Оценка и пути достижения экологической чистоты металлургического производства. Практикум

ɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ 1,1, ɉɚɬɦ (2004) =

=181 402,13 ɪɭɛ., ɱɬɨ ɜ 1,3 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 2001 ɝ.

2.ɉɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ:

ɉɩɨɱɜ (2001) = 1484 · 0,12 · 1,9 · 100,3 = 33 936,71 ɪɭɛ.;

ɉɩɨɱɜ (2004) = 1484 · 115 · 1,9 = 324 254 ɪɭɛ.,

ɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ 1,1, ɉɚɬɦ (2004) =

=356 679,4 ɪɭɛ., ɱɬɨ ɜ 10,5 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 2001 ɝ.

3.ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɢ:

ɉȈ (2001) = 243 867,47 + 33 936,71 = 277 804,18 ɪɭɛ.;

ɉȈ (2004) = 181 402,13 + 356 679,4 = 538 081,53 ɪɭɛ.

ȼ 2004 ɝ. ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɋɢɦɨɧɹɧ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ʉɨɫɵɪɟɜ Ʉ.Ʌ., Ʉɨɱɟɬɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ: Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ. Ⱦɨɦ Ɇɂɋɢɋ, 2011. – 92 ɫ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2.13. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɋɉ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ Ⱦɋɉ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ.

ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ

ȼɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɢ ȿ = 100 ɬ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɵɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɵ, ǻC = 1,6 %, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ Ɋɷ = 2,5 ɤɝ/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ q = 30 ɤɝ/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɧɟɞɨɠɨɝ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɚ = 4 %, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ, %: CO – 21, CO2 – 17, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ t = 1 ɱ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ

ɍɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ, ɦ3, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

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ɝɞɟ n – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟn = 1,87, ɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ n = 3,6.

ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦ3/(ɬ · ɱ),

Vɭɞ = Vɩɥ .

Em t

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 3,6. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

Vɭɞ = 17, 6 10−3 = 178 ɦ3/(ɬ · ɱ). 100 1

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

Ʉɚɰ Ʌ.ɇ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɗɋɉɐ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɂɋɢɋ, 1988. – 51 ɫ.

Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ., Ɍɭɥɭɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɇ., Ɂɢɧɭɪɨɜ ɂ.ɘ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, 1992. – 112 ɫ.

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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2.14. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ Ⱦɋɉ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ Ⱦɋɉ-100 ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ.

ɉɟɱɶ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ – 1200 ɦ3/ɱ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 750 ɦɦ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ – 610 ɦɦ; ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 1200 ɦɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 1000 ɦɦ; ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,74 ɦ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɦ3/ɱ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ Ⱦɋɉ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɭ

Vɝ = VCO + VCO2 + VN2 + VO2,

ɝɞɟ VCO ɢ VCO2 – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ CO ɢ CO2 ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɦ3/ɱ;

ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ;

VN2 VNɷ2 VNɜ2 – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɱɟ-

ɪɟɡ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ;

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.

ɉɨɞɫɨɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

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ɝɞɟ μ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,8;

F – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ), ɦ2;

k – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ; p – ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɢ (ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ), ɉɚ; ȡɜ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɤɝ/ɦ3; ɩɪɢ 20 °ɋ ȡɜ = 1,2.

ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɪ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɞɨɦ: ɪ = ɪɫɜ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɝɚɡɚ (ɬɹɝɢ) ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɪ = ɪɫɜ – ɇ · (ȡɜ – ȡɝ) · 9,81,

ɝɞɟ ɇ – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ ɨɤɧɚ, ɦ; ɪɫɜ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɞɨɦ, ɉɚ;

ȡɝ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɤɝ/ɦ3; ɩɪɢ 1500 °ɋ

ȡɝ = 0,2.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

1. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (CO ɢ CO2).

ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ Vco ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ:

–ɧɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜɚɧɧɵ;

–ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɋɈ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɨ CO2.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,7. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

Ⱦɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ CO ɞɨ CO2 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɦɵ.

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ

2[ɋ] + O2 = 2CO,

ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ 1 ɦɨɥɹ O2 ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ 2 ɦɨɥɹ ɋɈ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 0,7 · 2 = 1,4 ɦɨɥɹ CO, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ CO ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

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VɋɈa 1,4¸VO2 1,4¸3480 4872 ɦ3/ɱ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ 25…65 % CO ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ CO2. ɉɭɫɬɶ 25 % CO ɞɨɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ CO2. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ 1 ɦ3 CO ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ CO2, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:

VɋɈ 0,75¸VOa2 0,75¸4900 3654 ɦ3/ɱ.

VɋɈ2 0, 25 ¸VɋɈa 0, 25 ¸4900 1218 ɦ3/ɱ.

2.Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ CO ɢ CO2, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ.

Ⱦɥɹ Ⱦɋɉ-100 ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ CO ɢ CO2, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ (< 10 %), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ.

3.Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1,74 ɦ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

ɪ = + 5 – (1,74 – 0,6) · (1,2 – 0,2) · 9,81 = –6,18 ɉɚ.

ɉɨɞɫɨɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ

4. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ CO.

ɇɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ 1218 CO2 ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨɛɴɟɦɟ

VɈɜ2 12 ¸1218 609 ɦ3/ɱ.

5. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ

ȼ 10 315,14 ɦ3 ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ:

VɈ2 = 10 315,14 · 0,21 = 2166,2 /ɱ;

VɈ2 = 10 315,14 · 0,79 = 8149,0 ɦ3/ɱ.

6. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ:

55

Vɝ = 3654 + 1218 + 2166,2 – 609 + 1200 + 8149,0 = 15 778,2 ɦ3/ɱ.

7. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ:

CO – 3654 ɦ3/ɱ (23 %); CO2 – 1218 ɦ3/ɱ (8 %);

O2 – 1557,2 ɦ3/ɱ (10 %); N2 – 9349 ɦ3/ɱ (59 %).

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ CO ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ CO ɞɨ CO2 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 65 % (ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 95 %).

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɰɢɚɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɂɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɭɱɟɬ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ., Ɍɭɥɭɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɇ., Ɂɢɧɭɪɨɜ ɂ.ɘ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, 1992. – 112 ɫ.

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ ɘ.Ʌ., Ƚɨɪɤɢɧɚ ɂ.Ⱦ., ɒɚɩɪɢɰɤɢɣ ȼ.ɇ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɉȾȼ: ɋɩɪɚɜ. – Ɇ.: «ɋɉ ɂɇɌȿɊɆȿɌ ɂɇɀɂɇɂɊɂɇȽ», 1999. – 480 ɫ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2.15. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɋɉ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɋɈ.

ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ CO, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɪɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɨ CO2. ɉɪɢɦɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɈ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4900 ɦ3/ɱ, ɚ ɞɨ ɋɈ2 ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ~ 60 % CO.

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Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ:

Qɝ Vɝ ¸ɋɝɌ (ɫɋɈɆɟ ¸ɌɋɈɆɟ QɋɈɪ ) ¸VɋɈɆɟ,

ɝɞɟ Qɝ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤȾɠ/ɱ;

ɫɋɈɆɟ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ CO, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɧɵ, ɤȾɠ/(ɦ3 · Ʉ), ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;

Q ɪ – ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ CO, ɤȾɠ/ɦ3.

ɋɈ

ȼ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɭɝɚɦɢ, ɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.

ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɷɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɱɢ:

ɝɞɟ ɫɝ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɱɢ, ɤȾɠ/(ɦ3 · Ʉ).

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ., Ɍɭɥɭɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɇ., Ɂɢɧɭɪɨɜ ɂ.ɘ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ.– Ɇ.: Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, 1992. – 112 ɫ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2.16. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

Ɉɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ (Ⱦɋɉ) ɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɧɭɸ

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ɩɟɱɶ Ɏɭɤɫ (ɒɉɎ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ.

ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ:

–ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ – 155 000 ɧɦ3/ɱ;

–ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ – 109 200 ɧɦ3/ɱ;

–ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ – 0,31 ɤɝ/ɧɦ3;

–ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ – 250 °ɋ;

–ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ – 200…210 ɦɦ ɜɨɞ. ɫɬ.

ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.19 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ (Ƚȼɋ) ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ.

Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɒɉɎ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɵɥɶ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ 25 % ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɵɥɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɞɨɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ, ɫɭɛɦɢɤɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ 30…40 %, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 40…45 ɝ/ɧɦ3 ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ: Bɩɵɥɶ(ɒɉɎ) = 155 000 · 30 = 4 650 000 ɝ/ɱ = 4650 ɤɝ/ɱ;

Bɩɵɥɶ(Ⱦɋɉ) = 4650 3040 = 6200 ɤɝ/ɱ, ɢɥɢ 155 000 · 40 = 6200 ɤɝ/ɱ.

Ɂɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ:

ɋɩɵɥɶ(ɒɉɎ) = 4650 · 10–3 / 1 550 000 = 3 ɝ/ɦ3;

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ɋɩɵɥɶ(Ⱦɋɉ) = 6200 · 10–3/ 2 147 000 = 2,9 ɝ/ɦ3.

Ɂɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɵɥɢ (ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜɩɵɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.20

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɵɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 97 ɞɨ 94 %, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɫɨ 100 ɞɨ 200 ɦɝ/ ɦ3.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 450…600 ɬɵɫ. ɦ3/ɱ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ «ɦɨɤɪɨɣ» ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ «ɝɪɹɡɧɨɝɨ» ɜɨɞɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɋɢɦɨɧɹɧ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ʉɨɫɵɪɟɜ Ʉ.Ʌ., Ʉɨɱɟɬɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ: Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ. Ⱦɨɦ Ɇɂɋɢɋ, 2011. – 92 ɫ.

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ɂɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ 12.06.2003 ʋ 344 «Ɉ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɚɯ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɛɪɨɫɵ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ»

(ɫ ɢɡɦ. ɜ ɪɟɞ. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ 01.07.2005 ʋ 410)

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ1.1

ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ

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