Английский язык. Учебное пособие-1

11

Активные слова и словосочетания

a system’s behavior – поведение системы electronic circuits – электронные цепи

a calculating machine – калькулятор

a sequence of operations – последовательность операций raw data – необработанные данные

a decimal system – десятичная система исчисления to derive – устанавливать

a device – механизм

to simulate – моделировать

a digital computer – цифровой компьютер a quantity – величина

an analogue computer – аналоговый компьютер input data – входные данные

to supply – обеспечивать

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.How many types of computers do you know? What are they?

2.What are the basic sections of digital computers?

3.What is a device that simulates the behaviour of another system in all its states?

4.What differs the analogue computer?

5.What computer is still used in many countries?

6.Has the evolution of the adding machine culminated in electronic digital computers?

7.When does the operator control the sequence of operations?

8.What does the operator supply?

9.What are the basic sections of digital computers?

3. Соотнесите следующие ключевые слова с соответствующим переводом:

1. to simulate 2.circuits

3.a quantity

4.to derive

5.an instruction

6.to provide

12

7.input data

8.raw data

9.to supply

10.a sequence of operations

11.to convert

12.digital

13.a calculator

a.цифровой

b.превращать

c.последовательность операций

d.обеспечивать

e.калькулятор

f.величина

g.устанавливать

h.команда

i.снабжать

j.входные данные

k.необработанные данные

l.цепи

m.моделировать

4. Закончите предложения:

1.An analogue computer is ...

2.The devices known as analogue computers are…

3.The digital computer differs from the ...

4.The simplest digital computer is ...

5.The evolution of the adding machine has …

6.He supplies the ...

7.The first man-made digital computer was ...

8.A very simple and widely used ... of numbers.

9. ... the operator controls the sequence of operations. 10. ... is used ... the sequence of operations.

5. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1.A digital computer is a device that simulates the behavior of another system, often a physical system, in all its states.

2.The digital computer doesn't differ from the analogue computer.

13

3.A very complex widely used analogue computer is the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers.

4.The second man-made digital computer was probably the abacus, which is still used in many regions.

5.A very simple and widely used analogue computer isn't the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of number.

6.The simplest digital computer isn't the human hand.

7.The evolution of the adding machine has culminated in electronic digital computers in which electronic signals are not used as the operative discrete signals.

8.When an ordinary desk calculating machine is used, the operator can't control the sequence of operations.

9.The human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

6. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

1.Цифровой компьютер отличается от аналогового компьютера тем, что он работает только с числами. Оператор управляет последовательностью действий, выполняемых компьютером; он вносит данные в компьютер и делает запись полученных результатов.

2.Аналоговый компьютер – устройство, которое моделирует поведение другой системы.

3.Первым искусственным цифровым компьютером был, вероятно, «абака», который все еще используется во многих странах.

4.Память: запоминает числа и команды.

5.Вывод: предоставляет результат вычислений в приемлемой форме.

6.Калькулятор: выполняет математические действия.

7.Преобразуйте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

1.An analog computer is a device.

2.The digital computer differs from the analogue computer.

3.The first man -made digital computer was probably the «abacus».

4.The human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

5.Store memorizes numbers and instructions.

14

8. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных:

a computer, a system, a state, a distance, a number, a device, a circuit, a quantity, a hand, a country, a signal, an operator, an instruction, a source, an operation, a result, a table, speed.

9. Обсудите преимущества и недостатки аналогового и цифрового компьютеров, используя активную лексику к тексту.

10. Подготовьте сообщение о последних моделях компьютеров.

Unit № 3

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Government to Rescue IT?

Internet and computer growth in Russia has been the envy of every European and North American country during the past few years. But growth in all IT areas is expected to slow by a considerable amount. Cellphone growth in Moscow and St. Petersburg is limited to subscribers exchanging models, while subscriber growth is limited to the regions. Mobile communication companies had hoped that 3G technology would prove to be a boom, but the lack of equipment capable of handing such a technology is holding back development.

"Informatization" of the country means simply buying more computers and increasing. Internet usage has nearly reached the limit that current technological equipment can provide. There is not enough money to increase capacity. The largest computer and Internet service providers in Russia will reach yearly turnover of $500 million, which is far too small of a sum to begin improving communication structures on their own.

Moreover, Russian IT faces another problem: Most of the people who need computers live in cities of one million or more, and those people have already bought them. The majority who live outside of "wired" urban areas have absolutely no reason to buy a computer.

The government, did launch of the Electronic Russian program, which was designed to create an electronic government that would increase interaction between citizens and their elected leaders. Different ministries and political organs could not agree on how to implement the program, and it came to nothing. The government has developed a new plan. This time a single

15

ministry will be responsible for "informatization," and its decisions will be carried out by all government organs. The IT created office will have to have not only the necessary resources but also a fair share of political leverage. If this is not done, then Russia will have to wait many years for IT businesses to become large enough to put pressure on the government to "informatize."

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher. In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. Part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

Активные слова и словосочетания

Internet growth – расширение Интернета a computer growth – компьютерный рост

current technological equipment – выпускаемое сейчас технологическое оборудование

increasing Internet usage – увеличение Интернет-обращения

mobile communication companies – компании мобильных коммуникаций communication structures – структуры связи

e-mail – электронная почта

Internet access – доступ к Интернету

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.How can you describe the present day situation on communication structures market?

2.What are the main challenges while spreading Internet?

3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of spreading computers and Internet access to more people?

16

4.How can the government use Internet?

5.Can you imagine and describe as much ways of using Internet as possible?

6.Has Internet and computer growth in Russia been the envy of every European and North American country during the past few years?

7.But growth in all IT areas is expected to slow by a considerable amount, isn't it?

8.Did the government launch the Electronic Russian program?

9.What does the government do for a new plan?

10.What is the most popular Internet service?

11.Who can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world?

12.What must the government realize?

13.The largest computer and Internet service providers in Russia will reach yearly turnover of $500 million, won't they?

3. Соотнесите следующие ключевые слова с соответствующим переводом:

1.Internet growth

2.a considerable amount

3.current technological equipment

4.Increasing Internet usage

5.mobile communication companies

6.communication structures

7.spreading computers

8.Internet access

9.a computer growth

10.an electronic program

a.увеличение Интернет-обращения

b.выпускаемое сейчас технологическое оборудование

c.значительное количество

d.расширение Интернета

e.электронная программа

f.компании мобильных структур

g.распространение компьютеров

h.компьютерный рост

i.структуры связи

j.доступ к Интернету

17

4. Закончите предложение:

1.Cell phone growth in ...

2.Mobile communication companies had . . .

3.The largest computer ...

4.The majority who ...

5.The government, however, did not ...

6.Let us hope that the ... ;

7.The most popular Internet ...

8.The answer is ...

9.Commercial users can ...

10.The IT office eventually to be ...

5. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1.Internet growth in European countries has been the envy of every South American country.

2.But growth in all IT system is expected to slow by a considerable amount.

3.Most of the people who need computers live outside of "wired" urban areas.

4.The smallest computer and Internet service providers in the USA will reach yearly turnover of $100 million.

5.The most popular computer service is e-mail.

6.The government however, do launch the Electronic USA program.

7.Part of this fee go towards its costs to connect to a larger service providers.

8.Internet is a local program.

9.Russian IT doesn’t face any problem.

10.The government did not give up and is developing a new plan.

6. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

1.Правительство запустило российскую электронную программу, разработанную для того, чтобы создать электронное правительство, которое бы увеличило взаимодействие между гражданами и выбранными ими лидерами.

2.Большинство людей, особенно нуждающихся в компьютерах, живет в городах с населением свыше 1 млн.

19

Unit № 4

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Modern Computer Usage for Keeping the Computer Technology History

Unfortunately, to restore the first electronic digital machines for the demonstration of their work is practically impossible. However with the aid of modern computers it is possible to show the operation of the separate devices. One of such |demonstration complexes was created on the base of plotter «EC-7051M» and the personal computer, which works in the medium DOS. In the 1980- s this plotter was the device for inputoutput information in the computers of United System and worked under control of the special block. In the computer collection of Polytechnic Museum we have this block. IN the correspondence with the comprised technical task the student of Moscow Institute Electronics and Mathematics had developed the schematic of joining this plotter with the personal computer, and then he assembled a new control unit on the basis of contemporary technological base. He wrote programs of control in the algorithmic language C ++ and demonstration programs, which made it possible to derive the images selected by user from the library. The first algorithmic language was FORTRAN (1955), and it's graphic application was language GRAFOR, created for fulfilling the graphic works at the end of 1960 years in the Institute of Applied Mathematics named after M. V. Keldysh.

In the exposition of the Electronic Digital Machines hall for the visitors of any categories we can see the input-output of information from the computer and its fixation in the form of the drawings, different diagrams, graphs and tables on the paper with the aid of the plotter ES7051. In the 1970- s in Central Research Institute of Experimental Dwelling Projects the graphic mapping program ALGRAF was created. It made possible to automate designing of architectural and townbuilding objects. This program made it possible to present the work of an architect during the presence of the planning solutions of rooms and the work of an artist-designer during the search for the versions of complex forms and curved surfaces. Any visitor can perceive itself a little in their role.

Also in the exposition the dynamic stand of logic elements "Logical functions on the semiconductors" works under the control of the personal

20

computer. Executed at the factory of museum in 1960 years, it was no longer subject to restoration. Now it is easy to explain during the excursions with its aid, as can be realized the basic logical functions on the basis of the use of semiconductors in the second generation computers. Now for any categories of visitors it is possible to demonstrate with PC the following slide-shows. Also with the aid of the contemporary multimedia computer it is possible to hear out the computer music.

The work according to digitization of video films was done. The first 5 films have already enumerated: "Academician Lebedev", "Machine geometry and graphics" "Carved surfaces in automatization system" and others. This work is planned to be continued.

It is wonderful to demonstrate the connection of nature, mathematics, computer technology and arts with the aid of the fractal drawing. Fantastic patterns, FRAKTALS, carried out not possessing imagination computer, following the mathematical and artistic intention of the doctor of technical sciences, the chief researcher of Institute Information Transfer of Russian Science Academy Peter Nikolayev. The Computer seemingly sends point into the journey through the complex plane in accordance with some specific roles of the fulfillment of the operations on the complex numbers and obtains the whimsical band of ornament, which exits to the infinite depth. Among the variety of locks, spirals and eddies every time before us the picture of amazing beauty is opened and the reduced copies of primordial Mandelbrot set appear.

In XXI century artistic software finds ever wider acceptance. During May 2002 year in Moscow the festival of media-art is passed "Software as the kind of art or artistic games with software". It was oriented to the skill, adequate to information society, to the activity, artistically and theoretically interpreting new reality, which can be enumerated. With the aid of modern multimedia PC it is possible to look over the work of participants in this festival, which demonstrated deep properties and qualities of programming. These works are executed with the use of contemporary, but most usual, i.e., widespread software. The Programmer-artist, who creates or who uses software "differently", is capable, at least to the period, to conquer commerce and to introduce skill into the spheres, in which its presence is not primordial provided. This usage of a computer with its multimedia possibilities makes it possible substantially to supplement and to expand the set of the themes, connected with the computer technology history without any limitations.