Английский язык. Учебное пособие-1

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A malignant virus is one that attempts to inflict malicious damage to your computer, although the damage may not be intentional. There is a significant number of viruses that cause damage due to poor programming and outright bugs in the viral code a high percentage of them are very malignant. Some of the more malignant viruses will erase your entire hard disk, or delete files.

A malicious virus might alter one or more of your programs so that it does not work, as it should. The infected program might terminate abnormally, write incorrect information into your documents. Or, the virus might alter the directory information on one of your system areas. This might prevent the partition from mounting, or you might not be able to launch one or more programs, or programs might not be able to locate the documents you want to open.

What Viruses Do?

Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer by corrupting programs, deleting files, or erasing your entire hard disk. Many of the currently known Macintosh viruses are not designed to do any damage. However, because of bugs (programming errors) within the virus, an infected system may behave erratically.

What Viruses Don't Do?

Computer viruses don't infect files on write-protected disks and don't infect documents, except in the case of Word macro viruses, which infect only documents and templates written in Word 6.0 or higher. They don't infect compressed files either. However, applications within a compressed file could have been infected before they were compressed. Viruses also don't infect computer hardware, such as monitors or computer chips. They only infect software.

In addition, Macintosh viruses don't infect DOS-based computer software and vice versa. For example, the infamous Michelangelo virus does not infect Macintosh applications. Exceptions to this rule are the Word and Excel macro viruses, which infect spreadsheets, documents and templates, which can be opened by either Windows or Macintosh computers. Finally, viruses don't necessarily let you know that they are there – even after they do something destructive.

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Types of Computer Viruses

Nowadays the number of viruses is about 55 000. It increases constantly. New unknown types of viruses appear. To classify them becomes more and more difficult. In common they can be divided by three basic signs: a place of situating, used operation system and work algorithms. For example, according to these three classifications virus Chernobyl can be classified as a file infector and resident Windows virus. Further it will be explained what it means.

File Infectors

These are viruses that attach themselves to (or replace) COM and EXE files, although in some cases they can infect files with extensions

.SYS, .DRV, .BIN, .OVL and .OVY. With this type of a virus, uninfected programs usually become infected when they are executed with the virus in memory. In other cases they are infected when they are opened (such as using the DOS DIR command) or the virus simply infects all of the files in the directory is run from (a direct infector). There are three groups of file infectors.

Viruses of the first group are called overwriting viruses because they overwrite their code into an infected file erasing contents. But these viruses are primitive and they can be found very quickly.

Other group is called parasitic or cavity viruses. The infected file is capable of work fully or partly. Viruses can copy itself into the beginning, the middle or the end of a file. They record their code in data known not to be used.

The third group is called companion viruses. They don't change files. They make double of infected file. So when an infected file is being started a double file becomes managing, it means a virus. For example, companion viruses working with DOS use that DOS firstly runs COM. file. Viruses make double file with the same name and with extension COM and copies itself in this file. During start of an infected file DOS runs a COM. file with a virus firstly and then a virus starts an EXE. file.

Sometimes companion viruses rename files. They will be infected and record their code in a double file with old name. For example, the file XCOPY.EXE is renamed into XCOPY.EXD and a virus record itself in file XCOPY.EXE. When this file is started computer runs a virus code firstly and after the virus starts original XCOPY, saved as XCOPY.EXD. Viruses like these ones were found not only in DOS. They were found in Windows and OS/2.

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It is not only one way to make double files. For example there is a subgroup of companion viruses called path-companion viruses. They use special feature of DOS-PATH: hierarchical record of file location. The virus copies itself in a file with the same name but is situated one level higher. In this case DOS will find a file with a virus.

Активные слова и словосочетания

a benign virus – безопасный вирус

a bug – технический дефект, программная ошибка an infected system – зараженная система

a computer chip – компьютерный чип

a computer hardware – компьютерные аппаратные средства a monitor – монитор

a computer virus – компьютерный вирус executable files – действующие файлы

a segment of program code – часть кода программы a resident virus – резидентный вирус

a malignant virus – злостный вирус

a place of situating – место расположения a work algorithm – алгоритм работы

to damage – повреждать a template – шаблон

«Word» macro virus – макровирус «Word» a viral code – вирусный код

a virus payload – полезная нагрузка вируса compressed files – сжатые файлы

corrupting a program – искажение программ erasing a hard disk – стирание жесткого диска an infected program – зараженная система

Macintosh virus – вирусы Макинтоша to replace – переустанавливать

an identified virus – установленный вирус to infect files – заразить файлы

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What is a computer virus?

2.How many types of viruses are there? What are they?

3.How many groups of file-Infector do you know?

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4.Computer viruses do not...

5.Sometime companion viruses…

6.Virus copies itself in…

7.Chernobyl can be…

8.Viruses also don't...

9.They must be...

10.Viruses of the first group are called...

11.A virus is a piece of...

12.This could include erasing a disk ... on your computer.

13.Some viruses programmed ... your entire hard disk.

14.... on write-protected disks and ... in the case of ...

5. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1.Some of the more malignant viruses will erase your entire hard disk, or delete files.

2.Computer viruses do infect files on write-protected disks and do infect documents, except in the case of Word macro viruses, which infect only documents and templates written in Word 6.0 or higher.

3.Usually a viruses has six distinct functions.

4.There are many groups of file infectors.

5.Nowadays the number of viruses is about 55.000.

6.Other group is called parasitic or overwriting viruses.

7.Viruses also don't infect computer hardware such as monitors or computer chips; they only infect software.

8Virus is a software designed and written to adversely affect your computer.

9.Viruses didn't spontaneously generate.

10.A malignant virus is one that is designed to do no real damage to your computer.

11.A benign virus might alter one or two of your programs so that it doesn't work, as it should.

12.The infected programs write correct information into your documents.

13.Macintosh virus don't infect DOS-based computer software and vice versa.

14.Viruses don't necessarily let you know that they are there-even after they do something destructive.

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6. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

1.Что такое компьютерный вирус?

2.Вирус имеет две отличительные функции: нанесение запланированного ущерба и самораспространение.

3.Существуют безвредные вирусы и вирусы, наносящие большой ущерб компьютеру.

4.Вирусы могут повредить данные, изменить программы, удалить файлы, стереть жесткий диск.

5.Вирусы не инфицируют файлы на пишущихся защищенных дисках.

6.В настоящее время вирусов около 55 000.

7.Появляются новые, неизвестные типы вирусов, которые становится все сложнее классифицировать.

8.Есть 3 группы вирусов: 1) overwrting-вирусы, 2) вирусы-паразиты, 3) вирусы-компаньоны.

9.Установка антивирусных программ позволяет находить и удалять вирусы.

7. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

1.A virus is a piece of software.

2.These is a significant number of viruses.

3.A malicious virus might alter one or more of your programs.

4.Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer programs.

5.Computer viruses infect files on write-protected disks.

6.Number of viruses is about 55 000.

7.These are three groups of file infectors.

8.A virus can copy itself into the beginning, the middle or the end of a file.

9.This is a subgroup of companion viruses called path-companion viruses.

10.Virus copies itself in a file.

8. Обсудите следующее. Составьте диалоги:

1.What is a computer virus?

2.How many numbers of viruses are known nowadays?

3.How are viruses divided?

9. Сделайте сообщение по теме: "What is a computer virus?"

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ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для развития навыков чтения на английском языке (компьютерная тематика), а также устной и письменной речи. Учебное пособие структурировано применительно к реальным условиям академического семестра и предлагает аудиторные занятия и самостоятельную подготовку студентов.

Материал отобран в соответствии с принципами актуальности, целесообразности и практического применения. Представленные в учебном пособии тексты позволяют значительно пополнить словарный запас, развить навыки чтения и перевода специальной литературы.

Послетекстовые упражнения имеют своей целью обеспечить усвоение и закрепление лексического материала, поскольку направлены на анализ текста и работу со специальной терминологией, повторение основных явлений грамматики английского языка, необходимых для общения на языке, а также развития навыков устной и письменной речи. Задания варьируются в зависимости от уровня подготовки студентов.

Учебное пособие ориентировано на студентов, владеющих базовыми знаниями в области грамматики и лексики английского языка. Лексические единицы, представленные в разделе «Активные слова», повышают эффективность усвоения материала при самостоятельной работе, а также способствуют закреплению лексики и терминологии.

Автор пособия надеется, что изложенный в нем материал поможет в подготовке будущих специалистов.

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Библиографический список

1.Бжиская, Ю. В. Английский язык. Информационные системы и технологии / Ю. В. Бжиская, Е. В. Краснова. – 2-е изд. – Ростов н/Д :

Феникс, 2013. – 248 с.

2.Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь. – М. : «Русский язык, 1991.

3.Клементьева, Б. А. Повторяем времена английского глагола / Б. А. Клементьева. – 4-е изд. – СПб. : Терция, 1994. – 207 с.

4.Федотова, И. Г. Ускоренный курс английского языка : учебное пособие для неязыковых специальных вузов / И. Г. Федотова, Н. А. Ижевская. – М. : Высшая школа, 1990. – 288 с.

5.Энциклопедия «Britanica», 1992.

6.Dictionary of Contemporary English. – изд. Longman, 1996.