Car servicing and manufacturer maintenance. Автомобильный сервис и фирменное обслуживание. Учебное пособие

3.the colleagues realized

4.the satellite was on its orbit

5.the properties depended

6.the stream is being broadcast

7.the chemist was searching

8.a new technology was demonstrated

9.the elements constituted

10.the student was being examined

11.new results were being obtained

12.the discovery established

17. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition.

1.An automobile is divided _____ several subsystems.

2.The vehicle is assembled _____ a production line.

3.A transmission is installed ____ the engine and the driving wheels.

4.It keeps the engine _____ overheating _____ means of liquid coolant.

5.The fuel system mixes fuel_____ air.

6.The body of a car sits_____ the chassis.

7.A transmission is comprised _____ shafts, gear and a clutch.

8.The steering system consists _____ a series of linkages and gears.

9.The body is joined _____ the chassis.

10.The suspension system is combined _____ the tires.

SPEAKING

18.Make an outline of the text. Speak about automobile systems using your outline.

19.Prepare the presentation about automobile systems. Present the information to the group.

Home Assignment

Read the text and translate it.

The early days of the Automobile

1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was

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constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and run at maximum speed of four miles. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.

2.In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain.

3.In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: «When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted».

4.From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By the time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.

In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were.

The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorist had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

After World War 1 it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.

5.Gradually the development of vehicles driven by international combustion engine – cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.

From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million!

6.There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club. Collectors can also advertise in the magazine published by their clubs. The best collection100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.

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Translate the following words and phrases

Vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steamdriven engine, wheels, passengers, motor cars, issued, prosecuted, of gasoline engines, introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, efficient, international combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements.

Complete the sentences

1)In ….. a steam engine was built in Great Britain.

2)From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application…

3)The cars of that time were very small…

4)Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are…

5)The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –…

Lesson 3. The Life Cycle of an Automobile

Preview

Before you read

1.What does the life cycle of an automobile begin with?

2.What is a common trend in the material composition of a car?

Reading

1. Read the text

The Life Cycle of an Automobile

The life cycle of an automobile begins with concept and design and concludes with retirement (end-of-life scrapping). Today, a vehicle consists of approximately 15.000 parts. Steel, iron, glass, textiles, plastic, and nonferrous metal dominate automobile construction. They account for more than 80% of the material used in today’s vehicles. A common trend in the material composition of a car is toward increasing the use of lightweight materials, especially numerous types of plastics and light metal alloys (such as aluminum and magnesium). The environmental impacts and concerns that arise from the acquisition and processing of virgin resources that serve as input for automotive material include the substantial consumption of

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resources (material and energy). In addition, copious amounts of energy are consumed in heating, cooling, and producing millions of tons of steel, aluminum, plastic, and glass. Processing these materials involves a variety of heavy metals, toxic chemicals, chlorinated solvents, and ozone depleting chemicals. More than half of all releases and transfers of pollutants originate from the painting and coating operations. The largest solid waste streams generated by an automobile assembly plant are wastewater treatment sludges, waste oil, plant trash, and scrap metal. The utilization of an automobile accounts for approximately 80% of the total primary energy consumption of the life cycle of an automobile. Most of the CО2 and CO emissions are released during the utilization. Besides the resource consumption when running a vehicle and the necessary infrastructure (e.g. highways, service – and gas stations), the maintenance and service operations contribute significantly to the environmental effects of automobile use.

Opportunities for environmental improvement exist during each lifecycle stage of an automobile. Significant changes in the material and process selection and management are necessary to reduce the overall environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle of an automobile.

After-reading tasks

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

g)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

h)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

i)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

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4. Make the glossary and translate the words into Russian

5. Translate the sentences with the words from the glossary

1.The life cycle of an automobile begins with concept and design and concludes with retirement.

2.Steel, iron, glass, textiles, plastic, and non-ferrous metal dominate automobile construction.

3.A common trend in the material composition of a car is toward increasing the use of lightweight materials.

4.The environmental impacts and concerns arise from the acquisition and processing of virgin resources.

5.The largest solid waste streams generated by an automobile assembly plant are wastewater treatment sludges, waste oil, plant trash, and scrap metal.

6.The utilization of an automobile accounts for approximately 80 % of the total primary energy consumption of the life cycle of an automobile.

7.Most of the CО2 and CO emissions are released during the utilization.

6. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1.Today, a vehicle consists of approximately 10.000 parts.

2.Steel, iron, glass, textiles, plastic, and non-ferrous metal dominate automobile construction.

3.A common trend in the material composition of a car is toward increasing the use of composite materials.

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4.Only one third of all releases and transfers of pollutants originate from the painting and coating operations.

5.The utilization of an automobile accounts for approximately 50 % of the total primary energy consumption of the life cycle of an automobile.

7. Match the words with their synonyms

8.Translate the text «The Life Cycle of an Automobile» into Russian.

9.Make the glossary to the text. Translate it from English into Russian.

1carbon fiber

2copper

3mechanical resistance

4durability

5affordability

6disposal costs

7fuel efficient vehicles

8high–performance fiber

9a matrix material

10enhanced properties

11stiffness

12rust

13application

14low cost materials

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15inherent capability

16to absorb impact energy

17low density

18exterior attachments

19crossbeam

20bonnet

21to have higher machinability

22carbon fiber–reinforced composites

23advanced materials

Materials in the Automotive Industry

Various materials are used to make cars. The main materials used for making cars, parts and components, along with future trends, are steel, aluminum, magnesium, copper, plastics and. The main factors for selecting the material, especially for the automobile body, are numerous and include thermal, chemical or mechanical resistance, easy manufacturing and durability. Affordability is an important issue in vehicle manufacturing, which includes factoring in the costs associated with a car’s complete life– cycle, including manufacturing, operating and disposal costs. Composite materials may have big advantages over steel in automobile manufacturing in the future. Composites are considered to make lighter, safer and more fuel efficient vehicles. A composite is composed of high–performance fiber (such as carbon or glass) in a matrix material (epoxy polymer) that, when combined, provides enhanced properties compared with the individual . Carbon fiber composites are equally good or better concerning stiffness and strength. They also do not rust or corrode like steel or aluminum, and they could significantly increase vehicle fuel economy by reducing vehicle weight. The issue with today’s composites is that they have been developed for aerospace applications where the cost is not so critical. Material costs of carbon fiber composites are at least 20 times higher than steel, and the automotive industry is unlikely to use them until the price of carbon fiber drops significantly. Therefore, if we want to choose material with these characteristics, steel is the first choice. There were many developments concerning iron and steel over the past couple of decades that made steel more lightweight, stronger, stiffer and improved other performance characteristics. Applications include not only vehicle bodies, but also

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engine, chassis, wheels and many other parts (doors, hoods, hatchbacks etc.). Iron and steel form the critical elements of the structure for the vast majority of vehicles, and are low cost materials.

The prime reason for using steel in the body structure is its inherent capability to absorb impact energy in a crash situation. Aluminum usage in automotive industry has grown within past years, due to its low density and high specific energy absorption performance and good specific strength. The use of aluminum can potentially reduce the weight of the vehicle body. Recent developments have shown that up to 50 % weight saving for the body in white can be achieved by the substitution of steel by aluminum. Aluminum is used for body structures, chassis applications, closures and exterior attachments such as crossbeams, doors or bonnets. Magnesium is another light metal that is becoming increasingly common in automotive engineering. It is 33 % lighter than aluminum and 75 % lighter than steel/cast iron components . Magnesium alloys have distinct advantages over aluminum that include better manufacturability longer die life and faster solidification. In addition magnesium components have higher machinability.

Titanium has been mainly used in high temperatures zones, and high strength requirement areas, such as exhaust systems, suspension springs, valve springs, valves and connecting rods. Fiber reinforced composites offer a wide range of advantages to the automotive industry. It is because the composite structures are the high strength/low weight ratio. Carbon fiber– reinforced or fiber glass reinforced composites offer numerous new design possibilities for structural components in cars. These advanced materials are not only light in weight, but also stiff, strong and durable. The future lightweight materials will be used in the automobile industry. Now, carbon fiber is very expensive, but the automobile industry has been developing affordable carbon fiber, so the future cars will be lighter. Fiber reinforced composites are now being used to make structural and nonstructural components such as seat structures, bumpers, hoods, and fuel tanks.

WORD BUILDING

10. Read the words and say what suffixes they have and what parts of speech they belong to.

1.use, useful, usefulness;

2.invent, inventor, invention;

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3.transmit, transmitter, transmission;

4.work, worker;

5.special, specialty, specialist;

6.practice, practical;

7.contain, container;

8.lecture, lecturer;

9.create, creative, creation;

10.accelerate, acceleration, accelerator;

11.determine, determination;

12.proper, properly, property;

13.science, scientific, scientist;

14.discover, discovery, discoverer;

15.important, importance;

16.react, reaction, reactor, reactivity;

17.arrange, arrangement;

18.capable, capability;

19.apply, application.

GRAMMAR

THE PERFECT PASSIVE

Страдательный залог. Cовершенные времена.

Обозначает уже завершенное действие, которое испытывало на себе подлежащее. Т.е. предмет (подлежащее) не сам выполнял действие, а испытывал на себе действие другого предмета.

Образуется при помощи глагола to have в соответствующей форме + been + третья форма глагола.

The message has been written by my boss.

Сообщение уже написано моим начальником.

На русский язык pasive voice может переводиться следующими способами:

1.глаголом совершенного вида с окончанием -ся, -сь (строится, строилось);

2.глаголом быть + причастие пассивного залога (было построено);

3.глаголом совершенного вида 3-го лица множественного числа (построили).

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Например:

My house had been built by last year.

Мой дом уже построили к прошлому году.

11. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the predicates in the Perfect Passive.

1.This theory has been used for analyzing the experimental data.

2.In my opinion this result has not been proved by anybody.

3.The apparatus used in our research has been described recently.

4.We must compare our data with those that have been obtained by other investigators.

5.Many difficulties had been overcome before the researcher succeeded in his work.

6.After the new device had been tested it was installed in our laboratory.

7.The construction of this television centre will have been completed by the end of the next year.

8.In our country great progress has been achieved in developing all branches of science and engineering.

9.Many different devices have been created in order to improve the performance of communications.

10.The information has been based on the data received from a computer.

11.Much research has been carried out in order to establish the causes of this phenomenon.

12.This question has already been discussed at the conference.

13.By the end of the year a large variety of semiconductor devices will have been produced.

14.This equipment had been repaired before you came.

15.This text has just been translated.

SINCE

We use since as a preposition, a conjunction and an adverb to refer to a time, and as a conjunction to introduce a reason.

Since: time

We use since to refer back to a previous point in time. We use since as a preposition with a date, a time or a noun phrase:

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