorts of bad things can happen. Not

only does it hamper our body’s ability

to fight infection and heal wounds*, but

chronic inflammation also increases our

risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, and

autoimmune diseases including type 2

diabetes.

inflammation

What’s more, because regular stress

occur happen

swelling

causes* a chronic immune response,

pollen the very

it can also increase a person’s risk for

fine usually

allergies, which occur when the body

yellow dust

elicits a chronic immune response

that is pro-

against something that’s not really dan-

duced by

gerous (like pollen). In her most recent

a plant

study, announced yesterday, Kiecolt-

Glaser found that when people are

under lots of stress – for instance, when

they are forced* to deliver* a speech or

do difficult math problems on the spot –

their allergies worsen over the course of

the next day.

Notes

Abstract

Notes

intended

I admit*, this post may not exactly have

alternatives

meant

the intended effect – worrying about the

other choices

technique way

danger of stress is definitely stressful –

indeed in fact

of doing things

but take a deep breath. If you ask me,

strategy plan

learning a few relaxation techniques

sounds like a more appealing illness-

prevention* strategy than many other

alternatives. (Go ahead and throw away

that cod liver oil.) Indeed, the next time

you feel guilty about enjoying a lazy

Sunday, or taking a day off from work

for the heck of it, think again. Your

body will thank you for it”.

Part 1. Word

Definition

Synonyms

_____ autoimmune

1: once-a-year

_____ annual

2: husband or wife

_____ diabetes

3: body attacking itself

_____ spouse

4: a serious disease in which

there is too much sugar in

your blood

_____ osteoporosis

5: a person who gives help

and protection to someone

(such as a child, an old per-

son, or someone who is sick)

_____ hamper

6: desease weakening bones

_____ caregiver

7: slow down/ distract

Part 2. Word

Definition

Synonym

_____ indeed

1: long-lasting

_____ startling

2: in fact

_____ initiate

3: disease-fighters

_____ chronic

4: surprising

_____ antibodies

5: suffering

_____ counterpart

6: start

_____ ailing

7: partner

Part 3. Word

Definition

Synonym

_____ occur

1: swelling

_____ inflammation

2: happen

_____ ultimately

3: hit/effect

_____ impact

4: in the end

_____ elicit

5: almost always

_____ chronically

6: illness

_____ disease

7: bring out

2. Fill in the definition to the words in the table.

1

ailing

2

spouse

3

annual

4

elicit

5

antibody

6

chronic

7

vaccines

1

married person : husband, wife

2

the bodily system that protects the body

from foreign substances, cells, and tissues

3

good enough : of a quality that is good or

acceptable : of a quality that is acceptable

but not better than acceptable

4

offering or expressing a choice

5

a person who gives help and protection to

someone (such as a child, an old person, or

someone who is sick)

6

very surprising, shocking, or frightening

7

a condition in which the bones become

weak and break easily

1.

impact:

6.

caregiver:

A) latest

A) plan

B) hit/effect

B) a person (who takes

C) long-lasting

care of people)

2.

realize:

C) disease-fighters

A) surprising

7.

chronically:

B) disease-preventing treatments

A) almost always

C) understand/make real/achieve

B) swelling

D) latest

3.

annual:

8.

ailing:

A) fellow worker

A) suffering

B) once-a-year

B) surprising

C) suprising

C) bringing out

4.

immunologist:

9.

spouse:

A) immune system

A) start

B) doctor who studies or practices

B) in the end

medicine in the area of immunology

C) husband or wife

C) disease-fighter

10.

ultimately:

5.

startling:

A) definitely

A) weakening bones

B) quickly

B) long-lasting

C) in the end

C) surprising

UNIT 2: STRESS

11.

counterintuitive:

15.

hamper:

A) insulting/swelling

A) slow down/ distract

B) surprising

B) almost always

12.

C) slowly

16.

D) body attacking itself

elicit:

inflammation:

A) break

A) swelling

B) decide

B) start

C) bring out

17.

C) surprising

13. inflammatory:

occur:

A) achievable

A) finish

B) insulting/swelling

B) happen

14.

C) slow

18.

C) start

initiate:

intend:

A) stop doing

A) present

B) start

B) do

C) pause

C) plan

Word or phrase

Definition