- •1. Introduction
- •1.1 Classification
- •1.2 References
- •2.2 Background
- •2.3 Definition
- •2.4 Aetiological spectrum
- •2.5 Acute uncomplicated cystitis in pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women
- •2.8 UtIs in pregnancy
- •2.9 UtIs in post-menopausal women
- •2.11 References
- •19. Roberts fj.
- •27. Sanford jp.
- •28. Kinane df, Blackwell cc, Brettle rp, Weir dm, Winstanley fp, Eltor ra.
- •32. Nicolle le, Harding gkm, Preiksaitis j, Ronald ar.
- •50. Wadland wc, Planten da.
- •60. Vorland lh, Carlson k, Aalen odd.
- •3.2 Background
- •3.3 Aetiology
- •3.4 Pathogenesis
- •3.5 Signs and symptoms
- •3.7 Schedule of investigation
- •If findings indicate pathology
- •3.9 References
- •21. Jantausch pa, Rifai n, Getson p, Akrem s, Majd m, Wiedermann bl.
- •32. Rushton hg, Majd m, Jantausch b, Wiedermann l, Belman ab.
- •43. Kleinman pk, Diamond ba, Karellas a, Spevak mr, Nimkin k, Belenguer p.
- •4.2 Background
- •4.3 What are the acute effects of a uti on the kidney and do the lesions become chronic? Can they be prevented?
- •4.7 References
- •5.2 Definitions and classification
- •5.4 Treatment
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •5.6 References
- •6.2 Background
- •6.3 Definition and clinical manifestation of sepsis syndrome in urology
- •6.4 Physiology and biochemical markers
- •6.5 Prevention
- •6.6 Treatment of underlying disease
- •6.7 Conclusion
- •6.8 References
- •7.7 Therapy
- •7.8 Prevention
- •8.2 Prostatitis
- •8.3 Epididymitis and orchitis
- •8.4 References
- •1. Meares em, Stamey та.
- •2. Weidner w, Schiefer hg, Krauss h, Jantos Ch, Friedrich hj, Altmannsberger m.
- •3. Schaeffer aj.
- •8. Alexander rb, Ponniah s, Hasday j, Hebel jr.
- •26. Barbalias ga, Nikiforidis g, Liatsikos en.
- •27. Mayersak js.
- •28. Jimenez Cruz jf, Boronat f, Gallego j.
- •33. Naber kg, Weidner w.
- •9. Peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology
- •9.1 Summary
- •9.2 Introduction
- •9.3 Goals of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.4 Indications for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.5 Timing and duration of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.6 Choice of antibiotics
- •9.7 Mode of application
- •9.8 Recommendations according to type of urological intervention
- •9.10 References
- •1. Rubin rh, Shapiro ed, Andriol vt, Davies rj, Stamm we.
- •3. Naber kg.
- •3. Recommendations for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology (modified according to ref 1)
- •4. Antibacterial agents
- •4.1 Penicillins
- •4.2 Parenteral cephalosporins
- •4.3 Oral cephalosporins
- •4.4 Monobactams
- •4.5 Carbapenems
- •4.6 Fluoroquinolones
- •4.7 Macrolides
- •4.8 Tetracyclines
- •4.9 Aminoglycosides
- •4.10 Glycopeptides
- •4.11 References
8.4 References
1. Meares em, Stamey та.
Bacteriologic localisation patterns in bacterial prostatitis and urethritis. Invest Urol 1968; 5: 492-518.
2. Weidner w, Schiefer hg, Krauss h, Jantos Ch, Friedrich hj, Altmannsberger m.
Chronic prostatitis: A thorough search for etiologically involved microorganisms in 1,461 patients. Infection 1991; 19 (Suppl 3): 119-125.
3. Schaeffer aj.
Prostatitis: US perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 11: 205-211.
Workshop Committee of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK). Chronic Prostatitis Workshop, Bethesda, MD, 7-8 December, 1995.
Drach GW, Fair WR, Meares EM, Stamey ТА.
Classification of benign diseases associated with prostatic pain: Prostatitis or prostatodynia? J Urol 1978; 120:266.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th version. Geneva: WHO. 1989.
Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Doggweiler R, Schmidt RA.
Neurourological insights into the etiology of genitourinary pain in men. J Urol 1999; 161: 903-908.
8. Alexander rb, Ponniah s, Hasday j, Hebel jr.
Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 1998; 52: 744-749.
9. Alexander RB, Trissel D.
Chronic prostatitis: results of an internet survey. Urology 1996; 48: 568-574.
10. KriegerJN.
Recurrent lower UTIs in men. J New Remed Clin 1998; 47: 1786-1797.
11. Krieger JN, Egan KJ, Ross SO, Jacobs R, Berger RE.
Chronic pelvic pains represent the most prominent urological symptoms of "chronic prostatitis". Urology 1996; 48: 715-722.
12. Nickel JC.
Effective office management of chronic prostatitis. Urol Clin North Am 1998; 25: 677-684.
13. Litwin MS, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ Jr, Nickel FC, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA, Alexander RB, Farrar JT, O'Leary MP.
National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index: development and validation of new outcome measure. J Urol 1999; 162: 369-375.
14. Naber KG, Weidner W.
Prostatitis, epididymitis and orchitis. In: Infectious Diseases. Armstrong D, Cohen J (eds). London: Mosby, 1999.
15. Blenk H, Hofstetter A.
Complement C3, coeruloplasmin and PMN-elastase in the ejaculate in chronic prostatoadnexitis and their diagnostic value. Infection 1991; 19 (Suppl 3): 38-140.
16. Doble A, Carter SS.
Ultrasonographic findings in prostatitis. Urol Clin North Am 1989; 16: 763-772.
17. Krieger JN, Berger RE, Ross SO, Rothman I, Muller CH.
Seminal fluid findings in men with nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. J Androl 1996; 17: 310-318.
18. Weidner W, Jantos C, Schiefer HG, Haidl G, Friedrich HJ.
Semen parameters in men with and without proven chronic prostatitis. Arch Androl 1991; 26: 173-183.
19. Kaplan SA, Santarosa RP, D'Alisera PM, Fay BJ, Ikeguchi EF, Hendricks J, Klein L, Те АЕ. Pseudodyssynergia (contraction of the external sphincter during voiding) misdiagnosed as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and the role of biofeedback as a therapeutic option.
J Urol 1997; 157:2234-2237.
20. Goto T, Nakame Y, Nishida M, Ohi Y.
Bacterial biofilms and catheters in experimental UTI. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 11: 227-232.
21. Polasscik TJ, Oesterling JE, Partin AW.
Prostate specific antigen: a decade of discovery - what we have learned and where we are going. J Urol 1999; 162: 293-306.
22. Bjerklund Johansen ТЕ, Gruneberg RN, Guibert J, Hofstetter A, Lobel B, Naber KG, Palou- Redorta J, van Cangh PJ.
The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Eur Urol 1998; 34: 457-466.
23. Naber KG.
Role of quinolones in treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. In: Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, 2nd
edition. Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (eds). Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 1993, pp. 285-297.
De la Rosette JJMC, Hubregste MR, Meuleman EJH, Stolk-Engelaar MVM, Debruyne FMJ. Diagnosis and treatment of 409 patients with prostatitis syndromes. Urology 1993; 41: 301-307.
Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Shoda R.
Antimicrobial treatment for chronic prostatitis as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Ural Int 1993; 51: 129-132.