Дидактические материалы для работы с учебным пособием С.В. Андриановой «English Thesaurus of Student-Physicist». Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf1.What is a fluid? (Everything that flows.)
2.What quality is very important when we speak about fluids? (Density.)
3.What letter is it represented by? (Greek letter ρ /rou/.)
4.What is the formula of density? (Mass divided by volume.)
5.What is density measured in? (in kilogram per meter cubed)
6.Which object has a higher density? (If an object is made of heavier atoms or molecules or those particles are packed more closely together then it's going to have a higher density.)
7.Define pressure. (applied force divided by area)
8.What does it measured in? (Newtons per meter squared = Pascals)
9.What direction do fluids apply pressure? (in every direction)
10.What is Pascal's principle? (If you apply pressure to a confined fluid pressure in every part of the fluid increases by that amount.)
11.What force do we call buoyant? (force pushing something up, counteracting the force of gravity)
12.What is Archimedes' principle? (There is a buoyant force pushing upward on objects in water and it's equal to the weight of the water that the object displaced.)
Fluids in motion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJefjG3xhW0
1.What is an incompressible fluid? (Its density won't change.)
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2.What does viscosity influence? (whether fluids flow easily or not)
3.What is the equation of continuity? (The mass flow rate at one point in the pipe will be equal to the mass flow rate at any other rate?)
4.Which scientist put conservation of energy into a special form useful for fluids? (Bernoulli /Бернулли/)
5.What did Torricelli's theorem use to find the velocity of fluid flowing from a small spout in a container? (conservation of energy) /Торриче́лли/
Exercise 3. Give examples of elastic behaviour of a solid. (An object changes its shape and volume due to applying external force. When the external forces are removed, the object tends to return to its original shape and size. E.g. a ball.)
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
It’s possible to exceed the elastic limit of a substance. (T) /by applying a sufficiently great stress/
Fluids under pressure can perform work. (T)
In the liquid state molecules are in constant random motion and exert only weak forces on each other. (F) /in the gaseous state/
The only stress that a fluid can exert on a submerged object is bulk stress. (T)
Any object submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force with magnitude twice as big as the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. (F) /equal to/
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Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history of the invention; the way and prospects of using; being ecological-friendly etc.:
High-temperature plasmas created in fusion reactors may someday allow humankind to harness the energy source of the sun.
Unit 10
THERMAL PHYSICS
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHbJ_gBOk0
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1.What is temperature? (a measure of how much kinetic energy is in a system)
2.What is a heat transfer? (Temperature difference between two systems; the hotter will always transfer heat to a colder one.)
3.What is thermal equilibrium? (There is no heat transfer.)
4.What is thermal expansion? (The temperature of an object changes.)
5.What makes a solid expand? (Increase in temperature.)
6.What letter is the coefficient of linear expansion represented by? (Greek letter alpha.)
7.What does the value of that coefficient depend on? How? (the material; the higher the coefficient is the more the
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length of the material will change in response to a change in temperature)
8.Why do the bridges/buildings have expansion joints? (to give the concrete room to expand when it is warm outside and contract back down in cooler weather)
9.What is Gay-Lussac's /gei ‘lusʌk/ law about? (As you increase the temperature of a gas while holding the volume constant, the pressure of the gas will go up and vice versa.)/Гей-Люссак/
10.Why does that happen? (The increase in temperature gives the gas molecules more energy and a higher speed.)
Exercise 3. Give examples of thermal energy doing work.
/volcano, steam engine/
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
When placed in contact with each other, two objects at different initial temperatures will eventually reach a common intermediate temperature. (T)
As temperature of the substance increases its volume decreases. (F) /increases/
Absolute zero is used as the basis for the Kelvin temperature scale. (T)
If we introduce a gas into a container, it expands to fill the container uniformly. (T)
Heat leads to changes in potential energy. (F) /internal energy/
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Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history of the invention; the way and prospects of using; being ecological-friendly etc.:
Can thermal energy be used as a source of renewable energy in all countries or only in the regions with high volcanic activity (like Iceland)?
Unit 11
ENERGY IN THERMAL PROCESS
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuSC0ObB-qY
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1.What are the ways to describe the kinetic energy of a system? (temperature, thermal energy)
2.What is the difference between temperature and thermal energy? (Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of each individual molecule in a substance. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of all the molecules in the system added together as opposed to temperature.)
3.Which letter is thermal energy represented by? (U)
4.What should we do to find the thermal energy in a system? (Multiply the average kinetic energy by the number of molecules.)
5.What do we call "heat"? (the amount of thermal energy that's added to or removed from a system)
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6.Does heat flow? (It's the "energy" that is transferred between systems when they are at different temperatures.)
7.What letter is heat represented in equations? (capital letter Q)
8.What unit is used to measure heat? (calories, Joules)
9.What is a calorie? (The amount of energy taken to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.)
10.What does temperature change depend on? (mass and specific heat)
11.What is specific heat? (measure of how well a substance stores heat)
12.How does temperature depend on specific heat? (The higher the specific heat is the more energy transfer it takes to change its temperature.)
13.If Q is positive what does it mean? (Heat is flowing into the system. Negative – the heat is flowing out of the system.)
14.What else affects the way heat flows? (phase changes)
15.What are the ways of heat spread? (convection, conduction, radiation)
Exercise 3. Give examples of any thermal process. /boiling water, measuring the temperature in the room, the sun warming everything/
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
Phase changes involve a change in the internal energy and the temperature. (F) /no change in the temperature/
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Internal energy can be transformed into mechanical energy. (T)
Heat is the transfer of energy between a system and its environment due to a temperature difference between them. (T)
Moderate climate in the regions near large bodies of water is due to high specific heat. (T)
If one part of an isolated system loses energy, another part loses it, too. (F) /another part has to gain the energy/
Exercise 5. Speak on the following topic continuously, using the questions as a plan:
What are the reasons of the greenhouse effect? Why is global warming dangerous? What has been done to reduce it? What are the prospects?
Unit 12
THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSEFfWf2au0
Thermodynamics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4i1MUWJoI0U
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1. What happens when you eat (from the point of view of Physics)? (You convert energy.)
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2.What is thermodynamics? (Branch of physics focused on converting energy.)
3.What does it describe? (how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and also to work)
4.What law defines thermal equilibrium? (zeroth)
5.What is equilibrium? (Equilibrium is where certain properties like pressure, volume or temperature remain the same across the system.)
6.What does the zeroth law say? (Two objects are individually in the thermal equilibrium with a third object, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.)
7.What does the first law define? (heat as a form of energy, which means it cannot be created nor destroyed)
8.What can we do with energy? (convert it into a different form)
9.What types of energy are there inside a system? (kinetic, potential, /internal, rotational/)
10.What types of energy can cross the boundaries of a system? (Heat and work. Heat is the flow of thermal energy; work is any type of energy other than heat.)
Thermodynamics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4i1MUWJoI0U
1.What's the main goal of thermodynamics? (To describe the transfer of energy.)
2.Why isn't "Drinking bird" a perpetual motion machine? (It relies on the energy it gets from the cup. Once the water runs out, the bird stops moving.)
3.What represents the change in the internal energy of the system? (Together, the work and heat transferred into
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or out of the system represent the change in its internal energy.)
Exercise 3. Give examples of any thermal processes you can think of. (Adiabatic – a thermos; basement flooded (you want to pump the water out) – enthalpy; Isochoric – the milk in a glass bottle became spoiled; isobaric – the sun heats sand.)
Exercise 4. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
In the adiabatic process no energy enters or leaves the system by heat. (T)
During an isothermal process the temperature of a system doesn’t change. (T)
An isovolumetric process proceeds at constant volume. (T)
In an isochoric process the change in internal energy of a system equals the energy transferred to the system by heat.
(T)
The energy transferred to the system is positive when energy is transferred out of the system by heat and negative when energy is transferred into the system by heat. (F) /vice versa/
Exercise 5. Give your comments on the following statement, speak about advantages/disadvantages; your attitude; history of the invention; the way and prospects of using; being ecological-friendly etc.:
What types of engines do you know? Which one is the most effective? /e.g. steam engine, internal combustion engine/
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Unit 13
VIBRATIONS AND WAVES
Exercise 1. Follow the link and watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfYCnOvNnFU
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1.When do waves form? (whenever there is a disturbance of some kind)
2.What makes a wave shape? (The information about the disturbance made moves outward as the information travels and it makes a wave shape.)
3.What happens when you hit a trampoline? (The downward push /that you create/ moves the material next to it down, and the same goes for the material next to that and so on. Then the spot you hit recovers and that moves the area next to it upward, too. This up-and-down motion gradually ripples outward, covering more and more of the trampoline. And the ripples take the shape of a wave.)
4.What are the waves made up of? (peaks (with crests) and troughs [o])
5.What is amplitude? (the distance from the peaks to the middle of the wave)
6.What is a wavelength? (the distance between crests)
7.What does the wave speed depend on? (The medium it is traveling.)
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