Car servicing and manufacturer maintenance. Автомобильный сервис и фирменное обслуживание. Учебное пособие

It was the band’s first live performance since May 1990. (since + date) I have been happily married for 26 years, since the age of 21. (since +

noun phrase)

We also use since as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause:

It’s so long since I saw them. (since + clause)

Lenny had slept most of the way since leaving Texas. (since + clause) He’s been back to the office a few times since he retired. (since +

clause)

Since and tenses

When since introduces an action or event at a point of time in the past, we can use the past simple or present perfect after since and the present perfect in the main clause:

They haven’t received any junk mail since they moved house. They haven’t received any junk mail since they’ve moved house.

We can use the past simple, present perfect or past perfect after since with the expression it + be + time + since:

It’s been years since I rode a bike. (it’s = it has)

It’s been years since I’ve ridden a bike. (it’s = it has) It’s years since I rode a bike. (it’s = it is)

It’s years since I’ve ridden a bike. (it’s = it is)

It’d been years since I’d ridden a bike. (it’d = it had)

It’s been years since … is more common in American English than It’s years since ….

When since introduces a state in the past that is still continuing in the present, we use a present perfect form of the verb after since and a present perfect form of the verb in the main clause:

Since I’ve been back at work, I’ve been feeling great.

Since + -ing

We can use since + -ing form to refer to time when the subject of the verb is the same in the main clause and the subordinate clause:

Since leaving school, he has had three or four temporary jobs. (Since he left school, he has …)

Since moving from a Chicago suburb to southern California a few months ago, I’ve learned how to play a new game called Lanesmanship.

(Since I moved …, I’ve learned …)

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Since, since then

We can use since or since then as an adverb of time when the time reference is understood from the context:

His father doesn’t talk to him. They had an argument a couple of years ago and they haven’t spoken since. (since they had the argument)

They bought the house in 2006 and they’ve done a lot of work on it since then. (since 2006)

We use ever since as a stronger form of since or since then:

When I was young, I had a little collie dog, but one day he bit me really badly. I’ve hated dogs ever since.

Since: reason

We use since as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause. We use it to give a reason for something:

Sean had no reason to take a taxi since his flat was near enough to walk to. Since her husband hated holidays so much, she decided to go on

her own.

They couldn’t deliver the parcel since no one was there to answer the door.

Since: typical errors

We don’t use since with extended periods of time. We use for:

She was waiting for four hours.

Not: She was waiting since four hours.

We use since, not from, with a clause referring back to a point in

time:

I’ve been swimming since I was three years old. I’ve been swimming from the age of three.

Not: I’ve been swimming from I was three years old.

We use since, not once, to introduce a reason:

I think I should have my money back since I didn’t have what was promised in the brochure.

Not: I think I should have my money back once I didn’t have …

We use since, not ago, after ‘it’s a long time’ when we refer back to a point in time:

It’s a long time since your last letter.

Not: It’s a long time ago your last letter.

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12. Define the functions of the word since in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.Color television has been functioning in our country since 1967.

2.Many expeditions have been here since.

3.I've known her since we were children.

4.Since you are here, I may go home.

5.There is no flow of electrons since the electric current is broken.

6.We've lived in three different towns since last year.

7.Since you weren't at the meeting, we took the decision without you.

8.How long is it since you left school?

9.London has been a capital since 1066.

10.Telescopes have been used since their invention.

11.People wished to handle atom since ancient times.

12.It's ages since I saw you last.

13.He left for London and has been living there since.

14.Since your first letter, we haven't heard from you.

15.Since you have not got anything to read, let's talk.

SPEAKING

13.Make an outline of the text. Speak about materials used in the construction of automobiles using your outline.

14.Prepare the presentation about modern materials used in the construction of automobiles. Present the information to the group.

WRITING

15. Write the summary of the text "Materials in the Automotive Industry ".

Home Assignment

Read the text and translate it.

Automobile production

Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

1. Designing

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2.Working out the technology of manufacturing processes

3.Laboratory tests

4.Road tests

5.Mass production

Why is it necessary to know all these facts?

It is important to know them as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet-up-to-date requirements.

What are these requirements?

The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and pleasant appearance.

In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.

But before the car is put into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant’s laboratory, then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only then the car is put into mass production. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system, as well as pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and have all conveniences.

Find the equivalents.

1.mechanical engineer а) долгий срок службы

2.to deal (with) б) запустить в массовое производство

3.designing cars в) подвергать испытаниям

4.to put into mass production г) плавное сцепление

5.long service life д) отвечать современным требованиям

6.driving safety е) иметь дело

7.to meet up-to-date demands ж) надёжные тормоза и рул. упр-я

8.smooth-acting clutch и) безопасность езды

9.silent gearbox й) бесшумная коробка передач

10.dependable brakes and steering system к) инженер-механик

11.to subject to test л) конструирование автомобилей

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Answer the following questions

1.What phases does the production of an automobile comprise?

2.What requirements must an automobile meet?

3.Why are cars subjected to road tests?

4.What qualities are required of the automobile?

5.Why is it important for the specialists in automobile industry to know computing methods?

Complete the sentences.

1. The cars are subjected to road tests in order…

1. to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing

2. to meet up-to-date requirements

3. to work out new technological processes

2. The car must have the following units….

1.high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance

2.smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system

3.The car must have the following qualities….

1.high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance

2.smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system

Lesson 4. The Internal Combustion (IC)

Engine

Preview

Before you read

1. What do you know about the internal combustion engine?

2. What can you say about the most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs?

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Reading

1. Read the text.

The Internal Combustion (IC) Engine

1.The internal combustion (IC) engine is an engine in which combustion of the fuel takes place in a confined space, so that expanding gases provide mechanical power and produce motion. The invention and development of the internal combustion engine in the 19th century had a profound impact on human life. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by a Frenchman, Etienne Lenoir in 1860. It ran on coal gas, but worked on a cycle of operations, which did not include compression of the gas before ignition: as a result, it was not very efficient. Although various forms of internal combustion engines had been developed before the 19th century, their widespread adoption in a variety of applications began with the commercial drilling and production of petroleum. Generally using fossil fuel (mainly petroleum), these engines appeared in almost all vehicles in the late 19th century.

2.The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression and, in particular, in-cylinder compression.

Modern internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways. According to the type of ignition, they can be divided into spark ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Depending on the engine cycle, they are four-stroke cycle and two-stroke cycle ones. A fourstroke cycle engine has four piston movements over two engine revolutions for each cycle.

A two-stroke cycle engine has two piston movements over one revolution for each cycle. In accordance with the valve location, the internal combustion engines are called I-head engines if valves are in head (overhead valve), and L-head engines if valves are in block (flat head). According to the type of cooling, engines can be classified as air-cooled engines and liquid-cooled engines (water-cooled engines).

3. Basic design divides engines into reciprocating and rotary ones. A reciprocating engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate back and forth. The combustion chamber is located in the closed end of each cylinder.

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Power is delivered to a rotating output crankshaft by mechanical linkage with the pistons. Reciprocating engines are classified on the base of position and number of cylinders. These are single-cylinder engine, in-line engine, V-type engine, opposed-cylinder engine, W-type engine, opposed-piston engine, and radial engine. A single-cylinder engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the crankshaft. In-Line engine cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other along the length of the crankshaft. In V-type engine, two banks of cylinders are at an angle with each other along a single crankshaft, allowing for a shorter engine block. Opposedcylinder engine has two banks of cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These engines are classified as W-type engines in the technical literature. An opposed-piston engine has two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber in the centre between the pistons. Radial engines are engines with pistons positioned in a circular plane around a circular crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to a master rod, which in turn, is connected to the crankshaft.

4.A rotary engine is made of a large non-concentric rotor with a built-in gearwheel, moving around a stationary block (stator). The moving combustion chambers are formed by the corners of the rotor sliding against the inner surface of the non-rotating block (housing). A number of experimental engines have been tested using this concept, but the only design that has ever become common in an automobile is the Wankel engine which has one, two, and three rotors.

5.Вy method of fuel input, spark-ignition engines are divided into four types: carburetted engines in which air and fuel are mixed to facilitate the combustion process; multipoint port fuel injection engines in which one or more injectors at each cylinder intake; throttle body fuel injection engines in which injectors upstream in intake manifold; gasoline direct injection engines in which injectors are mounted in combustion chambers with injection directly into cylinders.

6.By method of fuel input, compression-ignition engines are divided into three types: direct injection engines in which fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber; indirect injection engines in which fuel is injected into the secondary combustion chamber; homogeneous charge compression ignition engines in which well-mixed fuel and oxidizer (typically, air) are compressed to the point of auto-ignition.

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7.Besides, different kinds of fuel are used in engines: diesel oil, motor oil, naphta; kerosene or benzol-oil mixtures; gas, natural gas methane; alcoholethyl, methyl; dual fuel. There are several engines that use a combination of two or more fuels.

8.Several or all of these classifications can be used at the same time to identify a given engine. Thus, a modern engine might be called a reciprocating, spark-ignition, four-stroke cycle, I-head, water-cooled, gasoline, multipoint port fuel injection automobile engine.

After-reading tasks

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

1) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

2) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

3) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

4. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1.The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was very efficient.

2.The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression and, in particular, in-cylinder compression.

3.Depending on the engine cycle, engines are four-location, the internal combustion engines are called I-head engines if valves are in head (overhead valve), and L-head engines if valves are in block (flat head).

4.Radial engines are often called flat engines.

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5. Read the text and choose heading given below for each paragraph

1)Engines Classification According to the Types of Ignition, Engine Cycle, Valve Location, Cooling

2)Reciprocating Engines

3)Identification of a Given Engine

4)Rotary Engines

5)Spark-Ignition Engines

6)Invention and Development of the Internal Combustion Engine

7)Compression-Ignition Engines

8)Different Kinds of Fuel Used in Engines

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1)An internal combustion engine is an engine in which combustion of the fuel takes place in a confined space.

2)The invention and development of the internal combustion engine had a profound impact on human life.

3)The first internal combustion engines did not include compression of gas before ignition.

4)Generally using fossil fuel (mainly petroleum), these engines appeared in transport in almost all vehicles.

5)The most important significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression.

6)According to the type of ignition, engines can be divided into sparkignition and compression-ignition engines.

7)A four-stroke cycle engine has four piston movements over two engine revolutions for each cycle.

8)In accordance with valve location, engines are called I-head and L- head engines.

9)A reciprocating engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate back and forth.

10)The combustion chamber is located in the closed end of each cylinder.

11)Power is delivered to a rotating output crankshaft by mechanical linkage with the pistons.

12)Reciprocating engines are classified on the base of position and number of cylinders into single-cylinder engines, in-line engines, V-type engines, opposed-cylinder engines, W-type engines, opposed-piston engines, and radial engines.

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