Polymer Structure and Chemistry (Структура и химия полимеров). Учебное пособие
.pdf4)Chain folding – the conformational feature in which a loop connects two parallel stems belonging to the same crystal.
5)Globular-chain crystal – a type of crystal comprised of macromolecules having globular conformation.
3.Translate sentences into English:
1)' 3
3 3 4
3.
2)3 3 3
3 3 3 .
3)3 3
3 3 3.
4). : 3
: 3
.
5). , 3 3 3 3,
3 , ;
3 3.
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UNIT 4
PRACTICUM 1
1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
glassy solid; |
; |
melting point; |
elastic deformation; |
3 3; |
; |
viscous flow state; |
thermoplastic polymers; |
; |
binding energy; |
rubber state; |
3; |
thermal motion; |
; |
3 ; |
favored conformation; |
neighboring molecules; |
3 4; |
; |
|
2.Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Formation of an ordered system takes a certain amount of time since the molecules must move from their current location to energetically preferred points at crystal nodes.
2)The glass transition temperature corresponds to the temperature when you heat to and above this temperature, the polymer goes from a hard glassy material to a rubbery material.
3)When a stress is applied to a viscoelastic material such as a polymer, parts of the long polymer chain change position.
4)The term "melting point" when applied to polymers suggests not a solid-liquid phase transition but a transition from a crystalline or semicrystalline phase to a solid amorphous phase.
5)Animal horn, made of the protein α-keratin, may be regarded as a natural, quasi-thermoplastic material.
3.Translate sentences into English:
1)' 3 3 3 3 3 3
: , :
.
2). : 3 : 3 .
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3). 3 : 3 3
3 3 3 3, 4 3 %.
4). :
3 3.
5). 3
3 : 3 3.
UNIT 4
PRACTICUM 2
1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
; |
3 4; |
ordered system; |
energetically preferred points; |
3 3; |
3; |
binding energy; |
; |
; |
glass transition temperature; |
3; |
3 ; |
3; |
; |
; |
thermoplastic polymers; |
organized solid crystal; |
crystal node; |
favored conformation; |
. |
2.Translate sentences into Russian:
1)The phase behavior of polymer materials is more complex in comparison with low – molecular substances.
2)A glass transition temperature is the temperature below which molecules have little relative mobility, this temperature is usually applicable to wholly or partially amorphous phases.
3)If a plastic with some desirable properties has a Tg which is too high, it can sometimes be combined with another in a copolymer or composite material with a Tg below the temperature of intended use.
4)The boiling point of a polymer substance is never defined due to the fact that polymers will decompose before reaching theoretical boiling temperatures.
5)A thermoplastic is a plastic that melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a brittle, very glassy state when cooled sufficiently.
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3.Translate sentences into English:
1). :
3 3,
3 .
2) . 3 3 3
: .
3)# 3 3
: 3 3 .
.
5)' 3 3 3
3 3.
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UNIT 5
PRACTICUM 1
1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
to a great extent; |
|
; |
|
raw feed stock; |
|
3; |
|
commodity polymer; |
|
|
|
examplary case; |
|
3; |
|
branch content |
metallocene |
; |
|
variability |
in |
|
|
propertiespolyethylene; |
3; |
|
|
loss of properties; |
; |
|
|
processing operations; |
3; |
|
|
screw extruder; |
|
; |
|
additives; |
|
|
|
2.Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Different processing conditions determine the difference between a milk jug and, to a great extent, a high strength PE fibers (Ultra oriented).
2)Polymer processing is of importance to a variety of parts of a fairly intricate industrial complex.
3)Ultraviolet light, the same type that causes skin to sunburn, can initiate chemical reactions in polymers, resulting in polymer chain destruction and loss of chemical and physical properties.
4)Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create long objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile.
5)Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material such as a polymer melt is introduced into a mould, allowed to solidify within the mould, and then ejected or broken out to make a fabricated part.
3.Translate sentences into English:
1)/ 3 3 3
3 3 3 :
:.
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2)& – : ,
4 3, 4
3 , 3 4
3.
3). 3 3 4
3 3.
4)" 3 3
3 3
3.
5)' 4 3 3 3 3
3, 3
, , , 3, : . .
UNIT 5
PRACTICUM 2
1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
; |
calandering; |
|
|
commodity polymer; |
; |
||
examplary case; |
|
processing operations; |
|
|
:; |
|
|
3 |
; |
3; |
|
blends; |
|
screw extruder; |
|
fiber drawing; |
|
|
|
3; |
3; |
|
|
significant energy input; |
variability in properties; |
||
|
|
blow molding; |
|
3; |
|
|
|
loss of properties;
2.Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Various grades polymers are partly composed of blends of different branch content, molecular weight and density.
2)The modern chemical engineering approach is to study the elementary steps (or physical stages) of all unit operations in a single focal area.
3)Synergistic antioxidant blends, comprising phosphites or phosphonites and phenols, are used to ensure thermal and processing stability during
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pelletization, processing and end-use.
4)Injection molding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials in production.
5)Molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mold, which is the inverse of the product's shape.
3.Translate sentences into English:
1)5 3 3, < 3 3 3 3 3,
3
.
2)& – : , 4
3 3 4 3
3 3 3.
3). 3, 3 3,
3
.
4)' 3
3, , ,
. .
5)' 3 3 3 3 3
, 3 4
4 3 3 3 3
.
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UNIT 6
PRACTICUM 1
1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
polymerization technique; |
3 ; |
; |
; |
chemically unchanged; |
inhibitor; |
3; |
biocatalysts; |
coordination polymerization; |
; |
; |
Ziegler-Natta catalysts; |
3 ; |
co-catalyst; |
transition state; |
; |
; |
polymerization |
activation energy; |
|
2. Translate sentences into Russian:
1)A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
2)Heterogeneous catalysis involves the use of a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants.
3)There are many possible chemical compounds that can act as sources for the protons to be transferred in an acid catalysis system.
4)Catalytic, rather than stoichiometric reactions are preferred in environmentally friendly green chemistry due to the reduced amount of waste generated.
5)A simple model for heterogeneous catalysis involves the catalyst providing a surface on which the reactants (or substrates) temporarily become adsorbed.
3.Translate sentences into English:
1)+- 3 –
3 3, 3 π-
3 3 3 3.
2)+ = – " 3
3 3
.
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3)! 3 – 4 (3),
,
.
4). 3 3
3 4 3 4 3 3
3 , : :
.
5)' 3 . . 33
3,
.
UNIT 6
PRACTICUM 2
1. Provide translation for the following word combinations:
3 |
3 |
…; |
3; |
3; |
; |
3; |
chemically unchanged; |
: ; |
promoter; |
ossee-Arlman mechanism; |
inhibitor; |
3 3; |
transition state; |
3 ; |
activation energy; |
; |
coordination polymerization; |
; |
metallocene catalysis; |
organometallic active center; |
polymerization technique |
2.Translate sentences into Russian:
1)Catalysis is of paramount importance in the polymer industry. The production of most industrially important polymers involves catalysis.
2)A good catalyst needs to adsorb the reactant molecules strongly enough for them to react, but not so strongly that the product molecules stick more or less permanently to the surface.
3)Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. This is a typical example of a homogeneous catalysis reaction.
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4)The titanium catalyst compounds are deposited on pores in the support and these very porous particles expose many active sites to the monomer.
5)One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon tiny nanoparticles of platinum which adorn slightly larger carbon particles.
3.Translate sentences into English:
1)( 3 3
3,
3.
2)/ = 3 "
3
3 3- , 3
.
3)– 3
3, 4
.
4)3 3, 3 – 3, ,
3.
5)3 3 (
) 3 (
3 – ).
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