Car servicing and manufacturer maintenance. Автомобильный сервис и фирменное обслуживание. Учебное пособие
.pdf5.Automobiles have complex electrical systems that consist of a storage battery, alternator (alternating-current generator), devices for starting the engine and for vehicle operation (e.g., headlights and windshield wipers), and such accessories as heaters and radios.
6.The battery provides enough power to engage the starting motor and to activate the ignition system.
7.The fuel system provides storage space for the fuel, transports it to the engine, and mixes it with air for combustion in the engine.
8.The exhaust system vents exhaust gases by way of a muffler, which helps reduce engine noise.
9.The lubrication system keeps friction from wearing out moving parts.
10.The cooling system keeps the engine from overheating, generally by means of liquid coolant, although many engines are air cooled.
11.The suspension system, comprised of coil or leaf springs and shock absorbers, is combined with the tires to cushion the vehicle from the shock caused by driving over irregular surfaces.
12.On the chassis line the suspension, brake, and exhaust systems, the power train (engine, transmission, drive shaft, and differential), and tires are installed.
6. Distribute the words into the categories.
1) power train |
3) suspension system |
2) electric system |
4) transmission |
Engine, battery, shock absorbers, drive shaft, shaft, gears, coil springs, clutch, alternator, differential, leaf springs.
7. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones.
1)Linkages and gears transmit the movement of the steering wheel to the wheels.
2)The lubrication system keeps the engine from overheating .
3)In transmissions the gears are shifted either manually or automatically.
4)The fuel system mixes fuel with air to transport it to the engine.
5)The basic parts of an automobile are the body, the chassis, a steel frame, the engine, wheels, axle assemblies, transmission, steering mechanism, brakes, suspension.
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6)An automobile has an electrical system, an alternator, a heater and a
radio.
7)The battery provides enough power to activate the engine.
8)A transmission is installed between the engine and the steering wheel.
9)The cooling system keeps friction from wearing out moving parts.
10)The internal combustion engine is a widely used power plant.
11)The exhaust system helps produce engine noise.
12)The suspension system cushions the vehicle from the shock caused by driving over regular surfaces.
8. Match the words with their translations
1 |
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wiring |
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a |
спиральная пружина |
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2 |
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axle |
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b |
глушитель |
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3 |
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power train |
c |
листовая пружина |
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4 |
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leaf spring |
d |
рычажной механизм |
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5 |
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muffler |
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e |
крутящий момент |
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6 |
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clamp |
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f |
вал |
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7 |
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torque |
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g |
зажим |
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8 |
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drums |
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h |
система проводов |
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9 |
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linkage |
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i |
силовая передача |
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10 |
gear |
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j |
возвратно-поступательный поршень |
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11 |
coil spring |
k |
барабаны |
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12 |
shaft |
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l |
мост |
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13 |
reciprocating piston |
m |
коробка передач |
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9. Match the words with their definitions |
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twisting force causing rotation |
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1 |
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shaft |
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a |
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2 |
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gear |
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b |
a bar transmitting power |
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3 |
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piston |
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c |
a short metal cylinder inside another cylinder |
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4 |
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muffler |
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d |
a bar that passes through the centers of a pair of wheels |
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5 |
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torque |
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e |
a set of toothed wheels connecting the engine with the road |
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wheels |
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6 |
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axle |
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f |
a device of twisted metal which returns to its shape when |
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pushed or pulled or pressed |
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7 |
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spring |
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g |
a device reducing engine noise |
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10.Translate the text "Automobile Systems " into Russian.
11.Find the odd word.
1.a) shafts b) gears c) clutch d) heater
2.a) battery b) lottery c) alternator d) heater
3.a) coil spring b) leaf spring c) early spring d) shock absorber
4.a) engine b) transmission c) drive shaft d) night shift
5.a) sun roof b) moon roof c) door bell d) windows
6.a) heel b) wheel c) drum d) shoe
7.a) a power plant b) a garden plant c) a home plant d) a tobacco plant
Word building
12. Form nouns adding the suffixes -er, -or to the given verbs. Translate the nouns and verbs into Russian
Example:
to design – a designer (конструировать – конструктор) to detect – a detector (определять – детектор)
1.to build
2.to operate
3.to contain
4.to receive
5.to read
6.to produce
7.to transmit 8.to invent 9.to discover
WRITING
HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY
A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece of writing.
A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long.
Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading.
What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?
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1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main point.
In the text (article) “ …” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.
The text “ … ” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).
2. Write in the present tense.
At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes...
(comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).
Attention is drawn to the fact that... . It should be noted that ... .
3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts.
Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....
4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.
Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analyses of ... (the description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .
In conclusion ... .At the end of the text / article the author describes ..., emphasizes that ..., points out that.., summarizes that ... .
5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary.
Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.
13.Make a short summary of the text "Automobile Systems ".
14.Translate from Russian into English
Как устроен автомобиль: схема, принцип работы и особенности
Первый в мире автомобиль с бензиновым мотором был запатентован еще в далеком 1885 году гениальным немецким инженером Карлом Бенцом. Поразительно, но и в наши дни машина состоит из тех же основных частей, что и сто лет назад – это кузов, шасси и двигатель.
Общее устройство автомобиля
Конструкция автомобиля не так уж и сложна, как может показаться на первый взгляд. Совершенно любое транспортное средство состоит
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из пяти основных частей – мотор, ходовая часть, трансмиссия, кузов, электрооборудование и система управления.
Мотор
Двигатель – сердце автомобиля, задачей которого является преобразование тепловой энергии (сгоревшего топлива) в энергию механическую. После чего она передается через трансмиссию на колеса.
Ходовая часть
Множественные узлы и агрегаты, заставляющие автомобиль двигаться, относят к ходовой части – мосты, колеса и подвеска (задняя и передняя).
Трансмиссия
Основные составляющие трансмиссии: ведущий мост; коробка передач (КПП); шрусы; сцепление.
Задачей трансмиссии является передача крутящего момента на колеса машины с вала двигателя.
Электрооборудование и система управления
Составляющие электрооборудования: батарея (АКБ); электропроводка; генератор.
Механизм управления автотранспортным средством представлен рулем, связанным с передними колесами. С помощью руля определяется угол поворота и направление движения автомобиля. Тормоза – еще одна важная составляющая системы управления ТС, отвечающая за снижение его скорости и полной остановки.
Кузов
Практически все агрегаты и узлы крепятся к несущей части автомобиля – кузову.
Составляющие кузова:
лонжероны;
крыша транспортного средства;
днище;
моторный отсек;
прочие навесные составляющие.
Это разделение весьма условно, поскольку все детали в автомобиле, так или иначе, взаимосвязаны.
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Конструкция ТС постоянно совершенствуется, все больше начиняется электроникой, автоматикой. Производители работают над повышением безопасности эксплуатации ТС, топливной экономичности, снижением уровня шума и токсичности выхлопных газов.
Трансмиссия
Связующее звено между двигателем и колёсами называется трансмиссией. Этот незаменимый проводник выполняет несколько функций в автомобиле:
передаёт крутящий момент на ведущую ось; изменяет вращение и распределяет его по колёсам.
Принцип действия зажигания
Совокупность приборов, отвечающая за появление искры в необходимый момент, именуется системой зажигания и является частью электрооборудования. Нормальная работа бензинового двигателя невозможна без системы зажигания. Выделяют три основных вида систем зажигания, схожих по принципу действия, но различающихся по конструкции.
Виды:
электронная;
контактная;
бесконтактная.
Устройство системы зажиганияИсточник питания
Когда машину заводят, источником питания выступает аккумулятор, после, эта функция передается генератору (во время работы двигателя).
Замок зажигания Устройство, использующееся для передачи напряжения.Накопитель
Устройство необходимое для накопления необходимой энергии. Бывают индукционные (в виде катушки) и емкостные накопители.
Распределитель энергии Система представляет собой блок и коммутатор. Распределитель
может быть электронным либо механическим. Отвечает за подачу энергии.
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Свеча Фарфоровый изолятор с двумя электродами, расположенными
близко друг с другом. Отвечает за создание искры для воспламенения.
Принцип действия двигателя
Устройство двигателя:
система зажигания обеспечивает подачу тока на свечу для получения искры;
система охлаждения отводит тепло от стенок цилиндра и головок, предотвращая перегрев двигателя;
система питания отвечает за подготовку новой порции рабочей смеси (топливо + воздух);
механизм газораспределения отвечает за своевременный впуск новой порции рабочей смеси, и выведение отработавших газов;
кривошипно-шатунный механизм преобразует движение
(возвратно-поступательное) поршней во вращательное движение коленчатого вала;
система смазки отвечает за подачу масла к трущимся поверхностям.
Сейчас в большинстве автомобилей используется четырехтактная система сгорания для преобразования топлива в энергию. Для правильно работы двигателя компрессия в цилиндрах должна соответствовать значениям от 11 до 15.
Цикл сгорания:
впускается топливно-воздушная смесь (такт впуска);
смесь сжимается и возгорается (такт сжатия);
смесь сгорает и толкает поршень вниз (такт расширения);
продукты горения выпускаются (такт выпуска).
Внутри цилиндра двигателя расположена камера, в которую вводится смесь с воздухом (либо по отдельности), где и происходит сгорание топлива. При сгорании тепловая энергия преобразуется в механическую энергию. После, продукты сгорания выводятся из цилиндра, а на их место поступает новая порция топлива. Совокупность этих процессов является циклом работы двигателя.
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GRAMMAR
THE PASSIVE VOICE
An active sentence like I conducted this experiment has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).
So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'conducted' and the object is 'this experiment'.
But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons. In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:
This experiment was conducted by me (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).
How to make the Passive in English
We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.
Tense |
Active |
Passive |
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present simple |
I make a mistake. |
A mistake is made (by me). |
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present |
I am making a mistake. |
A mistake is being made (by me). |
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continuous |
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past simple |
I made a mistake. |
A mistake was made (by me). |
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past continuous I was making a mistake. |
A mistake was being made (by me). |
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present perfect |
I have made a mistake. |
A mistake has been made (by me). |
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past perfect |
I had made a mistake. |
A mistake had been made (by me). |
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future simple |
I will make a mistake. |
A mistake will be made (by me). |
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future perfect |
I will have made |
A mistake will have been made |
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a mistake. |
(by me). |
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Verbs with two objects
Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:
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Give
Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.
Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.
The passive in subordinate clauses
You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.
Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.
Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.
Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.
Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.
You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.
He loves being read to.
She would like to be promoted.
When should we use the Passive?
1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:
o The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)
2.When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general':
o He was arrested (obvious agent, the police). o My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).
o The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).
o The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).
3.In factual or scientific writing:
o The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.
4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):
o The brochure will be finished next month.
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5.In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:
o Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
6.When the subject is very long:
o I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')
15. Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian.
1.While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory.
2.A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.
3.At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of researchers.
4.The apparatus will be working when you come.
5.The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal with the most difficult problems.
6.For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.
7.The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy.
8.This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.
9.For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.
10.An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our Institute.
11.Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody.
12.Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups.
13.We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not
find it.
14.The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.
15.Our laboratory is housed in an old building.
16.Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.
1.the lecture started
2.the scientists are obtaining
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