Եսայան Ա․, Տավուշ գավառը XVII դ.-XVIII դ. առաջին քառորդին

25.., , « », 1984,

№3, 195-214:

26..( - , « »,1986, № 4, 42-52:

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1.Hewsen R. H., The Meliks of Eastern Armenia, Revue des Etudes Armeniennes IX, Paris, 1972.

2.Matthee R., Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran, The Historian, vol. 77, № 3, (2015) Published By: Taylor &

Francis,

3.Matthee R., Was Safavid Iran an Empire?, Journal of the Econo­ mic and Social History of the Orient № 53 (2010), Published by Brill,

4.Matthee R., The Ottoman-Safavid war of 986-998/1578-90:

motives and causes, International journal of Turkish studies, 2014, vol. 20,

5.Matthee R., Safavid Iran and the "Turkish Question" or How to Avoid a War on Multiple Fronts, Iranian Studies, 2019, vol. 52, № 3.

6.Matthee R. Safavid Iran and the "Turkish Question" or How to Avoid a War on Multiple Fronts, Iranian Studies, 2019, vol. 52, № 3-4.

7.Floor W., Javadi H., Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid

Iran, Cambridge University Press, Iranian Studies, (2013) vol. 46, Issue 4.

8. Ahmet Ko?, Miilkiyet Bakimindan Silistre Sancagi'nda Degirmenler (XVI. ve XVII. Yiizyillar), Vakiflar Dergisi, Ankara, Yil: Haziran 2020, Sayi: 53.

, ,

1.., , . , ­1, , 1946:

2., . , , 2008:

3.(U ), , 2005,

2006:

-176-

4. . , ., ­

, . 5,

, 2001:

5. https://e-qanun.az/framework/23284, ' 10/09/2023, .

12:00, Tovuz rayonunun inzibati srazi bolgusunde qisman dsyi^ikliklsr

edilmssi haqqinda Azsrbaycan Respublikasi Milli Meclisinin 7 mart 2012-

ci il tarixli, 310-IVQsayli Qsrari:

6. https://runivers.rU/bookreader/book995O/#page/384/mode/1up,

' 10/09/2023, . 12:20, Полное собрание законов Российской

империи, т. XLII, ч. 2:

1.« », 1886, № 13, № 15,1888, № 7:

2.« », 1871, : 1910, № 3,1888, № , 1910, №3-12:

3.«-», 1888, № 95:

~ 177-

Melik. Furthermore, developments were observed in the religious and

cultural spheres. The activities of the Tavush Diocese, headquartered in

Khoranashat, were regulated. In the 1630s, Easyi produced a series of

manuscripts in Tavush. As indicated in his manuscripts, he was born into

a family of priest in Tavush village. During the period between 1630 and

1650, he produced eight manuscripts, which were distributed as follows:

five in Tavush village, two in Khoranashat Monastery, and one in Shamqor. Over time, the Armenian population experienced growth,

necessitating the construction of new churches. In the latter half of the

17th century, with the efforts of Bishop Hovhannes, leader of Khoranashat, churches were constructed in various settlements of

Tavush. He played a pivotal role in the construction of the Church of St.

Grigor in Berd and the Church of St. Grigor in Choratan in 1682.

Additionally, he facilitated the renovation of the Khoranashat Monastery

and the Church in Verin Karmiraghbyur.

A political and economic crisis soon commenced in Safavid Iran. The

heavy taxation policies implemented by Sultan Hussein (1694-1722)

served to further accelerate the country's decline. Turkey and Russia,

with territorial ambitions in Iran, were quick to take advantage of the

situation. Prior to engaging in direct conflict, the Turks incited the

Lezgins to undertake incursions into Georgia and northeastern Armenia.

As a consequence of these raids, a significant proportion of the Tavush

settlements were destroyed, with the inhabitants either massacred or captured. Moreover, significant losses were incurred by spiritual institutions and their servants. In 1725, the Ottoman Empire, with the approval of Russia, proceeded to annex the region. Additionally, the

Turkish conquests were marked by instances of capture and robbery.

In the recently annexed territories, the Ottoman Empire initiated the

implementation of its own legal and governmental structures. In accordance with the precedent set by other regions, the Turkish

~ 179-

authorities conducted a survey in northeastern Armenia. The results are

summarised in the "1727 Extensive Defter (Mufassal Defter) of the Ganja-Karabakh Eyalet". This document provides a distinctive overview of the region's ethnic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics within the context of prolonged and violent military and political processes.

According to that document Tavush is divided into four village groups (nahiyes). Tavus, Hasansu, Akhnji, and Asrik. The data from the census conducted by the Turks offer a valuable source of information for studying the history, demography, and economy of Tavush. An examination of Ottoman official records reveals that the highland regions of the ancient Tavush canton, the present-day Berd enlarged community of the Republic of Armenia, and the Asrik river basin in present-day Azerbaijan were exclusively inhabited by Armenians. The lowland areas situated in the lower reaches of the Varagajur and Tavush rivers, extending towards the Kur river, are predominantly populated by Muslim and nomadic populations. With regard to the sedentary population, the majority were of Armenian ethnicity (416 Armenians) with a Muslim minority (381 Muslim taxpayers). The names of abandoned villages in the region suggest that most were formerly

inhabited by Armenians.

An analysis of the tax policies implemented by Ottoman authorities

in the region reveals a significant imposition of taxation, contributing to

the deterioration of the socio-economic situation. In contrast to the

Armenians, the income of the Muslim population of the region was more

favorable. The Armenian population was responsible for a greater tax

contribution per person than the Muslim population. The primary tax for

Armenians, the ispence, was present in significant numbers, amounting

to 120 akce. In contrast, the Muslim population was subject to the bennak

tax at a rate three times lower, amounting to 40 ak?e. Nomadic tribes

~ 180-

paid a negligible amount of tax, rendering comparisons with the Armenian population inconsequential. The tax types of some Muslim settlements suggest that some of them had begun to become sedentary by occupying abandoned Armenian settlements.

The appearance of nomadic tribes in Tavush had a significant impact on demographic processes in the following decades. In the subsequent years, the incoming Muslim population continued to settle in the depopulated Armenian villages. As they gradually appropriated larger tracts of land, the nomads laid the groundwork for establishing long-term settlements. The Armenian territory that was subsequently occupied by this population ultimately became part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Consequently, it is not unexpected that the majority of Azerbaijani settlements situated along the border with the Tavush region of the Republic of Armenia bear the names of the tribes mentioned in the 1727 Ottoman official document, such as Tatlu, Gyojali, Oksuzlu, Hajialu, and others.

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419 ,:

~ 182-

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