- •1. Introduction
- •1.1 Classification
- •1.2 References
- •2.2 Background
- •2.3 Definition
- •2.4 Aetiological spectrum
- •2.5 Acute uncomplicated cystitis in pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women
- •2.8 UtIs in pregnancy
- •2.9 UtIs in post-menopausal women
- •2.11 References
- •19. Roberts fj.
- •27. Sanford jp.
- •28. Kinane df, Blackwell cc, Brettle rp, Weir dm, Winstanley fp, Eltor ra.
- •32. Nicolle le, Harding gkm, Preiksaitis j, Ronald ar.
- •50. Wadland wc, Planten da.
- •60. Vorland lh, Carlson k, Aalen odd.
- •3.2 Background
- •3.3 Aetiology
- •3.4 Pathogenesis
- •3.5 Signs and symptoms
- •3.7 Schedule of investigation
- •If findings indicate pathology
- •3.9 References
- •21. Jantausch pa, Rifai n, Getson p, Akrem s, Majd m, Wiedermann bl.
- •32. Rushton hg, Majd m, Jantausch b, Wiedermann l, Belman ab.
- •43. Kleinman pk, Diamond ba, Karellas a, Spevak mr, Nimkin k, Belenguer p.
- •4.2 Background
- •4.3 What are the acute effects of a uti on the kidney and do the lesions become chronic? Can they be prevented?
- •4.7 References
- •5.2 Definitions and classification
- •5.4 Treatment
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •5.6 References
- •6.2 Background
- •6.3 Definition and clinical manifestation of sepsis syndrome in urology
- •6.4 Physiology and biochemical markers
- •6.5 Prevention
- •6.6 Treatment of underlying disease
- •6.7 Conclusion
- •6.8 References
- •7.7 Therapy
- •7.8 Prevention
- •8.2 Prostatitis
- •8.3 Epididymitis and orchitis
- •8.4 References
- •1. Meares em, Stamey та.
- •2. Weidner w, Schiefer hg, Krauss h, Jantos Ch, Friedrich hj, Altmannsberger m.
- •3. Schaeffer aj.
- •8. Alexander rb, Ponniah s, Hasday j, Hebel jr.
- •26. Barbalias ga, Nikiforidis g, Liatsikos en.
- •27. Mayersak js.
- •28. Jimenez Cruz jf, Boronat f, Gallego j.
- •33. Naber kg, Weidner w.
- •9. Peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology
- •9.1 Summary
- •9.2 Introduction
- •9.3 Goals of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.4 Indications for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.5 Timing and duration of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.6 Choice of antibiotics
- •9.7 Mode of application
- •9.8 Recommendations according to type of urological intervention
- •9.10 References
- •1. Rubin rh, Shapiro ed, Andriol vt, Davies rj, Stamm we.
- •3. Naber kg.
- •3. Recommendations for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology (modified according to ref 1)
- •4. Antibacterial agents
- •4.1 Penicillins
- •4.2 Parenteral cephalosporins
- •4.3 Oral cephalosporins
- •4.4 Monobactams
- •4.5 Carbapenems
- •4.6 Fluoroquinolones
- •4.7 Macrolides
- •4.8 Tetracyclines
- •4.9 Aminoglycosides
- •4.10 Glycopeptides
- •4.11 References
2.11 References
Recommended reading Hooton TM.
Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated UTI. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11: 551-581.
1. Kunin CM.
The concept of significant bacteriuria. In: Detection, Prevention and Management of UTIs, 4th edition. Lea& Febiger: Philadelphia, 1994.
2. Johnson JR, Stamm WE.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute UTIs. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1: 773.
3. Foxman B, Frerichs RR.
Epidemiology of UTI: I. Diaphragm use and sexual intercourse. Am J Public Health 1985; 75:1308-1313.
4. Kass EH.
Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1956; 69: 56.
5. Johnson JR, Lyons MF II, Pearce W, Gorman P, Roberts PL, White N, Brust P, Olsen R, Gnann JW, Stamm WE.
Therapy for women hospitalized with acute pyelonephritis: a randomized trial of ampicillin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 14 days. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 325-330.
6. Kunin CM.
Guidelines for the evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of UTI: additional consideration. Clin Inf Dis 1992; 15: 1041-1044.
7. Rubin RH, Shapiro ED, Andriole VT, Davis RJ, Stamm WE.
Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of UTI. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15 (Suppl 1): 216-227.
8. Rubin RH, Shapiro ED, Andriole VT, Davis RJ, Stamm WE, with modifications by a European Working Party.
General guidelines for the evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of UTI. Taufkirchen, Germany: The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 1993; 240-310.
9. Naber KG.
Short-term therapy of acute uncomplicated cystitis. Curr Opin Urol 1999; 9: 57-64.
10. Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Hebel JR, Johnson JR, Schaeffer AJ, Stamm WE.
Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 745-758.
11. Minassian MA, Lewis DA, Chattopadhyay D, Bovill B, Duckworth GJ, Williams JD.
A comparison between single-dose fosfomycin trometamol (MonuriP) and a 5-day course of trimethoprim in the treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI in women. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998; 10: 39-47.
12. Henning C, Bengtsson L
Behandling av akuta Urinvagsbesvar. Enkla test och fragor underlattar diagnos och terapival. Lakartidingen 1997; 94: 2387-2390.
13. Petersen ЕЕ, Wingen F, Fairschild KL, Halfide A, Hendrischk A, Links M, Schad M, Scholz HR, Schurmann N, Siegmann S, et al.
Single dose pefloxacin compared with multiple dose co-trimoxazole in cystitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26 (Suppl B): 147-152.
14. Dubois J, St-Pierre C, Auger P, Phillips R, Perrier A.
Single-dose pefloxacin vs. seven days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in uncomplicated infection of the lower urinary tract in women. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11 (Suppl 5): S1343-S1344.
Jardin A, Cesana M, French Multicenter Urinary Tract Infection-Rufloxacin Group. Randomized, double-blind comparison of single-dose regimens of rufloxacin and pefloxacin for acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 215-220.
Del Rio G, Dalet F, Aguilar L, Caffaratti J, Dal-Re R.
Single-dose rufloxacin versus three day norfloxacin treatment of uncomplicated cystitis: clinical evaluation and pharmacodynamic considerations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 26: 153-160.
Pitkajarvi T, Pyykonen ML, Kannisto K, Piippo T, Viita P. Pivmecillinam treatment in acute cystitis. Three versus seven days study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990; 40: 1156-1158.
Nicolle LE.
Pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46 (Suppl S1): 35-39.