- •1. Introduction
- •1.1 Classification
- •1.2 References
- •2.2 Background
- •2.3 Definition
- •2.4 Aetiological spectrum
- •2.5 Acute uncomplicated cystitis in pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women
- •2.8 UtIs in pregnancy
- •2.9 UtIs in post-menopausal women
- •2.11 References
- •19. Roberts fj.
- •27. Sanford jp.
- •28. Kinane df, Blackwell cc, Brettle rp, Weir dm, Winstanley fp, Eltor ra.
- •32. Nicolle le, Harding gkm, Preiksaitis j, Ronald ar.
- •50. Wadland wc, Planten da.
- •60. Vorland lh, Carlson k, Aalen odd.
- •3.2 Background
- •3.3 Aetiology
- •3.4 Pathogenesis
- •3.5 Signs and symptoms
- •3.7 Schedule of investigation
- •If findings indicate pathology
- •3.9 References
- •21. Jantausch pa, Rifai n, Getson p, Akrem s, Majd m, Wiedermann bl.
- •32. Rushton hg, Majd m, Jantausch b, Wiedermann l, Belman ab.
- •43. Kleinman pk, Diamond ba, Karellas a, Spevak mr, Nimkin k, Belenguer p.
- •4.2 Background
- •4.3 What are the acute effects of a uti on the kidney and do the lesions become chronic? Can they be prevented?
- •4.7 References
- •5.2 Definitions and classification
- •5.4 Treatment
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •5.6 References
- •6.2 Background
- •6.3 Definition and clinical manifestation of sepsis syndrome in urology
- •6.4 Physiology and biochemical markers
- •6.5 Prevention
- •6.6 Treatment of underlying disease
- •6.7 Conclusion
- •6.8 References
- •7.7 Therapy
- •7.8 Prevention
- •8.2 Prostatitis
- •8.3 Epididymitis and orchitis
- •8.4 References
- •1. Meares em, Stamey та.
- •2. Weidner w, Schiefer hg, Krauss h, Jantos Ch, Friedrich hj, Altmannsberger m.
- •3. Schaeffer aj.
- •8. Alexander rb, Ponniah s, Hasday j, Hebel jr.
- •26. Barbalias ga, Nikiforidis g, Liatsikos en.
- •27. Mayersak js.
- •28. Jimenez Cruz jf, Boronat f, Gallego j.
- •33. Naber kg, Weidner w.
- •9. Peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology
- •9.1 Summary
- •9.2 Introduction
- •9.3 Goals of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.4 Indications for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.5 Timing and duration of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.6 Choice of antibiotics
- •9.7 Mode of application
- •9.8 Recommendations according to type of urological intervention
- •9.10 References
- •1. Rubin rh, Shapiro ed, Andriol vt, Davies rj, Stamm we.
- •3. Naber kg.
- •3. Recommendations for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology (modified according to ref 1)
- •4. Antibacterial agents
- •4.1 Penicillins
- •4.2 Parenteral cephalosporins
- •4.3 Oral cephalosporins
- •4.4 Monobactams
- •4.5 Carbapenems
- •4.6 Fluoroquinolones
- •4.7 Macrolides
- •4.8 Tetracyclines
- •4.9 Aminoglycosides
- •4.10 Glycopeptides
- •4.11 References
3. Recommendations for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology (modified according to ref 1)
|
Procedure |
Most common |
Antibiotic(s) |
Alternative antibiotic(s) |
Remarks |
|
|
pathogen(s) |
of choice |
|
|
|
1. Open operations |
|
|
|
|
|
Urinary tract |
Enterobacteriaceae |
Aminopenicillin/BLI |
In high-risk patients: |
In all patients |
|
including bowel |
Enterococci |
Cephalosporin |
* Cephalosporin |
|
|
segments |
Anaerobes |
(2ndgeneration) |
(3rd generation) |
|
|
|
Wound infection: |
/metronidazole |
* Acylaminopenicillin/BLI |
|
|
|
Staphylococci |
|
|
|
|
Urinary tract |
Enterobacteriaceae |
Fluoroquinolone* |
In high-risk patients: |
In patients with |
|
without bowel |
Enterococci |
Cephalosporin |
* Cephalosporin |
increased risk |
|
segments |
Wound infection: |
(2nd generation) |
(3rd generation) |
of infection |
|
|
Staphylococci |
Aminopenicillin/BLI |
* Acylaminopenicillin/BLI |
|
|
Implant/prosthesis: |
Staphylococci |
Cephalosporin |
|
In all patients |
|
penis, sphincter |
|
(1st/2nd generation) |
|
|
|
Reconstructive |
Staphylococci |
Cephalosporin |
|
In secondary |
|
genital operation |
|
(1st/2nd generation) |
|
operations and |
|
|
|
|
|
in patients with |
|
|
|
|
|
increased risk |
|
|
|
|
|
of infection |
|
Other interventions |
Staphylococci |
Cephalosporin |
|
In patients with |
|
outside the urinary |
|
(1st/2nd generation) |
|
increased risk |
|
tract |
|
|
|
of infection |
|
2. Endoscopic-instrumental operations | ||||
|
Urethra, prostate, |
Enterobacteriaceae |
Fluoroquinolone* |
Co-trimoxazole |
In patients with |
|
bladder, ureter, |
Staphylococci |
Aminopenicillin/BLI |
Aminoglycoside |
increased risk |
|
kidney, including |
Enterococci |
Cephalosporin |
|
of infection |
|
percutaneous |
|
(2nd generation) |
|
|
|
litholapaxy and |
|
Fosfomycin |
|
|
|
ESWL |
|
trometamol |
|
|
|
3. Diagnostic interventions | ||||
|
Transrectal biopsy |
Enterobacteriaceae |
Fluoroquinolone* |
Aminoglycoside |
In all patients |
|
of the prostate |
Enterococci |
Aminopenicillin/BLI |
Co-trimoxazole |
|
|
(with thick needle) |
Anaerobes |
Cephalosporin |
|
|
|
|
Streptococci |
(2nd generation)/ |
|
|
|
|
|
metronidazole |
|
|
|
Perineal biopsy |
Enterobacteriaceae |
Fluoroquinolone* |
Co-trimoxazole |
In patients with |
|
of the prostate |
Enterococci |
Aminopenicillin/BLI |
|
increased risk |
|
Urethrocystoscopy |
Staphylococci |
Cephalosporin |
|
of infection |
|
Ureterorenoscopy |
|
(2nd generation) |
|
|
|
Percutaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
pyeloscopy |
|
|
|
|
|
Laparoscopic |
|
|
|
|
|
procedures |
|
|
|
|
BLI = (Hactamase inhibitor; ESWL = extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy.
*Fluoroquinolone with sufficient renal excretion.
REFERENCE
1. Naber KG, Hofstetter AG, Bruhl P, Bichler KH, Lebert С
Leitlinien zur perioperative Prophylaxe bei Eingriffen an den Harnwegen und im mannlichen Genitalbereich. Chemotherapie Journal 2000; 9: 165-170.