Дидактические материалы для работы с учебным пособием С.В. Андриановой «English Thesaurus of Student-Physicist». Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf2.What principle was applied to tiny particles to analyze them? (Applying the wave-particle duality to matter led to the development of a way to analyze the behavior of tiny particles more accurately than ever before.)
3.What experiment proved that matter could also behave like a wave? (The double slit experiment, but with a beam of electrons instead of light. They shot this beam of electrons at a plate with two slits cut into it, with a screen behind the plate that glowed wherever it was hit by an electron. And they found that the electrons created a diffraction pattern, just like light did!)
4.Do electrons and all other matter – atoms, molecules, etc. behave like both waves and particles? (Yes.)
5.If all objects can have wavelengths, why don’t we see them? (The wavelength is equal to Planck’s constant divided by the momentum. But Planck’s constant is a tiny number. The larger the momentum, the tinier the wavelength. For anything that’s big enough to see with the naked eye, the wavelength is so small that there’s no way we’d ever be able to detect it.)
6.What do we mostly use Schrödinger’s equation for? (You can use it to predict the probability of finding a particle at any given point in space, known as the probability density function.)
7.Why can it be a real problem if you’re trying to measure tiny things like atoms or electrons? (There’s a limit to how precisely you can measure position and momentum combined. You can’t always know an electron’s position as precisely as you’d like, because then you’ll have a less precise measurement of its momentum. quantum
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mechanics tells us that there’s a built-in limit to how much we can learn about particles.)
8.What is the best way to describe the behavior of very tiny things? (quantum mechanics)
Exercise 3. Give examples of using photoelectric effect. /sound in films, television, solar batteries, photoelements in street lights/
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
The classical theory of thermal radiation was quite adequate in the 19th century. (F) /inadequate/
The earliest ideas of quantum theory were introduced by Plank. (T)
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation does not depend on the temperature and properties of the object. (F) /depends/
Photon would be emitted when a quantized oscillator made a jump from an energy state to the next lower state. (T)
X-rays cannot be deflected by either electric or magnetic fields. (T)
Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history of the invention; the way and prospects of using etc.:
The use of quantum computers will change our life completely.
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Unit 28
ATOMIC PHYSICS
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thnDxFdkzZs
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1.What does the word “atom” mean? (It means uncuttable or indivisible.)
2.What does the law of conservation of mass state? (It states that even if matter changes shape or form, its mass stays the same.)
3.Who determined that elements exist as discreet packets of matter? (the English teacher James Dalton)
4.How did J.J. Thompson discover electrons? (He was able to estimate the mass of the “rays” in the discharge tube. The mass was about 1000 times lighter than a hydrogen, the smallest bit of matter known at the time. He concluded that the cathode "rays" weren't rays or waves at all, but very small negatively-charged particles.)
5.How did Thompson's model of the atom look like? (Thompson knew that the atom overall had a neutral charge, so he imagined that the negatively charged electrons must be distributed randomly in a positively charged matrix. He visualized this model as a familiar English dessert: plum pudding. It is called the "plum pudding model.")
6.Who discovered that most of the atom is empty space? How? (Rutherford concluded that most of the atom is empty space. He bombarded the sheet of gold foil with alpha particles.)
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7.Who predicted the most likely positions of electrons within the atom? (Niels Bohr. His analyzed the gold foil experiment and calculations based on the proportion of the alpha particles. He predicted the planetary model.)
8.Who discovered that it is impossible to know with certainty both the momentum of an electron or any subatomic particle and its exact position? (The German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg.)
9.Why do we say that the arrangement of electrons around a nucleus could only be described in terms of probability? (There are certain regions where an electron is much more likely to be found. We call these regions ‘orbitals’.)
10.How is the quantum model of an atom often called? (the cloud model of the atom)
Exercise 3. Give examples of using the achievements of atomic physics in our life. /x-rays/
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
The hydrogen atom is the simplest atomic system. (T)
An atom will emit radiation only at certain frequencies according to various states. (T)
Discrete bright lines are not observed in a spectrometer.
(F) /They are observed./
Quantum numbers are not used to characterize various atomic states. (F) /They are used./
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. (T)
Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history of the invention; the way and prospects of using; being ecological-friendly etc.: All the countries should use the achievements of atomic physics more.
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Unit 29
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUhJL7o6_cA
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1.What is the energy of a particle equal to? (It equals to its mass, times the speed of light squared.)
2.What does the nucleus of any atom consist of? (protons and neutrons)
3.What can we say using atomic and mass number? (We can describe how many protons and neutrons are in an atom’s nucleus.)
4.What is determined by its atomic number? (The chemical symbol for the nucleus.)
5.What are isotopes? (Any two nuclei that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.)
6.Why is the total mass of a stable nucleus always less than the total mass of the individual protons and neutrons put together? (That difference in mass is equal to an amount of energy required to break up a nucleus into its component particles.)
7.How is a nucleus held together? (Because of nuclear force which is strong enough to overcome the repulsive force between protons, /but it only acts over very small distances/.)
8.What is radioactivity? (The decay of unstable nuclei, accompanied by emission of energetic particles.)
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9.Who was the first to discover radioactivity? (Natural radioactivity was first discovered by Henri Becquerel, who observed how a chunk of mineral that contained uranium affected a photographic plate that was covered up by paper. Even though the paper was blocking out visible light, the radiation from the uranium penetrated the paper and left its mark on the plate.)
10.How are the emitted rays categorized? (There are three groups, based on their penetrating power.)
Exercise 3. Give examples of using radioactivity in other sciences (History, medicine etc.)? /radiocarbon dating, cancer cure/
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
Mass and energy are equivalent. (T)
The proton is positively charged, while the neutron is electrically neutral. (T)
the total mass of a stable nucleus is always more than the total mass of the individual protons and neutrons put together. (F) /the total mass is less/
Very large nuclei are held together as strongly as small nuclei. (F) /are not held/
A neutrino is a particle with a very small mass that is electrically neutral. (T)
Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history; the way and prospects of using etc.:
Nuclear Physics helped the development of other sciences.
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Unit 30
NUCLEAR ENERGY AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FU6y1XIADdg
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1.What is the amount of energy, that holds each proton or neutron in an atom's nucleus equal to? (It is the same amount that's released when it's removed /binding energy/.)
2.How is the binding energy of an atom calculated? (with the formula E = m )
3.How is mass defect present in the nucleus? (in the form of energy)
4.What are the two general types of nuclear reactions? (fission and fusion)
5.What is fission? (Fission occurs when a large nucleus splits into two lighter ones.)
6.What is fusion? (Fusion is when two light nuclei join together to form a heavier one.)
7.Which elements react much more readily? (elements with lower binding energies)
8.What is the most common fuel for fission? (It is uranium235.)
9.What is the fission reaction triggered by? (The reaction is almost always triggered by hitting uranium with neutrons from another source.)
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10.How is the energy released in this reaction? (This energy is released mainly as the kinetic energy of the escaping particles, some energy is also released in the form of electro-magnetic radiation such as visible light, x-rays, and gamma radiation.)
11.How do nuclear power plants use the energy released by these reactions? (Nuclear power plants use the energy released by these reactions to convert water to steam, which then is passed through turbines spinning a generator, powering cities etc.)
12.Why can nuclear power plants potentially produce lots of electricity? (Because of the enormous amounts of energy these reactions can release.)
13.What possible drawbacks of using fission can you think of? (If chain reaction is not controlled, it has the potential to produce far more heat than the plant can use and the temperature can easily rise to dangerous levels, enough to melt the uranium.)
14.What is the way to control nuclear reaction? (A real way we control nuclear reactions is with control rods. They're made of materials that readily absorb neutrons and they're inserted between the fuel rods of uranium to slow the neutrons down and therefore slow the reaction. They can be put in more to slow the reaction more, and lifted out more if you need more heat.)
15.What do the periods of half-lives range from? (They have half-lives ranging from a few years to tens of millions of years.)
16.Is the amount of energy released in fusion bigger than that of fission? (The energy released in many fusion reactions dwarfs even the huge amount released by fission.)
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17.Why don’t we use this type of reaction to produce energy? (This reaction requires a total input of more atoms than it produces and we can’t control it.)
Exercise 3. Pronounce the chemical elements: U235, Th.
/uranium two hundred and thirty five, thorium/
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
Mass is interchangeable with energy. (T)
In case of fission a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei. (T)
A nuclear reactor is a system designed to maintain the reaction of fusion. (F) /to maintain a self-sustained chain reaction/
Atoms are smaller than quarks. (F)
The strong force is between quarks. (T)
Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history of the invention; the way and prospects of using; being ecological-friendly etc.:
It is of high importance to study elementary particles.
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Елена Георгиевна Иванова
Дидактические материалы для работы с учебным пособием С.В. Андриановой
«English Thesaurus of Student-Physicist»
Учебно-методическое пособие
Корректор Е.Е. Шумакова
Подписано в печать 06.09.2022. Формат 60х84 1/16.
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