Английский язык межкультурная коммуникация. Учебное пособие
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When people don't pay attention to the kind of language they use and find themselves focused on things other than the way they come across, this poor attention can be felt by the person with whom they are attempting to communicate. A lack of attention to communication isn't simply about language. An attentive communicator also listens effectively and looks for cues in her conversational partner's body language, behavior and silence. A fix to this could be looking to solutions to the barrier itself, like using apps to translate your conversation. Other solutions can revolve around finding an in-person translator who is bilingual or knows both languages spoken to help in the miscommunication. One may also use facial expressions to get their main points across in a barrier, whether it's due to language differences or even hearing loss.
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Sometimes our gender roles can cause problems with listening; for example, by competing for attention in a social or business situation. This can happen with social flirting or in business if a woman feels like she has to "fight harder" to achieve a certain position. Listening can also be improved through training and education, and not having those opportunities can create a barrier in your communications.
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GRAMMAR MATERIAL |
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(Грамматический справочник) |
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Pronouns |
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Личные |
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I, you, he, she, it, you, they, we |
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Притяжательные |
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My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, Mine, yours, his, |
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hers, its, ours, yours, theirs. |
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Указательные |
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It, this, these, that, those, same, such. |
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Вопросительные |
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Who (whom), whose, which, what, |
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(в вопросительных предложениях) |
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Относительные |
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Who (whom), whose, which, what, |
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(в определительных придаточных) |
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Союзные |
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Who (whom), whose, which, what, |
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(в дополнительных и других придаточных |
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предложениях) |
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Возвратные |
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Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, |
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yourselves, themselves. |
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Взаимные |
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Each other, one another. |
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Отрицательные |
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No, nobody (no one), none, nothing |
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(в отрицательных предложениях). |
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Some, any, no, all, both, each, every, other, |
Неопределенные |
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another, one, much, many, (a) little, (a) few, |
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either, neither. |
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Active voice
Tense
Present
Past
Indefinite |
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Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
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(Simple) |
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Констатация |
Процесс |
Завершенность |
Процесс в течение |
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факта |
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некоторого периода |
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Повторяемость |
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времени |
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действия |
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V |
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be+V-ing |
have+V3(Ved) |
have+been+V-ing |
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V, V-s |
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Am |
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Have |
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Have |
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Do, Does ….V? |
Is |
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V- |
(Ved) |
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V3 |
Has |
been+V-ing |
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ing |
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I write/ He writes |
Are |
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Has |
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I have been writing. |
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Я пишу/ Он |
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I am writing. |
I have written. |
Я пишу. |
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пишет |
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Я пишу |
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Я написал. |
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Usually, often, on |
(сейчас) |
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For, since, lately, all |
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Sundays, |
always, |
Now, |
at |
Already, |
yet, |
my life, all this week, |
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seldom, |
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in |
present, at the |
ever, never, just, |
these |
3 |
years, |
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summer, |
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every |
moment, still |
lately, |
recently, |
hitherto |
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day |
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(week, |
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since |
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month, year), |
in |
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the morning, |
at |
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night |
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Was |
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Had |
V3 (Ved) |
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V, V-ed |
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V- |
Had been V-ing |
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Did …. V? |
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ing |
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I wrote. |
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Were |
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I had written. |
I had been writing. Я |
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Я написал. |
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I was writing. |
Я написал. |
писал. |
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Yesterday, |
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the |
Я писал. |
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By yesterday, by |
For 2 hours when he |
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day |
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before |
Yesterday |
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June, |
by |
1985, |
came. |
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yesterday, |
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last |
evening, |
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yesterday |
by 3 |
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month, |
a |
week |
yesterday at 6 |
o’clock, |
before |
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ago, 5 years ago, |
o’clock, |
all |
he came |
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in 1985, when… |
the |
time, |
all |
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day |
long, |
the |
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whole |
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evening, |
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while, when… |
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will V |
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will be V-ing |
will have |
V3 |
will have been V-ing |
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He will write. |
He will be |
(Ved) |
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He will have been |
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Он напишет. |
writing. |
He will have |
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writing. |
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Он будет |
written. Он |
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Он будет писать |
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писать. |
напишет. |
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(завтра уже 3 часа, |
Future |
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когда я приду) |
Tomorrow, |
the |
Tomorrow at |
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day |
after |
3 o’clock |
Tomorrow by |
3 |
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tomorrow, |
next |
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o’clock, |
by |
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summer |
(week, |
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tomorrow, |
by |
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month…), |
in a |
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next summer, by |
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minute, in a year, |
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2010 |
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in 2 days, in June |
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Passive voice
Tense
Present
Past
Future
Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
am / is / are Ved (V3) |
am/is / are being Ved (V3) |
have/ has been Ved (V3) |
The device is tested. |
The device is being tested. |
The device has been |
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tested. |
Прибор |
Прибор испытывается |
Прибор был испытан. |
испытывается |
(сейчас). |
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(испытан). |
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was / were Ved(V3) |
was / were being Ved (V3) |
has been Ved(V3) |
The device was |
The device was being |
The device had been |
tested. |
tested. |
tested. |
Прибор был |
Прибор испытывался. |
Прибор был испытан. |
испытан |
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(испытывался). |
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will be Ved(V3) |
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will have been Ved(V3) |
The device will be |
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The device will have |
tested. |
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been tested. |
Прибор будет |
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Прибор будет |
испытываться. |
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испытан. |
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Reported Speech
The sequence of tenses
Прямая речь |
Косвенная речь |
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Present Simple |
Past Simple |
"Не likes swimming", she said. |
She said (that) he liked swimming. |
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Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
"He is reading a book now", she said. |
She said he was reading a book then. |
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Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
"He has just left", she said. |
She said he had just left. |
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Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
"He left two hours ago", she said. |
She said he had left two hours before. |
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Future |
Future-in-the past |
"He will be back soon" , she said "He will |
She said he would be back soon. She said |
be reading a book whole day", she said "He |
he would be reading a book whole day. She |
will have done it by 2 o'clock", she said. |
said he would have done it by 2 o'clock. |
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Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
"I have been reading since morning", she |
She said she had been reading since |
said. |
morning. |
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Типы условных предложений
Тип |
Придаточное |
Главное |
Перевод на |
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предложение |
предложение |
русский язык |
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I |
Present Simple |
will+глагол |
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Реальное |
Если погода |
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условие. |
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улучшится, мы |
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If the weather is |
we will go for a |
пойдем на |
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Относится к |
clear, |
walk |
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прогулку. |
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будущему |
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времени. |
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II |
Past Simple |
would |
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Маловероятное |
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Если бы вы |
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условие. |
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could |
+ глагол |
переехали за |
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might |
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город, вы бы |
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Относится к |
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могли купить |
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настоящему и |
If you moved to |
you would (could) |
большой дом. |
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будущему |
the country, |
buy a bigger |
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времени. |
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house. |
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III |
Past Perfect |
would |
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Нереальное |
have +VIII |
Если бы он |
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условие. |
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could |
знал эти |
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might |
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факты, он бы |
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Относится к |
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сказал нам, что |
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прошедшему |
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делать. |
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времени. |
If he had known |
he would have told |
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Выражает |
the facts, |
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us what to do. |
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сожаление. |
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* 1. Придаточное предложение может вводиться союзами: if, – если, in case – в случае, unless – если не и др.
2. Во втором типе условных предложений глаголto be всегда имеет форму were:
If I were a millionaire, I would buy you a palace.
Запомните выражение:
If I were you/ in your position/ in your shoes – на вашем бы месте…
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«I wish» construction
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1 wish I were* a princess. |
Я хотела бы быть |
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принцессой. (Как жаль, |
Действие относится к |
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что я не принцесса). |
I wish I could ride a |
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настоящему |
Я хотел бы, чтобы я мог |
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bicycle. |
ездить на велосипеде. |
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(Как жаль, что я не езжу |
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на велосипеде). |
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Действие относиться к |
I wish she would go to |
Я хотела бы, чтобы она |
будущему |
university |
пошла в университет. |
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Действие относится к |
I wish I had gone to the |
Жаль, что я не пошла |
прошлому |
party yesterday |
вчера на вечеринку. |
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* При использовании конструкции I wish was всегда меняется на were.
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Modal verbs
Модальный |
Значения |
Варианты |
Примеры |
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глагол |
перевода |
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can (could) = |
- Возможность, |
-Могу, умею, |
-I can do it. |
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умение, |
можно, нельзя |
You can go there. |
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to be able (to) |
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способность, |
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I will be able to |
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разрешение |
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help you when I |
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am free. |
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- Просьба |
- Не могли бы |
-Can (could) you |
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вы…. |
explain to me the |
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formula? |
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- Сомнение |
-Возможно, не |
-Can she have |
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(обычно с |
может быть, вряд |
changed so much? |
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отрицанием), |
ли, неужели |
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невероятность |
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may (might) = |
- Разрешение |
- Можно |
-May I borrow |
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совершить |
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your notes? |
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to be allowed |
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действие |
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He will be |
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(to) |
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allowed to take |
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the book. |
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-Допускаемая |
-Возможно, |
- The acid rain |
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возможность, |
может быть |
may spoil the |
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предположение с |
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crop. |
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оттенком |
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сомнения |
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Модальный |
Значения |
Варианты |
Примеры |
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глагол |
перевода |
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must |
-Долженствова- |
- Должен, нельзя |
-I must do it now. |
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ние, обязанность, |
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You mustn’t take |
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приказ, |
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it. |
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необходимость |
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- Предположение |
-Должно быть, |
-He must be at |
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очевидно, |
home already. |
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(почти |
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наверно |
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уверенность) |
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to have (to) |
-Вынужденная |
-Вынужден, |
I have to go there. |
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необходимость |
нужно |
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(приходится) |
Her eyes are not |
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very good. She |
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has to wear |
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glasses. |
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to be (to) |
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-Должен |
The train is to |
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Необходимость, |
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arrive at 10. |
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предусмотренная |
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планом, |
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договоренностью |
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, расписанием |
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ought (to) |
-Моральный долг |
- Должен |
-We ought to help |
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her. |
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-Вероятность, |
(следует) |
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ought |
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предположение |
Должно быть |
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to + перф.инф |
– что-то было не |
- следовало бы |
-You ought to |
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have helped him. |
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сделано, но |
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(Тебе бы |
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должно было |
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следовало |
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помочь ему) |
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