Техносферная безопасность. Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие для бакалавров АТИ РУДН

7. Complete the following sentences with the words in brackets.

1.I (write) to her if I knew her address.

2.I wouldn’t mind living in this country if the traffic (not/be) so bad.

3.If I showed you how to open the safe, (you/promise) not to tell anyone?

4.If the police come looking for you I (say) you have left the country.

5.If you (move) to the UK you would have to learn to speak English.

6.She (not/buy) it if she didn’t think she needed it.

7.The salad (taste) better if you added some garlic.

8.We (grow) our own vegetables if we had a garden.

9.What will you do if the boat (sink).

10.When the sun (shine) I like to lie on the beach.

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UNIT VI

WASTE DISPOSAL

1. Complete the table and translate into Russian

3. Read and translate the text into Russian.

WASTE DISPOSAL

Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final

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disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.

Waste can take any form that is either solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health. It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and sectors (residential and industrial). A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.

Waste hierarchy

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. Energy can be recovered from processes i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level of the hierarchy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the lifecycle for each product.

Life-cycle of a product

The life-cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture, distribution, use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's

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stages of reduce, reuse and recycle. Each of the above stages of the lifecycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to rethink the need for the product, to redesign to minimize waste potential, to extend its use. The key behind the life-cycle of a product is to optimize the use of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste.

4. Make sentences with the following words:

disposal, life-cycle, household waste, waste-to-energy, composting, incineration, landfill.

5.Answer the following questions:

1.What is waste management?

2.What does Waste management include?

3.Are Waste management practices uniform among countries?

4.What are the steps of the waste hierarchy?

6.Translate the text from Russian into English

Система управления отходами

Система управления отходами — это комплекс мероприятий по сбору, транспортировке, переработке, вторичному использованию или утилизации мусора, а также контроль за данными процессами. В данном случае под отходами обычно понимаются те отходы, которые появляются в результате человеческой деятельности. Данная система управления нацелена на снижение вредоносного влияния отходов на здоровье человека, на окружающую среду, по причинам экономического характера в связи с возможностью вторичного использования большей части отходов, а также по эстетическим причинам.

Процесс внедрения системы был начат в 1986 году. Благодаря этому появилась возможность вырабатывать сырьё из отходов. Под переработку попадают вещества твёрдой, жидкой и газообразной консистенции с разработкой различных методов их утилизации и областей дальнейшего их применения. По-разному смотрят на систему управления отходами в развитых и развивающихся странах, городской и сельской местностях, жилых и промышленных зонах. За утилизацию нетоксичных отходов в

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жилых и административных секторах несут ответственность местные власти, в секторах коммерческой и промышленной деятельности ответственны сами организации. Традиционно в системе управления отходами редко используют новые технологии, например, такие, как технология радиочастотной идентификации (RFID), GPS, различные компьютерные программы по автоматическому сбору данных и их обработке.

В настоящее время технологии типа RFID используются для сбора информации по вывозу мусора из контейнеров на тротуарах города. Данные необходимы для разработки нового типа контейнеров для перерабатываемых отходов и пр.

Преимущества использования системы GPS очевидны при оценке эффективности вывоза уже рассортированного по контейнерам мусора, производящегося по договорённости со службой уборки мусора.

Концепции системы управления отходами Иерархия управления отходами основывается на трёх

принципах: утилизация, вторичное использование и переработка, что лежит в основе классификации разрабатываемых стратегий по сокращению до минимума отходов. Однако, такой принцип классификации до сих пор остаётся краеугольным камнем в данном вопросе. Цель иерархии — извлечь максимальной практической пользы из потребляемого продукта при минимальном получении отходов.

Расширение сфер ответственности производителя — стратегия, разработанная для включения в рыночную цену продукта затрат, необходимых на протяжении всего срока его эксплуатации (включая расходы на его утилизацию). Концепция подразумевает собой возложение на производителя полной ответственности за весь жизненный цикл продукта и его упаковочный материал. Следовательно, фирмы, которые производят, импортируют и/или продают данный вид товара, также несут ответственность за него по истечении срока эксплуатации.

Принцип «загрязняешь — плати» — стратегия, предусматривающая возмещение причиненного вреда окружающей среде. В рамках проводимых мероприятий по

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управлению отходами производитель обязан оплачивать расходы на утилизацию собственных отходов.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Sequence of Tenses

The verb in the subordinate clause changes its tense in accordance with the tense of the verb in the main clause. This principle chiefly applies to adverb clauses of purpose and noun clauses.

1.A past tense in the principal clause is usually followed by a past tense in the subordinate clause.

She said that she would come.

I realized that I had made a mistake.

I worked hard that I might succeed.

I found out that he was guilty.

There are a few exceptions to this rule.

2.A past tense in the principal clause may be followed by a present tense in the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause expresses a universal truth.

The teacher said that honesty is the best policy. (NOT The teacher said that honesty was the best policy.)

Galileo maintained that the earth moves around the sun.

3.When the subordinate clause is introduced by than, it may be in any tense even if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense.

He loved me more than he loves his own children.

He loved me more than he loved his own children.

He loved me more than he will love his own children.

4.A present or future tense in the principal clause may be followed by any tense in the subordinate clause.

He says that she was at the club.

He says that she is at the club.

He says that she will be at the club.

He will say that she was at the club.

He will say that she is at the club.

He will say that she will be at the club.

Notes

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When the verb in the main clause is in the future tense, we often use a Present tense in the subordinate clause to refer to future time.

I will call you when he comes. (NOT I will call you when he will come.)

7.Open the brackets.

1.He said that he still (to be) fond of collecting stamps and coins.

2.She said that her parents (to divorce) two years ago already! – Oh, how awful! I can’t believe it’s true!

3.I met him at the disco yesterday and he told me that I (to dance) very well and I answered that it (to be) no wonder because dancing (to be) my hobby for many years!

4.She said her mother’s hobby (to be) ballet and she (to dance) pretty well in her youth. Can you imagine? – No, hardly.

5.My great-grandparents (to be) engaged for a whole year before they (to get) married. – I believe it’s impossible nowadays.

8.Complete the sentences…

1.… that his nephew didn’t go to school yet as he is too small.

2.… that his father had been fond of parachuting and car-racing before …

3.His cousin … that collecting badges … for years until …

4.I found out yesterday that … until…

5.… her mother-in-law had never been interested in such a strange thing as embroidering, it must be a mistake.

6.… that his grandson … at that moment.

7.She was sure that her father … until he married.

8.My grandfather … that playing the piano … for all his life.

9.My uncle … that his ancestors …

10.… that his parents …

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UNIT VII

THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

1. Complete the table and translate into Russian

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3.Read and translate the text into Russian. Learn the text by heart.

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND THE RADIOLOGICAL

PROTECTION SYSTEM

This system of public protection provides plans and trained personnel to respond to any situation involving the release or potential release of radioactive materials. The RPS may be activated by transportation accidents, problems at nuclear power plants or other fixed facilities, natural disaster damage to facilities that use radioactive materials in industry, research or medicine, or terrorist use of a nuclear weapon or

program guidelines and the establishment of state and local programs. Response includes the implementation of plans and procedures for dealing with any type of hazard. These plans and procedures include the protective measures for both the general public and emergency workers or responders.

Recovery is returning the community back to normal as much as possible.

Mitigation includes measures taken by both the public and government to lessen the impact and effects of a hazard. The radiological protection system conducts preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation activities as related to events that could result in public exposure to radiation.

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and state emergency managers.

Recovery: decontamination, monitoring of food and water supply, returning people to homes.

Mitigation: public education (nuclear power plants and general effects of radiation, notification systems, Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) plans, and evacuation routes).

4. Make sentences with the following words:

radiological protection system, nuclear power plants, Emergency Planning Zone, radiation events , natural disaster, nuclear weapon, radiological health.

5.Answer the following questions:

5.What is RPS ?

6.What are the key elements of Preparedness?

7.What does Response include?

8.What does Mitigation include?

6.Translate the text from Russian into English

Основы радиационной безопасности

Интернациональный знак радиоактивности — элемент системы.

Основной задачей радиационной безопасности является ограничение вреда, получаемого человеком от источников ионизирующего излучения, при нормальном их использовании и в аварийных ситуациях. Практически это достигается как управлением самим источником, так и организацией человеческой деятельности.

Вся система радиационной безопасности построена на трех основных принципах. Принцип обоснования гласит, что любое решение, связанное с облучением, должно быть обосновано, то

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