Polymer Structure and Chemistry (Структура и химия полимеров). Учебное пособие

4.2 3

3 3 3 .

5. . 3 3 4 : 3

3, 3 4

3.

6.( 3 4 3 3

3 3 3 3

3 3.

7.) 3 — 3 - 3

:, 4

4 4 3 3 3.

8.?

3 3.

9.' 3 3 3 3

.

10.& 3 : 3

3

: 3 ( ).

10. '

$(

high temperature oxidation — : — gel permeation chromatography — 3 — +-

— NMR — — small angle X-ray scattering — 4 3 —

— differential thermal analysis — 3

— 3 — 3

—weight average — — 3 3 3 —

— high degree of precision — 3

—wide angle X-ray scattering — thermogravimetric analysis — number

average — calorimetry — infrared spectroscopy — scanning electron microscopy — FTIR — routine examination — :

11. ) ' $

.

1.What are the main methods to study the structure of polymers?

2.Which method will you use to study degradation of polymers?

3.What parameters of polymers are obtained by gel permeation chromatography?

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4.Which structural property of solid matter forms the basis for X-ray scattering?

5.What properties of polymers does high temperature oxidation characterize?

12.

'.

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(PRACTICUMS)

UNIT 1

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Polymers are formed by chemical reactions in which a large number of molecules called monomers are joined sequentially, forming a chain.

2)Most addition polymers are made from monomers containing a double bond between carbon atoms.

3)Polymers are often named in terms of the monomer from which they are made.

4)Two industrially important polymeric materials are plastics and elastomers. Many common classes of polymers are composed of hydrocarbons.

5)Polymer signifies a chain of thousands of monomers that are covalently bonded together usually by the carbon atoms of the polymer backbone, but the backbone can consist of other atoms such as silicon.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1)# 3 — , 3, , ,

3 3,

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.

2)3 — 3 3 ,

3

4 3 .

3). 3 3 — 3,

3 .

4)! 3, 4 3 3,

3 3 ( ) . 5) . 3 3 3 3 -

3 3 .

UNIT 1

PRACTICUM 2

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2. Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Polymers are classified by the characteristics of the reactions by which they are formed.

2)Synthetic polymers are produced commercially on a very large scale and have a wide range of properties and uses.

3)A polymeric solid material may be considered to be one that contains many chemically bonded parts or units which themselves are bonded together to form a solid.

4)Examples of polymers include substances anywhere from proteins to

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stiff, high-strength Kevlar fibers.

5)Remembering that paper is made of cellulose, which is a polymer of biological origin, if you look around the room that you are in, you will see that a good fraction of the stuff in it is made of polymers.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1). 3

3.

2). 3

(3), 3 , , 3

, , 3 :,

, -3 3.

3). 3 (3) 3

3, .

4). 3 — 3 3 3, 3 (3 3)

4 (3 3 ).

5). 3 — 3

3 , 3

3.

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UNIT 2

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Addition polymerization involves the linking together of molecules incorporating double or triple chemical bonds.

2)Unsaturated monomers (the identical molecules which make up the polymers) have extra internal bonds which are able to break and link up with other monomers to form the repeating chain.

3)In polymer chemistry, a series of condensation reactions take place whereby monomers or monomer chains add to each other to form longer chains.

4)A condensation reaction may be considered as the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction.

5)A condensation reaction may be considered as the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction

3.Translate sentences into English:

1). 3 – 3

4 ;3 3

3 4 3 ,

4 3 4 .

2)' 3 3 3

66

3 3 3 3,

3 3, 4 .

3). 3 3 3, 4

3 3 3

.

4). 4 3 3 3

3 3 ( 3 3)

3 ( ).

5).

, , .

UNIT 2

PRACTICUM 2

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them.

2)Condensation polymerization occurs when monomers bond together through condensation reactions.

3)In general, condensation polymers form more slowly than addition polymers, often requiring heat.

4)The first useful addition polymer was made by accident in 1933 by chemists Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett.

5)Addition polymers are non-biodegradable and hard to recycle.

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3.Translate sentences into English:

1). – 3

(4 )

, 4 3 3

.

2). 3 3 3, 4

3 3 3

.

3). 3 – : 3 3, 3

3 3 3 3 ( 3 3)

3

3 .

4)' 3 3 3

3 3 3 3,

3 3, 4 .

5)3 3 3/4 4 3

3.

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UNIT 3

PRACTICUM 1

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)A synthetic polymer may be described as crystalline if it contains regions of three-dimensional ordering on atomic (rather than macromolecular) length scales, usually arising from intramolecular folding and/or stacking of adjacent chains.

2)Different side groups on the polymer can lend the polymer to ionic bonding or hydrogen bonding between its own chains.

3)Reduced crystallinity may also be associated with increased transparency due to light scattering by small crystalline regions.

4)Polymer crystals frequently do not display the perfection that is usual for low-molar-mass substances.

5)Fibrous crystal – A type of crystal significantly longer in one dimension than in either of the other two.

3.Translate sentences into English:

1)2 3

– ,

.

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2)3 3 3 3 3 3

, , 3

.

3)( 3 3 < 3 .

4)" 3 3

3 .

5)) 3

3, 3,

3 3 3 3 3.

UNIT 3

PRACTICUM 2

1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:

2.Translate sentences into Russian:

1)Polymer crystals frequently do not display the perfection that is usual for low-molar-mass substances.

2)The attractive forces between polymer chains play a large part in determining a polymer's properties.

3)High density polyethylene (HDPE) has a very low degree of branching, is quite stiff, and is used in applications such as milk jugs.

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