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ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɥɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝ ɦɥ
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ"
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɯɪɨɦɚ ,,, ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɇɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧ ɭ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝ ɦɥ
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɝ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ"
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɯɪɨɦɚ ,,, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɯɪɨɦɚ,,, ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶ ɥ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɧ ɭ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɥ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
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ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝ ɦɥ
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɥ ɳɺɥɨɱɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɥ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɳɺɥɨɱɢ ɂɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ"
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɝ ɟɝɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝ ɦɥ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɥ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝ ɦɥ
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɥ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ"
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɯɪɨɦɚ ,,, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɯɪɨɦɚ ,,, ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɝ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬ ɝ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɥ ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɬɭɬɢ ,,ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝ ɦɥ
ɇɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ + 32 ɢɡɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɝ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
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ɌȿɆȺ
«ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ȾɂɋɋɈɐɂȺɐɂə. ɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɊȿȺɄɐɂɂ. ȽɂȾɊɈɅɂɁ ɋɈɅȿɃ»
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ - ɞɜɭɯɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.
(1) |
ɇ2SO4 |
H+ + HSO4 - |
(2) |
HSO4 - |
H+ + SO4 2- |
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ - ɞɜɭɯɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ.
(1) |
Ca(OH) 2 |
OH- + Ca(OH)+ |
(2) |
Ca(OH)+ |
OH- + Ca2+ |
ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ - |
ɫɨɥɶ. ɋɨɥɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ |
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ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ. |
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Al2( SO4)3 |
2 Al3+ + 3 SO4 2- |
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
x %D&O ɇ 62
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ - ɈɋȺȾɈɄ (Ļ).
BaCl2 + ɇ2SO4 = BaSO4 (Ļ) + 2HCl (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) ɨɫɚɞɨɤ
ȼ ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
Ba2++2Cl - + 2ɇ+ + SO4 2- = BaSO4 (Ļ)+ 2ɇ+ + 2Cl - (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ)
Ba2+ + SO4 2- |
= BaSO4 (Ļ) (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
x 1D 32 + 62 |
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Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɋɅȺȻɕɃ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɅɂɌ ɂɅɂ ɇȿɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɅɂɌ.
2Na3PO4 + 3H2SO4 = 3Na2SO4 + 2H3PO4 (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ)
ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
ȼ ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
6Na++ 2PO4 3-+6ɇ++3SO4 2-= 6Na++3SO4 2-+2H3PO4 (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) PO43- + 3ɇ+ = 2H3PO4 (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ)
x 1D &2 + 62
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ȽȺɁ (Ĺ).
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + CO2 (Ĺ) + H2O |
(ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
ɝɚɡ |
ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ |
ȼ ɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ: |
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2Na++CO3 2- +2ɇ++SO4 2- =2Na++SO4 2- +CO2 (Ĺ) +H2O (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ)
CO3 2-+ 2ɇ+ = CO2(Ĺ) + H2O (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) ɝɚɡ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
x .&O 1D12
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɇȿ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɡ, ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ.
KCl + NaNO3 KNO3 + NaCl (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
K+ + Cl - + Na+ + NO3 K+ + NO3 - + Na+ + Cl - (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ.
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɚ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
&2 &D &D&2
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ CO3 2- ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ K+, Na+, Li+. Ɂɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ Ca2+ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ Cl-, NO3- ,CH3COO- ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ.
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ: ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
2 Na+ + CO3 2-+ Ca2++ 2Cl - = CaCO3 + 2 Na+ +2Cl – Na2CO3 + CaCl2 = CaCO3 + 2NaCl
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ.
2 K+ + CO3 2-+ Ca2++ 2NO3 - = CaCO3 +2 K+ +2NO3 –
K2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 = CaCO3 + 2KNO3
ɋɨɤɪɚɬɢɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ.
CO3 2- + Ca2+ = CaCO3
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ 1D &2 =Q&O $O 6 1D&O
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ – ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
x Na2CO3 – ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Na+) ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (CO3 2-). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭ (CO3 2-). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ:
(I) |
CO3 2- + HOH |
HCO3 - + OH- |
(ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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Na2CO3 + HOH |
NaHCO3 + NaOH |
(ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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(II) |
HCO3 - + HOH |
(ɫɪɟɞɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ pH >7) |
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H2CO3 + NaOH |
(ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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NaHCO3 + HOH |
H2CO3 + NaOH |
(ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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(ɫɪɟɞɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ pH >7) |
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x =Q&O - ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Zn2+) ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (Cl-). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ (Zn2+). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ:
(I) |
Zn2+ + HOH |
ZnOH+ + H+ (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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ZnCl2 + HOH |
ZnOHCl + HCl (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
(II) |
ZnOH+ + HOH |
(ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ pH <7) |
Zn(OH)2 + H+ (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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ZnOHCl + HOH |
Zn(OH)2 + HCl (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ) |
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(ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ pH <7) |
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x$O 6 - cɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Al3+) ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ cɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (S2-). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ (Al3+) ɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭ (S2-). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ (Al(OH)3) ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɡ (H2S), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Al2S3+ 6HOH = 2Al(OH)3 (Ļ) + 3H2S (Ĺ) (ɫɪɟɞɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɹ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ pH § 7)
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɟɪɤ (-) ɢɥɢ (Ƚ). Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
x 1D&O- ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Na+) ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (Cl-). Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɧɟ ɢɞɺɬ. ɋɨɥɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ.
NaCl + HOH (ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ pH = 7)
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ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ ³ɂɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɨɥɟɣ´
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ x $J12 )H&O
x 1+ &O 1D2+ x + 6 .2+ x .12 &D&O
x &D +&2 +&O
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
+62 2+ 62 + 2ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ
ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ x3E 12 . 6
x&U 2+ 1D2+ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ x0J 2+ + 62
x. 62 0J 2+
x1D+ 32 +&O
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
=Q 2+ =Q 2+
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ ,, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɥɢɬɢɹ ɛɪɨɦɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,, ɧɢɬɪɢɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
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ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,, ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
x %D 12 $O 62
x 1D 6 +&O
x 3E 12 1D2+ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ x +12 0J 2+
x 0J&O 1D 62
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
1+ 2+ 1+ ā+ 2ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ
ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,,
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɚ ɥɢɬɢɹ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
x &D 2+ &2
x 0Q&O 1D 6
x + 32 .2+ x 1D+62 1D2+ x 1D 62 .2+
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
+&2 + + 2 &2ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ
ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɩɟɪɯɥɨɪɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ 1D&O2 ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ
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ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
x . 32 &D 12 x +&O2 1D2+ x =Q 2+ .2+
x 1D&O 0Q 2+ x 0Q&O 1D2+
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
6 + + 6
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɩɨɯɥɨɪɢɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ .&O2 ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ 1D0Q2 ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ +&221+
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɯɪɨɦɚ ,,, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
x 3E 12 .,
x &+ &22+ .2+ x 0Q6 +&O
x &U&O 1D2+ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
x 0Q&O 1D12
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
=Q 2+ 2+ >=Q 2+ @
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ &+ &221+
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ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ,, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
x )H6 +&O
x 0Q&O 1D2+
x +&O2 &D 2+ x 1D 62 .&O
x 1D+62 +&O
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
+ ) +)ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ
ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɥɢɬɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɨɥɨɜɚ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɦɟɞɢɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ x %D&O . 32
x + 32 %D 2+ x )H62 1D2+
x %D&O .12
x &+ &221D + 62
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
&U , &U,
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ 1D $V2 ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɛɪɨɦɢɞ ɨɥɨɜɚ
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