Английский язык. Учебное пособие-1

31

4.a computer science.

5.automated devices.

6.a practical creation.

7.a complex program.

8. Найдите в тексте предложения с пассивным залогом. Выпишите их в тетрадь. Определите форму пассивного залога.

9. Составьте диалог о происхождении первой модели компьютера, используя слова и выражения из упражнения 7.

10. Подготовьте доклады о последних моделях компьютеров.

Unit № 7

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

The main fault of the 70s or the years of "might-have-been hopes"

The great accumulated experience in creating computers, the profound comparison of our domestic achievements with new examples of a foreign computer technique prompted the scientists that it is possible to create computing. It means a new generation meeting the world standards. Many outstanding Ukrainian scientists of that time – Lebedev, Dorodnitsin, Glushkov and others had the same opinion. They proceeded from quite a favorable situation in the country. The computerization of national economy was considered as one of the most essential tasks. It was the decision to create the United system of computers – the machines of a new generation on integrals.

The USA were the first to create the families of computers. In 1963-64 the IBM Company worked out the IBM-360 system. It comprised the models with different capacities for which a wide range of software was created.

A decision concerning the third generation of computers (their structure and architecture) was to be made in the USSR in the late 60s. But instead of making the decision based on the scientific grounds concerning the future of the United system of computers the Ministry of Electronic Industry issued the administrative order to copy the IBM-360 system. The leaders of the Ministry did not take into consideration the opinion of the leading scientists of the country.

32

Despite the fact that there were enough grounds for thinking the 70s would bring new big progresses, those years were the step back due to the fault way dictated by the highest authorities from above.

Активные слова и словосочетания

a foreign computer’s technique – зарубежная компьютерная технология

a computerization – компьютеризация

machines of a new generation – машины нового поколения

the third generation of computers – третье поколение компьютеров the Ministry of Electronic Industry – Министерство электронной промышленности

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.Who proceeded from quite a favorable situation in the country?

2.What was considered to be one of the most important tasks?

3.Who was the first to create the families of computers?

4.When and where was the decision concerning the third generation of computers to be made?

5.What didn’t the leaders of the ministry take into account?

3. Соотнесите следующие ключевые слова с соответствующим переводом:

1.domestic achievements

2.the united system of computers

3.the machines of a new generation

4.a foreign computer

5.a computerization of national economy

a.машины нового поколения

b.зарубежный компьютер

c.внутренние достижения

d.объединенная система компьютеров

e.компьютеризация национальной экономики

33

4. Закончите предложения:

1.Many outstanding Ukrainian scientists of that time . . .

2.Despite the fact that there were enough grounds for thinking the 70s would bring new big progresses, ...

3.…was considered as one of the most essential tasks.

4. ... the machines of new generation on integrals. 5. ... the Ministry of Electronic Industry issued …

5. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1.Many outstanding Ukrainian scientists of that time – Lebedev, Dorodnitsin, Glushkov and others had different opinions concerning the possibility of creating computing means of a new generation.

2.The leaders of the Ministry did not take into consideration the opinion of the leading scientists of the country.

3.A decision concerning the third generation of computers was to be made in the USSR in the late 60s.

4.The USA were the first to create families of computers.

6. Вставьте "was" или "were".

1.The computerization of national economy ... considered as one of the most essential tasks.

2.The USA ... the first to create the families of computers.

3.It comprised the models with different capacities for which a wide range of software ... created.

4.A decision concerning the third generation of computers ... to be made in the USSR in the late 60s.

5.Despite the fact that there ... enough grounds for thinking the 70s would bring new big progresses, those years ... the step back due to the fault way dictated by the highest authorities from above.

7. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1.It was a great accumulated experience in creating computers.

2.They proceeded from quite a favorable situation in the country.

34

3.It was the decision to create the United system of computers – the machines of new generation on integrals.

4.The leaders of the Ministry did not take into consideration the opinion of the leading scientists of the country.

5.The computerization of national economy was considered as one of the most essential tasks.

8. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных:

an experience, a computer, an achievement, an example, a scientist, a standard, a situation, a country, a task, a decision, a generation, a machine, a system, a model, a capacity, a ground, an order, a leader, an opinion, a consideration, a fact, a step, a way.

9. Сделайте сообщение по теме: «The main fault of the 70s or the years of "might-have-been hopes"».

Unit № 8

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Technology of automata-based programming.

Introduction

In recent years a great attention has been paid to the development of the technology of programming for the embedded systems and real-time systems. These systems have special requirements for the quality of software. One of the most well-known approaches for this field of tasks is synchronous programming. Simultaneously with the progress of synchronous programming in Europe, in Russia an approach called "automata-based programming" or "state-based programming" is being created. This method could be considered as a type of synchronous programming. It contains such phases of software developing as designing, implementing, debugging and documenting.

Today it has become one of the main terms in software development. After introduction of the term "input action" the term "automaton without outputs" could be brought in. After addition of the term "output action", the term "automaton" could be brought in. It is the finite determined automaton. That is why, the sort of programming, which is based on this term was called "automata-based programming" in paper. So the process of software creation could be named "automata software design". The feature of this approach is automata. It is defined with the help of transition graphs. For distinguishing of

35

the codes of these graphs the term "state coding" is to be introduced. When using "multiple state coding" with the help of single variable it is possible to distinguish amount of states which is equal to the amount of variables values.

This allows to introduce in programming the term "program observability". Programming is to be performed using the concept of "state", not the concept of "flag variables". It allows to understand and specify the task and its parts (subtasks) better. It is necessary to note that the automata-based programming debug is performed with the help of drawing up the protocols (logging) in the terms of automata.

In this approach there is a formal and isomorphic method of transfer from the transition graph to the software source code. So when using programming languages of the high level, the most suitable way is to use construction which is similar to construction "switch" of the programming language "C". That is why the technology of "automata-based programming" in paper was called as "Switch-technology". Nowadays this technology is being developed in several variants, for different types of task to be solved and for various types of computing devices.

State-Based Programming

Henceforth automata approach was spread to the event-based (reactive) systems. In systems of this kind all limitations, mentioned above are taken away. It is obvious from the name of these systems that events are used among the input actions. The Role of output actions could be played by arbitrary functions. Any real-time operating system could be used as an environment. For programming for event-based systems with the help of automata a procedural approach to software developing was used. So this kind of programming was called as "state-based programming". Using this method output actions are assigned to the arcs, loops or nodes of the transition graphs (mixed automata are to be used — Moore-Mealy automats). This allows to present sequences of actions, which are reactions to corresponding input actions, in the compact form. On the features of programming for the reactive systems is that liquidation of logic in the event handlers and forming of a system of interacting automata, which are called from these handlers, causes logic centralization. Automata in such a system can interact by nesting, by calling ability and with the help of state numbers interchange.

The system of interconnected automata forms is a system-independent part of software. At the same time system-dependent part is formed by functions of input and output actions, event handlers and so on. Another

36

important feature of this approach is that automata in it is used thrice; for specification, for implementation (they stay in the source code) and for drawing up the protocol, which is performed.

Last property allows to verify the propriety of automata system functioning. Logging is performed automatically, it is based on the created program. This mechanism could be also used for large scale tasks and for a task with difficult, smeared software logic.

Any drawn up protocol could be considered as the action script. For the large tasks it is impossible to use sequence diagrams, cooperation diagrams, which are parts of UML language. That is because usage of UML language listed diagrams are suggested to be drawn up manually on the projection phase of developing. In automata-based programming protocols will be build automatically at the runtime.

Automata approach is offered to be used not only for controlling system developing, but also for objects of control modeling. This method was approved on the task of developing of controlling system for a ship diesel generator. Mentioned system was specified with the help of more than thirteen interacting automata. For describing of a model of the diesel generator automata was also used, while designing each automaton was provided with four following documents:

•verbal description ("expectancies declaration");

•bonds scheme, which explains on the human language all symbols which are involved in automatons interface;

•state transition graph with symbolic indication of events, input and output actions;

•source code of program module, which realizes state transition graph (also without usage of meaningful identifiers and comments).

These documents replace self documenting programs, which contain meaningful identifiers and comments. These standard facilities cannot ensure understandability and clearness of the source code for further developing, modifying and enlarging. This problem for difficult logic cannot be solved also with the help of self documenting state transition graphs.

This project had been implemented for computing system with architecture ix86. Henceforward described approach was evolved by N.I. Tukkel developing systems for microcontrollers.

Advantage of automata technology is that all design may be done on personal computer using “Switch-technology” and only on last phase of developing software could be ported to a microcontroller.

37

Активные слова и словосочетания

an automata software design – проект автоматического программного обеспечения

automata-based programming – автоматическое программирование binary variables – двоичные системы

an operating system – операционная система

systems of a logical control – системы логического контроля cooperation diagrams – диаграммы сотрудничества designing – проектирование

documenting – документирование

a language of functional blocks – язык функциональных блоков

a programmable logical controller – программируемый логический диспетчер

a program observability – наблюдение за программой programming languages – языки программирования reactive systems – реактивные системы

a quality of software – качество программного обеспечения synchronous programming – синхронное программирование a technology of programming – технология программирования a type of computing device – тип вычислительных устройств

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What process could be named automata software design?

2.What systems have special requirements for the quality of software?

3.Could this method be considered as a type of synchronous programming?

4.What approach is being created in Russia?

5.Why is the term “state coding” to be introduced?

6.What does multiple state coding allow? Why is automata approach offered to be used?

7.Any real-time operating system could be used as an environment, couldn’t

it?

8.How is the automata-based programming debug performed?

9.What is considered to be a system-independent part of software?

10.What property allows to verity the propriety of automata system functioning?

11.What is the advantage of automata technology?

38

3. Соотнесите части между собой так, чтобы получились предложения:

1.That is why, the sort of programming

2.These methods are

3.In recent years great attention has been

4.This method

5.Automata in such a system

6.So the process of software

a.paid to the development of the technology of programming for the embedded systems and real-time systems.

b.could be considered as a type of synchronous programming.

c.creation could be named «automata software design».

d.which is based on this term was called «automata-based programming» in paper.

e.can interact by nesting, by calling ability and with the help of state numbers interchange.

f.based on the giving specification for the developing project with the help of set of connected transition graphs.

4. Закончите предложения:

1.These systems have ...

2.Nowadays a technology is being ...

3.In work formal methods ...

4.These methods are based ... ,

5. ... it is based on the created program. 6. This paper describes ...

7. ... which contains meaningful identifiers and comments.

8.Any drawn up protocol could be ...

9.This project had been implemented ...

5. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1.This methods could be considered as a type of synchronous programming.

2.That is why the sort of programming, which is based on this term was called "state-based programming" in paper.

3.That is why the technology of "state-based programming" in paper was called as "switch-technology".

39

4.So this kind of programming was called as "state-based programming".

5.After addition of the term "output action", the term "input action" could be brought in.

6.Using offered approach, programming is to be performed using the concept of "state" and of "flag variables".

7.Henceforward described approach was evolved by N. I. Tukkel developing systems for microcontrollers.

8.In automata-based programming protocols will be build automatically at the real-time.

6. Составьте предложения:

Event, the, the, has, term, in, used, been, programming, and, wider, in, programming.

The, after, of, term, "automaton", brought, be, addition, "output action", the, term, could, in.

This, been, for, project, system, had, with, ix86 architecture, implemented, computing.

Of, is, advantage, that, may, all, technology, be, personal, on, automata, design, done, using, computer.

7. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы:

1.In recent years a great attention has been paid to the development of the technology of programming for the embedded systems and real-time systems.

2.The process of software creation could be named "automata software design".

3.This allows to introduce in programming the term "program observability".

4.It allows to understand and specify the task and its parts better.

5.The technology of "automata-based programming" in paper was called as "Switch-technology".

6.In 1996 Russian Fund for Fundamental Investigations in the context of publishing project N° 96-01-14066.

7.Henceforth automata approach was spread to the event-based (reactive) systems.

8.Last type of interaction is described in work.

40

9.Last property allows to verify the propriety of automata system functioning.

10.Logging is performed automatically.

11.This mechanism could be also used for large scale tasks.

12.Mentioned system was specified with the help of more than thirteen interacting automata.

13.These documents replace self documenting programs.

14.This project had been implemented for computing system with architecture ix86.

10.Составьте план пересказа текста на английском языке.

11.Сделайте сообщение по теме: "Technology of automata-based programming".

12.Составьте аннотацию к тексту.

Unit № 9

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

What is a computer virus?

A virus is a piece of software designed and written to adversely affect your computer by altering the way it works without your knowledge or permission. In more technical terms, a virus is a segment of program code that implants itself to one of your executable files and spreads systematically from one file to another. Computer viruses do not spontaneously generate. They must be written and have a specific purpose. Usually a virus has two distinct functions:

•Spreads itself from one file to another without your input or knowledge. Technically, this is known as self-replication and propagation.

•Implements the symptom or damage planned by the perpetrator. This could include erasing a disk, corrupting your programs or just creating havoc on your computer. Technically, this is known as the virus payload, which can be benign or malignant at the whim of the virus creator.

A benign virus is one that is designed to do no real damage to your computer. For example, a virus that conceals itself until some predetermined date or time and then does nothing more than display some sort of message is considered benign.