Polymer Structure and Chemistry (Структура и химия полимеров). Учебное пособие

UNIT 7

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

Prize in…;

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Smectic liquid crystals are different from nematics in that they have one more degree of orientational order than do the nematics.

2)There are many different types of LC phases, which can be distinguished based on their different optical properties.

3)Liquid crystal polymers come in a variety of forms from sinterable high temperature to injection moldable compounds.

4)Nematics are polarizable rod-like organic molecules on the order of 20 Angstroms in length.

5)There is a range of temperatures at which we observe thermotropic liquid crystal; and most of them have several “subphases” (nematic, smectic etc.), which we may observe by modifying temperature.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1)> 4

3 3 3 3

3 4.

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2), 3 3 > 3

3 3 : ,

3 3 3.

3)" 3

, , 4

,

3 3.

4)0 3

3 3 3 3, 4 3

3.

5)1 3

, 3 3 3 .

UNIT 7

PRACTICUM 2

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Nematics are polarizable rod-like organic molecules on the order of 20 Angstroms in length.

2)In the lyotropic phases solvent molecules fill the space around the compounds to provide fluidity to the system.

3)Liquid crystal polymers are capable of forming regions of highly ordered structure while in the liquid phase.

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4)When you open the box, the toothpicks will be facing in about the same direction, but will have no definite spatial organization.

5)If a nematic liquid crystal is made of chiral molecules, i.e. the molecules differ from their mirror image, a cholesteric liquid crystal (from cholesterol acetate, the first kind of this type) is obtained.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1)> 3

3, , ,

3 .

2)3

3 , 3 3

.

3)'

,

3, :.

4)> 4

3 3 3 3

3 4.

5)> 3 , 3,

3 , 3

: 3 .

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UNIT 8

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Electrolytes are compounds that like to fall apart. Put them in water, and they just break apart into positive and negative ions. Polyelectrolytes are polymers that do the same thing.

2)Polyelectrolytes are polymers carrying either positively or negatively charged ionizable groups.

3)In polar solvents such as water, polyelectrolytes can dissociate, leaving charges on polymer chains and releasing counterions in solution.

4)Electrostatic interactions between charges lead to the rich behavior of polyelectrolyte solutions qualitatively different from those of uncharged polymers.

5)The word "polyelectrolytes" is a general term for water-soluble molecules comprised of many repeating units.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1). : – : 3, 3 3

,

: .

2)# 3 3 3,

,

3 3.

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5)' 3 :,

3 :, 3 3

3 3, 3, 3.

UNIT 8

PRACTICUM 2

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)The phenomena of interpolymer interactions and formation of polyelectrolyte complexes have been the focus of intensive fundamental and applied research.

2)Adsorption of polyelectrolytes on solid substrates is a surface phenomenon where long-chained polymer molecules with charged groups bind to a surface that is charged in the opposite polarity.

3)When a polycation and a polyanion are mixed together in an aqueous solution, a polyelectrolyte complex is formed.

4)The electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes leads to the formation of interpolyelectrolyte complexes.

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5)Polyelectrolytes are polymer chains with an electrolyte group on every repeat unit.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1). :

3 3 :.

2)' 3 :,

3 :, 3 3

3.

3). : – : 3,

, ,

:

4). : ,

3.

5)+ : 3 3,

4 3 — 3.

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UNIT 9

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)The sequence or protein primary structure is specified by the sequence of the DNA containing a gene for that protein.

2)The backbone of the DNA strand is made of alternating phosphate and sugar residues.

3)Cellulose is the most common organic compound and biopolymer on Earth.

4)Many biopolymers spontaneously fold into characteristic compact

5)Complementary shape, charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of enzymes and substrates are responsible for this specificity.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1)# 3 – : 3 :,

3

3,

.

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2)/ —

3. 3 ,

.

3)!3 3:

, .

4)> , 4 4 % 3,

, 3 4 3 4

3, 3 —

.

5)3 3 3 3, 4 3

.

UNIT 9

PRACTICUM 2

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)DNA polymers can be enormous molecules containing millions of nucleotides.

2)Protein and peptide biopolymers have amino acids as their constituents.

3)In contrast to synthetic polymers which have a simpler and more random structure, biopolymers are complex molecular assemblies with precise and defined 3D shapes and structures.

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4)Biopolymers can be classified in three groups, depending on the nature of the repeating unit they are made of: (i) polysaccharrides are made of sugars, (ii) proteins of amino acids, and (iii) nucleic acids of nucleotides.

5)Unlike synthetic polymers which feedstock can be derived from petrochemicals or chemical processes, biopolymers are produced from renewable resources such as plant and/or living organisms.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1). 2" 3

3 3 3 3

.

2)# 3 3

,

.

3)( 3

3 3

3 3.

4)# 3, 3 ,

4 , 3

.

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UNIT 10

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) is an X-ray diffraction technique that is often used to determine the crystalline structure of polymers.

2)Successful characterization of polymer systems is one of the most important objectives of today's experimental research of polymers.

3)Infrared spectroscopy is used to gather information about compound’s structure, assess its purity, and sometimes to identify it.

4)Gel permeation chromatography is used to determine the number average molecular weight, weight average molecular weight, and polydispersity.

5)Dynamic light scattering is also known as photon correlation spectroscopy or quasi-elastic light scattering.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1)> 3 3 3

3 .

2)' 3 - 3 3

3 4, 3 3, :

3 , 3 4.

3)2 4 3,

- 3 3,

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