Оценка и пути достижения экологической чистоты металлургического производства. Практикум
.pdfɝɞɟ ɉɋɈ ɢ ɉɧi – ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɋɈ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɉȾȼ), ɪɭɛ/ɬ.
ɍɳɟɪɛ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ:
ɍɜɨɞ = ɇɭ(ɜɨɞ) · kɦ · mɫɬ n |
ɋi Ai , |
(1.13) |
i 1 |
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ɝɞɟ ɇɭ(ɜɨɞ) – ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɪɭɛ/ɭɫɥ. ɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ;
ɋi – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɫɛɪɨɫɚɯ, ɬ/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ kɦ = 1,06…1,41 ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ kɦ = 2,2.
ɍɳɟɪɛ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɍɩɨɱɜ = kɦ · m ɫɬ |
n |
, |
(1.14) |
M · Н |
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ni ɭ(почв)i |
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i 1
ɝɞɟ Mni – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ i-ɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ;
kɦ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɥ. 3), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 3 ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɞɢɣ, 1,5 – ɞɥɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɶɹ, 0,7 – ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, 0,5 – ɜ ɉɨɥɟɫɶɟ;
ɇɭ(ɩɨɱɜ)i – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ (ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜ ɩɥɚɬɵ) ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ 1 ɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɪɭɛ/ɬ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɥ. 3).
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɇɭ(ɚɬɦ), ɇɭ(ɜɨɞ), ɇɭ(ɩɨɱɜ) ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɧɢɡɤɢ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɥ. 1–5.
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɧ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ (ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ, ɰɟɯɨɦ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ) – ɧɨɜɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ – ɭɳɟɪɛ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
11
ɉɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ – ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɳɟɪɛɨɦ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ¨ɍ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ
¨ɍ = ɍ0 – ɍj, |
(1.15) |
ɝɞɟ ɍ0 ɢ ɍj – ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦɭ j-ɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ (ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɰɟɯ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ), ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɡɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ (ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ) ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ.
ȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ). ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ – ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
1.3. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɟɦɧɵɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
12
m |
l |
k |
p |
ɗɪ = Ɉɩɩi ɐɩɩi ± ¨ɉi ± ¨Ɂɨɬɯi ± ¨ɗɬɟɯi , (1.16) |
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i 1 |
i 1 |
i 1 |
i 1 |
ɝɞɟ Oɩɩi – ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɦ3, ɬ, ɲɬ/ɝɨɞ;
ɐɩɩi – ɰɟɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɪɭɛ/ɦ3, ɪɭɛ/ɬ, ɪɭɛ/ɲɬ;
ǻɉi – ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ;
ǻɁɨɬɯi – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ;
ɗɬɟɯi – ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ;
m – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
l – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
k – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ; p – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ (1.16) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ (+) ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ (–) ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ȼ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
k |
k |
|
ɗɪ = Pɩɨj |
– Ɂɩɨj , |
(1.17) |
j 1 |
j 1 |
|
ɝɞɟ Ɋɩɨj – ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ j-ɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ;
Ɂɩɨj – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ j-ɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ;
k – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
Ɂɩɨ = Ɂɬɟɤ + ɍ, |
(1.18) |
13
ɝɞɟ Ɂɬɟɤ – ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ (ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ), ɪɭɛ; ɍ – ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɪɭɛ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɩɨ = ¨ɍ + Ⱦ, |
(1.19) |
ɝɞɟ Ⱦ – ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ⱦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: |
|
Ⱦ = Ȉ (qj(1)zj – qi(0)zi), |
(1.20) |
ɝɞɟ qj(1) ɢ qi(0) – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ) ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ j-ɝɨ ɢ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ), ɬ, ɲɬ., ɦ3 ɢ ɞɪ;
zj ɢ zi – ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɩɬɨɜɚɹ ɰɟɧɚ) ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ j-ɝɨ ɢ i-ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɪɭɛ/ɬ, ɪɭɛ/ɲɬ., ɪɭɛ/ɦ3 ɢ ɞɪ.
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ) ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ:
ɗȈ = ɊȈ – ɁȈ, |
(1.21) |
ɝɞɟ ɊȈ – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ); ɁȈ – ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɵɝɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ, ɪɭɛ., ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
14
ɊIJ = |
ɍ Ⱦ |
(1.22) |
(1 r)t |
||
t 1 |
|
|
Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɭɛ., ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
|
|
ɁIJ = |
Ɂтек ɍ |
+ Ʉɩ, |
(1.23) |
|
(1 r)t |
||||
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|
t 1 |
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||
ɝɞɟ |
1 |
= D – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɡɞɟɫɶ IJ – ɫɪɨɤ |
|||
(1 r)t |
|||||
t 1 |
|
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|
|
|
ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ), ɥɟɬ; r – ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ;
Ɂɬɟɤ – ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ; ɍ – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɪɭɛ/ɝɨɞ; Ʉɩ – ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɭɛ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ Ⱦ, Ɂɬɟɤ, ɍ ɢ ¨ɍ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɪɭɛ/ɪɭɛ ɜɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
( У С ¸mɫɬ ) (1 r) t
ɗɗɎ = |
|
t 1 |
, |
(1.24) |
Ʉ |
|
|||
|
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|
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ɝɞɟ ¨ɋ = ɋ1 – ɋ0, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɋ0 ɢ ɋ1 – ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɪɭɛ/ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨ-
ɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ.
ȼɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ
15
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɂɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɢɧɝɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɨ j-ɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ʉj = |
k j |
, |
(1.25) |
|
Iɰj |
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ɝɞɟ kj – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ j-ɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ; Iɰj – ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ j-ɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ki |
αi q j |
, |
(1.26) |
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qɷɬ |
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ɝɞɟ Įi – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ i-ɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ; q j – ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ;
qɷɬ – ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ), ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ 0 100 % , ɝɞɟ 0 ɢ
0
– ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɷɤɨɧɨɦɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ-
16
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ) ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
¨mɦɚɬɟɪ = mɦɚɬɟɪ |
0 |
100 % . |
(1.27) |
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0 |
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ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
17
2.ɊȿɋɍɊɋɈɋȻȿɊȿɀȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂə
ȼɆȿɌȺɅɅɍɊȽɂɂ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2.1. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
Ɉɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1 (ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ 4, 6 ɢ 8) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɥ. 1).
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɭɫɥ. ɬ/ɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Mɩɪ = ȈBjAj, ŁȺɩɵɥɶɷɮ j ,
ɝɞɟ Bj – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ j-ɝɨ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɚ, ɤɝ/ɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
Aj – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ) j-ɝɨ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɚ, ɭɫɥ. ɬ/ɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ;
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱥɩɵɥɶɷɮ , ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɵɥɢ Ⱥɩɵɥɶɷɮ .
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ Ⱥɩɵɥɶɷɮ |
j ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ |
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ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ 100 %) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ |
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ɷɮ |
Ⱥjbj |
, |
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Ⱥɩɵɥɶ j |
100 |
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18
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1 |
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ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥi |
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ɋɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɥɚɬɵ |
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Ɇɉ* |
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ, % |
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ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ |
Aj, ɭɫɥ. ɬ/ɬ |
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ɄɄ |
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ɗɉ |
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ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ, ɪɭɛ/ɬ |
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ |
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bj A j |
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bj A j |
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bj A j |
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ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ |
bj |
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bj |
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bj |
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100 |
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100 |
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100 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 |
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CO |
0,6 |
1,0 |
– |
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– |
– |
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– |
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– |
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– |
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Fe2O3 |
52,0 |
86,7 |
86,7700 |
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75,2296 |
57,1400 |
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49,5404 |
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52,6500 |
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45,6476 |
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FeO |
52,0 |
86,7 |
1,7600 |
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1,5259 |
20,3600 |
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17,6521 |
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0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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CaO |
7,5 |
12,5 |
0,8700 |
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0,1088 |
12,9300 |
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1,6163 |
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3,1100 |
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0,3888 |
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SiO2 |
41,0 |
68,3 |
1,5600 |
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1,0655 |
2,2600 |
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1,5436 |
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7,0400 |
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4,8083 |
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Al2O3 |
52,0 |
86,7 |
0,2900 |
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0,2514 |
0,2600 |
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0,2254 |
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1,5500 |
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1,3439 |
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MgO |
41,0 |
68,3 |
4,3900 |
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2,9984 |
1,6200 |
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1,1065 |
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12,3300 |
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8,4214 |
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P2O5 |
21,0 |
35 |
0,8700 |
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0,3045 |
0,2200 |
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0,0770 |
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1,9800 |
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0,6930 |
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Na2O |
205,0 |
341,7 |
0,5700 |
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1,9477 |
0,2100 |
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0,7176 |
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0,1400 |
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0,4784 |
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TiO2 |
5,0 |
8,3 |
0,0260 |
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0,0022 |
0,0200 |
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0,0017 |
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0,2600 |
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0,0216 |
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MnO |
41,0 |
68,3 |
0,8100 |
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0,5532 |
2,1900 |
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1,4958 |
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5,1400 |
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3,5106 |
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MnO2 |
2050,0 |
3416,7 |
0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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P2O5 |
683,0 |
1138,3 |
0,0950 |
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1,0814 |
0,2190 |
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2,4929 |
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0,0700 |
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0,7968 |
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Cr2O3 |
1025,0 |
1708,3 |
0,2600 |
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4,4416 |
0,0500 |
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0,8542 |
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12,2500 |
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209,2668 |
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Cr+6 |
1366,0 |
2276,7 |
0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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V2O5 |
1025,0 |
1708,3 |
0,0095 |
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0,1623 |
0,0066 |
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0,1127 |
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0,0580 |
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0,9908 |
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BaO |
7,5 |
12,5 |
0,0095 |
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0,0012 |
0,0210 |
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0,0026 |
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0,0000 |
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0,0000 |
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NiO |
1366,0 |
2276,7 |
0,0630 |
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1,4343 |
0,0033 |
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0,0751 |
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0,0700 |
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1,5937 |
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CuO |
1025,0 |
1708,3 |
0,2200 |
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3,7583 |
0,0990 |
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1,6912 |
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0,3000 |
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5,1249 |
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ZnO |
41,0 |
68,3 |
0,0084 |
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0,0057 |
2,0900 |
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1,4275 |
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2,4600 |
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1,6802 |
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19 |
PbO |
6833,0 |
11388,3 |
1,0800 |
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122,9936 |
0,2000 |
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22,7766 |
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0,3900 |
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44,4144 |
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Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1 |
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ɋɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɥɚɬɵ |
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Ɇɉ* |
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɵɥɢ, % |
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Aj, ɭɫɥ. ɬ/ɬ |
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ɄɄ |
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ɗɉ |
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ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ |
ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ, ɪɭɛ/ɬ |
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ |
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bj A j |
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bj A j |
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bj A j |
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ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ |
bj |
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bj |
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bj |
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100 |
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100 |
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100 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 |
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MoOx |
7,5 |
12,5 |
0,0053 |
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0,0007 |
0,0055 |
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0,0007 |
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0,0570 |
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0,0071 |
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SbO5 |
683,0 |
1138,3 |
0,0210 |
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0,2390 |
0,0440 |
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0,5009 |
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0,0160 |
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0,1821 |
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As2O5 |
683,0 |
1138,3 |
0,2100 |
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2,3904 |
0,0088 |
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0,1002 |
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0,0490 |
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0,5578 |
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CoO |
2050,0 |
3416,7 |
0,0300 |
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1,0250 |
0,0008 |
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0,0273 |
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0,0042 |
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0,1435 |
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HgO |
6833,0 |
11388,3 |
0,0100 |
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1,1388 |
0,0020 |
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0,2278 |
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0,0002 |
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0,0228 |
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MOx |
7,5 |
12,5 |
0,0053 |
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0,0007 |
0,0050 |
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0,0006 |
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0,0570 |
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0,0071 |
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SrO |
5,0 |
8,3 |
0,0193 |
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0,0016 |
0,0200 |
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0,0017 |
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0,0160 |
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0,0013 |
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Bi2Ox |
683,0 |
1138,3 |
0,0200 |
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0,2277 |
0,0100 |
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0,1138 |
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0,0009 |
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0,0102 |
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ɂɬɨɝɨ |
99,9823 |
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222,8894 |
99,9950 |
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104,3820 |
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99,9983 |
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330,1129 |
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_______________
*Ɇɉ – ɦɚɪɬɟɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ, ɄɄ – ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ, ɗɉ – ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ.
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