Keys to Figures

894 • A p p e n d i x 3

Figure 2.1. Network of Chinese Philosophers, 400–200 b.c.e.

10Tzu-yu (f. school of Confucian disciples)

11Tzu-chang (f. school of Confucian disciples)

19 Tzu-ssu (Confucius’ grandson; f. school of disciples)

21 Tuan-kun Mu (Confucian)

28Ch’in Ku-li (major disciple of Mo Ti)

30 Yi Chih (Mohist)

35Kung-tu Tzu (disciple of Mencius)

39 Shunyü Kun (debater)

43 P’eng Meng

45Chieh Tzu

46Huan Yuan

47Wei Mou

(hedonist/individualist)

49Yo-chêng Tzu-chun (school of Tsêng-Tzu, Confucian)

50K’ung Chuan (descendant of Confucius)

54 Ch’imu Tzu (Kung-sun Lung

disciple)

56Fan Sui (diplomat, debater, prime minister of Ch’in)

57Wu Hou (leader of Mohist faction)

58Hsiang-li Ch’in (leader of Mohist faction)

59T’eng-ling Tzu (Mohist faction of the south)

62Tsou Shih (Chi-hsia Acad.)

63Yü Ching

64Lü Pu-wei (prime minister of Ch’in)

Figure 2.2. Network of Greek Philosophers from Socrates to Chrysippus

39Nessos of Chios (atomist)

40Metrodorus of Chios (atomist, Skeptic)

48Antipater of Cyrene (Cyrenaic)

49Arete (Cyrenaic)

50Epitimides of Cyrene (Cyrenaic)

51Parabates of Cyrene (Cyrenaic)

52Aristippus the Younger (Cyrenaic)

53Anchipylus (school of Elis)

54Moschus (Elis)

55Plistenos of Elis (Elis)

57Anaxarchus of Abdera (atomist, Skeptic)

58Nausiphanes (atomist)

62Alexines (Megarian)

68Pamphilus (Academic)

78Polemarchus (math)

80Autolycus of Pitane (math)

87Crantor (Academic)

88Crates (Academic)

91Philo of Megara (Megarian)

97Lacydes (Academic)

Figure 3.1. Forming the Network of Greek Philosophers, 600–465 b.c.e.

600 b.c.e.

(1)Alcman (cosmological poet)

(2)Pittacus (one of the “Seven” or “Ten Sages”)

(3)Cleobulus (same)

(4)Periander (same)

(5)Myson(same)

(6)Epimenides (same)

(7)Anacharsis (same)

(8)Bias(same)

(9)Chilon(same)

10Democedes of Croton (medicine)

i 11 Ameinas (Pythagorean)

500 c.e.

12Epicharmas

13Hippasus (Pythagorean)

(14)Hecataeus (geographer)

Figure 3.2. Centralization of the Greek Network in Athens, 465–365 b.c.e.

465 b.c.e.

15Corax (orator)

16Tisias (same)

17Oenopides of Chios (math, cosmol)

18Cleidemos (cosmol)

i 19 Heraclides (medicine, father of Hippocrates)

i 20 Herodias (medicine, Cnidus) i 21 Aegisidemus

22Hippon (eclectic)

23Hicetas (Pythagorean, astron)

24Ecphantus (Pythagorean)

25Eurytas (Pythagorean)

26Echecrates (Pythagorean)

i 27 Simmias (Pythagorean)

i 28 Cebes (Pythagorean)

29Alcidamas (Sophist)

30Lycophron (Sophist)

32Idaeus of Himera (eclectic physicist)

33Thrasymachus

34Xeniades (Sophist)

35Theodorus (math)

36Critias (patron of Sophists)

400 b.c.e.

37Diagoras of Melos (“atheist”)

38Cratylus

i 39 Nessos of Chios (atomist)

Keys to Figures • 895

40Metrodorus of Chios (atomist, Skeptic)

41Theaetetus (Academic, math)

42Menaechmus (Academic, math)

43Philip of Opus (Academic)

i 44 Hemodorus (Academic)

i 45 Histaeus (Academic)

46 Theudus (Academic)

Figure 3.4. Proliferation and Recombination of the Greek Schools, 400–200 b.c.e.

365 b.c.e.

i47 Aethiops of Ptolemas (Cyrenaic)

i 48 Antipater of Cyrene (Cyrenaic)

49Arete (Cyrenaic, daughter of Aristippus)

i 50 Epitimides of Cyrene

(Cyrenaic)

i 51 Parabates of Cyrene (Cyrenaic)

52Aristippus the younger (Cyrenaic systematizer, son of 49)

53Anchipylus (Elis/Eretria school)

54Moschus (same)

55Plistenos of Elis (same)

i 56 Diogenes of Smyrna

57Anaxarchus of Abdera (atomist, Skeptic)

58Nausiphanes (atomist)

59Apollonus (Megarian)

60Apollonus Cronos (Megarian)

61Anneceris (Cyrenaic)

62Alexines (Megarian)

63Philiscus (Cynic)

64Onesicritus (Cynic)

i 65 Asclepediades (Elis/Eretria

school)

66Bryson (Megarian, math)

67Polyxenus (Megarian)

226? Oenomaus of Gadara (same)

227? Perigrinus Proteus (same, ex-Christian)

228? pseudo-Pythagorean texts

1–200 c.e.

229? Corpus Hermeticum (anon. text)

230? Cronius (neo-Pythagorean)

231Nicomachus of Gerasa (math, neo-Pythagorean)

232Theon of Smyrna (math, Platonist)

233Aulus Gellius (Platonist, Athens)

234Celsus (Platonist, anti-Christian)

236 Tatian (Christian)

237? Aristides (Christian

apologist)

238 Melitto of Sardis (same)

239? Apollinaris of Hieropolis

(same)

240Marcion (Christian/Gnostic, Rome)

i 242 Panaenus (ex-Stoic, Christian)

243Theophilus (Christian)

244Iranaeus (Christian, anti-Gnostic)

245Hippolytus (same, Rome)

246Julianus (Gnostic, occultist, forged Chaldean Oracles)

247Bardesanes of Mesopotamia (Gnostic)

248Marcus (Gnostic, occultist, disciple of Valentinus)

249Theodotus (Gnostic, disciple of Valentinus)

250Ptolemaeus (same)

(251)Aelius Aristides (rhetor)

252Harpocration of Argos (neo-Pythagorean/eclectic)

253Maximus of Tyre (rhetor/Platonist/Aristotelean/ eclectic)

Keys to Figures • 899

254Severus (Platonist/Stoic anti-Aristotelean)

Figure 3.7. Showdown of Neoplatonists and Christians, 200–400 c.e.

200 c.e.

i255 Saturninus (Skeptic, medicine)

256 Tertullian (Christian, anti-phil, anti-Gnostic)

257 Minucius Felix (Christian)

258 Diogenes of Oenoanda (Epicurean)

(259)Diogenes Laertius (doxographer)

260On the World anon. text (Stoic/Aristotelean syncretism)

261Ammonius Saccas

(neo-Pythagorean? Platonist? eclectic, Alexandria)

i 262 Herennius

263Cassius Longinus (rhetor, Platonist, Athens)

264Origen the Pagan (Platonist) i 265 Olympus of Alexandria (star

magic)

266Amelius Gentilianus (expositor of Plotinus)

i 267 Typho (Stoic, Platonist)

268Anatolius of Alexandria (Christian/Aristotelean/math)

i 269 Lucian (Christian, Antioch)

300 c.e.

270Arnobius (Christian)

271Lactantius (Christian)

272Eusebius (Christian, anti-Porphyry)

273Gedalius (Neoplatonist)

274Chrysaorinus (Neoplatonist)

317St. Maximus (Platonist/Christian, Byzantium)

Figure 4.1. Emergence of Chinese Network, 500–365 b.c.e.: Rival Confucian Lineages, Mohists, Primitivists

500 b.c.e.

1Têng Hsi (lawyer/debater)

2Yen Hui (Confucian)

3Tzu-lu (Confucian)

4Tzu Kung (Confucian, diplomat)

i 5 Jan Yu (politician)

i 6 Chung Kung (Confucian)

i 7 Yu Tzu (soldier)

i 8 Tseng Hsi (Confucian)

9Tzu-hsia (f. school of Confucian disciples)

10Tzu-yu (same)

11Tzu-chang (same)

i 12 Mi Tzu-chien (Confucian)

i 13 Tzu-ch’ih (Confucian)

i 14 Tzu-hua (Confucian)

15Shih Shih (Confucian)

16Ch’i Tiao-K’ai (f. school of Confucian disciples)

17Kung-sun Ni-tzu (Confucian)

18Fu Tzu-chien (Confucian)

19Tzu-ssu (Confucius’ grandson; f. school of disciples)

19a? Chung-liang (f. school of Confucian disciples)

i 20 T’ien Tzu-Fung (Confucian, instructor of kings)

i 21 Tuan-kun Mu (same)

i 22 Wu Ch’i (Confucian general) i 23 Kung-meng Tzu (Confucian) 23a Li K’uei (“agriculturalist”

politician)

i 24 Ch’eng-tzu (Confucian)

25Kêng Chu (Mohist)

26Sui Ch’ao Ti (Mohist)

Keys to Figures • 901

400 b.c.e.

27Wü Lu (“agriculturalist” self-sufficiency)

28Ch’in Ku-li (major disciple of Mo Ti)

Figure 4.2. Intersecting Centers of the Warring States, 365–200 b.c.e.

365 b.c.e.

29Tzu Hua Tzu (Yang Chu follower)

i 30 Yi Chih (Mohist)

31Hsu Fan (from Mohist school; neo-Confucian, possibly identical w Hsü Hsing)

32Ch’en Hsiang (“agriculturalist” primitivist)

i 33 Ch’en Liang

34? Shih Ch’iu (individualist like Ch’en Chung)

i 35 Kung-tu Tzu (disciple of Mencius)

i 36 Wan Chang (same)

i 37 Meng Chi Tzu (same) i 38 Kungsun Ch’ou (same)

39Shunyü Kun (debater at Wei court, then Chi-hsia Academy)

40Ch’en Chung

(“agriculturalist” primitivist; of Ch’i royal house)

43 P’eng Meng

45Chieh Tzu (Chi-hsia Acad.)

46Huan Yuan (Chi-hsia Acad.)

47Wei Mou (Prince of Wei,

hedonist/individualist)

49Yo-chêng Tzu-chun (school of Tsêng-Tzu, Confucian)

50K’ung Chuan (descendant of Confucius)

300 b.c.e.

51Huan T’uan

52T’ien Pa

94Yen Chün-ping (diviner; Tao Te Ching and Chuang Tzu scholar)

1 c.e.

95An-ch’iu Wang-jih (shaman/physician, Tao Te Ching scholar)

96Chia K’uei (eclectic cm., Old Text school)

97Ts’ao Pao (numerology group leader)

Figure 4.4. Later Han Dynasty Disintegration and the Dark Learning, 100–300 c.e.

100 c.e.

98Ma Jung (Confucian cm., Old Text school, anti-occult skeptic)

99Wang Fu (Confucian political phil, anti-occult skeptic)

100Wei Po-Yang (Taoist, first alchemy book)

101Yü Chi (pop. Taoist cult)

102Chang Tao-Ling (Taoist healing cult, military org.,

Szechuan)

103? Ho Shang Kung (Tao Te Ching cm.)

i 104 Chang Heng (same as 102) 105 Chang Lu (f. Taoist church)

(106)Chang Chüeh (Tao of Great

Peace, Yellow Turban uprising)

107Ho Hsiu (Confucian religion)

107b Yü Fan (Confucian, Yi Ching

cm., numerology)

108Hsün Shuang

109Hsün Yüeh (Confucian, anti-Taoist, anti-occult skeptic)

110Ts’ai Yung (anti-occult skeptic, astronomer)

i 111 Wang K’ai (bequeathed library to son, 117)

i 112 Liu Pao (patron of Ching-Chou Academy Old Text scholars)

200 c.e.

113Wang Lang (anti-occult skeptic)

114Tso Tzu (Taoist magician)

115Ko Hsüan (religious Taoist, south China)

i 116 Wang Ts’an (inherited library of 110)

i 117 Wang Yeh (father of Wang Pi)

118Ouyang Chien

119Wang Tao

120Yin Jung (or Hsün Jung)

121Hsia-hou Hsuan

122Wang Su (Confucian, high Wei official; Old Text school,

K’ung-Ts’ung Tzu author?)

123Juan Chi (poet, Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove)

124Shan T’ao (statesman, general, Seven Sages)

125Juan Hsian (Seven Sages)

126Wang Jung (same)

127Liu Ling (same)

128Wang Têng (Pure Conversation, nudist circle)

129Wang Yen (same)

130Juan Chan (same)

131Hsu Kun (same)

132Humu Yen-Kuo (same)

133Pi Cho(same)

134Yueh Kuang (Name/Principle doctrine)

134a Hsieh Hsuan (same)

135P’ei Wei (skeptic, anti-nihilist) 135a Ssu-ma P’iao (cm. Chuang

Tzu, Mohist Canons)

136Juan Fou (libertine, Pure Conversation)

904 • A p p e n d i x 3

137 Wei Chieh (Pure Conversation)

138? Lu Shêng (cm. Mohist

Canons)

139Chueh Kung-tse (Buddhist Pure Land)

140Wei Shih-tu (same)

141Dharmaraksha (Buddhist at Tun Huang, central Asia)

Figure 5.1. Indian Network, 800–400 b.c.e.: The Founding Rivalries

800–600 b.c.e.

In Brihadaranyaka Upanishad:

(1)King Janaka

2 King Ajatashatru

In Chandogya Upanishad:

3King Pravehana Jaivali (defeated Aruni in debate)

4King Ashvapati (debated Aruni &11–15)

5Sanatkumara

6Shandilya

7Raikva

8Satyakama Jabali

9Chakrayana Ushasti

10Ghora Angirasa

11Aupamanayava

12Prachinayogya

13Vaisyagrahpadya

14Sharkarakshya

15Budila

16Parshvanatha (last of 24 Jaina predecessors, some mythical)

600–400 b.c.e.

17Brihaspati (pre-Buddhist skeptic/Lokayata materialist?)

18Sañjaya (skeptic)

19Alara Kalama (meditation master)

20Uddaka Ramaputta (ascetic)

(21) King Bimbisara of Magadha

22Buddha’s followers (debated Mahavira)

23Mahavira’s followers (debated Buddha)

24Purana Kashyapa (or Kassapa; skeptic, denied karma and morality; converted by Buddha)

25Pakudha Kaccayana (or Kakuda Katyayana; 7 elements; denied karma)

26Ajita Keshakambala (4 elements; Lokayata materialist)

27Payasi (Lokayata materialist)

28“Kanada” (early Vaisheshika)

29Sariputra (Buddha’s major disciple)

30Moggallana (Maudgalyayana) (same)

31Devadatta (early revolt within Buddhism)

Figure 5.2. India, 400 b.c.e.–

400 c.e.: Age of Anonymous Texts

400–200 b.c.e.

32Moggaliputta-tissa (organized Buddhist missions)

33Nagasena (Buddhist debater)

34Katyayana (Katyayaniputra) (predecessor of Sarvastivada)

35Dharmatrata (early devel. of Sarvastivada)

In Middle Upanishads:

36Nachikitas (in Katha Up.)

37Shvetashvatara (in

Shvetashvatara Up.)

38“Kapila” (same)

39“Asuri” (converted from Lokayata and Ajivikas)

40Varuna (in Taittiriya Up.)

41Mahachamasya (same)

42Pippalada (in

Prashnopanishad)

43Pratardana (in Kaushitaki Up.)

200b.c.e.

44Mahadeva Buddhist (f. Chaitiya sect, stupa worship)

45Kumaralabdha (f. Sautrantika?)

1c.e.

46Upatissa (Pali Theravada compendium)

47“Pañchashikha” (early Samkhya figurehead?)

100c.e.

48Kumaralata (Sarvastivadin)

49Matracheta (Buddhist court poet)

50Buddhadeva (Sarvastivadin)

51Bhadanta Ghoshaka (Sarvastivadin)

51a “Gautama” (Mithila? f. Nyaya)

52Upavarsha (Vedanta/Mimamsa, 1st

Brahmasutra cm.)

(53)Charaka (compiled medical text)

54Lakulisha? (f. Shaiva dualism)

200 c.e.

55Dharmashri (Sarvastivadin)

56Upashanta (Sarvastivadin)

57Paurika? (earliest distinctive Samkhya)

58Pañchadhikarana (same)

59Pantañjali (not Yogin; early Samkhya)

Keys to Figures • 905

60Varshaganya? (crystallized Samkhya)

61Shabara? (Mimamsa, cm. “Jaimini”)

300 c.e.

62Harivarman (Sautrantika)

63Saramati (Yogacara)

Figure 5.4. Conflict of Buddhist and

Hindu Schools, 400–900

Persons listed here and for Figure 5.5 include philosophers of Kashmir Shaivism and continuation of all Indian networks to 1500–1800 not shown in Figures 5.4 and 5.5.

400

64Sanghamitra (Shri Lanka, crit. Theravada)

65Buddhadatta (Shri Lanka)

66Dhammapala (Shri Lanka) 66a Shrilabdha (Sautrantika)

i 67 Buddhamitra (Sautrantika)

68Vindhyavasin (revised older Samkhya, debated 67)

69Madhava (Samkhya “heretic,” debated 73)

i 70 Vasubandhu’s pupil (brother-in-law of 71)

72Chandramati (unorthodox Vaisheshika)

500

73Gunamati (Sarvastivadin, crit. Samkhya, Vaisheshika, and Jainism)

74Ashvabhava

74a Vasuvarman (Sarvastivadin)

75Guñaprabha (converted from Yogacara to Sarvastivada, attacked Mahayana)

908 • A p p e n d i x 3

162Bhatriraja (grammarian, Kashmir)

163Helaraja (same)

164Ramakantha (Shaiva dualist, Kashmir)

165Devabala (Shaiva dualist)

In Kashmir:

Major: abhinavagupta (Shaiva, Shakti pan-energy phil.)

Secondary: Utpala (Shaiva, astron, crit. Buddhists)

1000

166Jñanshrimitra (Buddhist logic, tantrist, layman; last of Kashmir school, to Vikramashila [Bengal])

167Ratnakarashanti (classified all Buddhist sects into Vajrayana tantrism)

168Ratnakirti (Buddhist, embraced solipsism)

169Abhayakara-gupta (abbot of Nalanda & Vikramashila; tantrist)

170Sarahapada (sexual-Yoga, poems)

171Advayavajra (Buddhist tantrism to Tibet)

172Devachandra (Mahamudra sect of Vajrayana tantrism)

173Manorathanandin (Buddhist logic)

174Mokshakaragupta (Buddhist logic)

175Anuruddha (Shri Lanka, Theravadin)

176Sariputta? (Theravadin)

177Prabhachandra (Jaina logic)

178Anandabodha? (Advaita solipsism)

179Kularka Pandita (Advaita mahavidya logic formalism)

180Bhavadeva (Mimamsa, Bengal?)

181Shrivatsa (Nyaya, Mithila?)

182Aniruddha (Nyaya)

183Uttuñga (Shaiva dualist)

184King Bhoja (cm. Yoga, Samkhya; polymath, Shaiva dualist)

185Bhaskara? (with 186, greatest names of Shaktism)

186Lakshmidhara

187Vidyakantha (son/pupil of 164)

188Narayana Kantha

189Ramakantha II (refuted grammarians)

190Yadavaprakasha (Vaishnava, theistic dualism-cum-nondualism)

i 191 brother-in-law of 192 i 192 Ramanuja’s father

1100

193Hemachandra (encyclopedic Jaina, poet, grammarian, logic)

193a Shri Harsha’s father i 194 brother of 195

195Meghanadari (Ramanuja sect; refuted objections vs. self-validity of intuition, crit. Nyaya)

196Aghorashiva (Shaiva dualist)

197Basava (Vira Shiva sect/phallic symbols; dualism-cum-nondualism)

198Revana (Vira Shiva; crit. nihilistic monism, Jainism, Buddhism, & Lokayata)

199Upamaya (voluntaristic Shaiva monism, crit. nihilistic monism)

200Someshvara (Mimamsa)

201Aparakadeva (Nyaya)

202Shrikantha (Nyaya)

203Vadaraja (Nyaya, Kashmir?)

204Vallabha (Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Mithila)

205Shivaditya (Nyaya-Vaisheshika; mahavidya syllogisms combo. w Advaita)

1200

206Shri Rama Chandrabharati (only Buddhist bhakti poet; Shri Lanka)

207Mallisena (Jaina logic)

208Parthasarathi Mishra (Mimamsa crit. Dharmakirti logic)

209Vadindra (Nyaya, refuted over-elaborate mahavidya syllogisms)

210Bhatta Raghava (Nyaya)

211Divikara (Nyaya Mithila)

212Keshava Mishra (Nyaya-Vaisheshika Mithila)

213Vadi Vagishvara (Nyaya)

214Narayana Sarvajña (Nyaya)

215Anandahubhava (Nyaya)

216Anandajñana (Advaita, crit. Vaisheshika atomism)

217Vimuktatman (Advaita, crit. Mandana, dualism-cum-nondualism & Bhartrihari)

218Vatsya Varada (Ramanuja theist, refuted Shriharsha world illusion)

219Pillai Lokacharya (led faction in Vaishnava split)

220Marua (Vira Shiva)

221Ekorama (same)

Keys to Figures • 909

1300

222Rajashekhara Suri (Jaina cm. 6 darshanas)

223Vidya Tilaka (same)

224Prabhakarapadya (Nyaya) 224a Varhamana (neo-Nyaya,

Gangesha’s son)

225Abhayatilaka (Nyaya, Mithila)

226Sondadopadhyaya (Nyaya)

227Manikantha Mishra Nyaya

228Shashadhara (Nyaya)

229Tarami Mishra (Nyaya)

230Jagadguru (Nyaya)

231Nyayabhaskarakara (Nyaya)

232Ravishvara (Nyaya)

233Ramadvaya (Advaita)

i 234 Anandatman

235Shankarananda (Upanishads cm.)

236Madhavacharya (or Vidyaranya; Advaita, Mimamsa cm.; compendium of all schools)

237Sayana (Mimamsa, cm. early Vedas; brother of 236)

238Anubhavananda

239Amalananda (Advaita)

i 240 brother of 241

241Shaila Shrinivasa (defended Ramanuja sect vs. Advaita crit)

242Shripati Pandita (Vira Shiva sectarian; crit. all schools)

1400

243Gunaratna Suri (Jaina, cm. Haribhadra’s 6 darshanas)

244Aniruddha (compiled

Samkhyasutras)

245Sadananda Vyasa (Advaita; cm. Samkhya, Gita)

246Shankara Mishra (neo-Nyaya)

910 • A p p e n d i x 3

246a Vacaspati Mishra II

(neo-Nyaya)

247Vasudevasarvabhauma (intro. neo-Nyaya to Bengal)

248Madhava Mukunda (Vishishtadvaita qualified non-dualism, crit. monism & world illusion)

Continuation, 1500–1800 (not shown in Figure 5.5)

1500

Secondary:

Vijñanabhikshu (syncr., cm. Mimamsa, Yoga, Vedanta; turned Samkhya to theism)

Appaya Dikshita (from Mimamsa; synth. Advaita sub-schools)

Prakashananda (Advaita, subjectivist) Vyasa-tirtha? (Madhva pontiff, crit. Advaita monism using Nyaya

epistemology)

Madhusudana Sarasvati? (Advaita, refuted Vyasa-tirtha)

Chaitanya (Vaishnava bhakti, Krishna emotionalism)

Vallabha (Vaishnava Vedanta theist, bhakti, pure nondualism)

249Bhavaganesha (cm. Samkhya)

250Annambhatta (Nyaya-Vaisheshika, cm. Advaita, Mimamsa)

251Narayana Bhatta (Mimamsa theist)

252Narayana Bhatta II (same; refuted Appaya Dikshita)

253Langakshi Bhaskara (same)

254Nrisimhashrama Muni (Advaita)

255Jiva Gosvami (Chaitanya follower)

1600

256Mahadeva Vedantin (Samkhya)

257Svayamprakashayati (Samkhya)

258Apadeva (Mimamsa)

259Khandadeva (Mimamsa)

260Mathuranatha Bhattacharya (extreme neo-Nyaya formalism)

261Jagadisha Bhattacharya (important late neo-Nyaya)

262Gadadhara Bhattacharya (same)

263Vishvanatha (Nyaya-Vaisheshika)

263a Radhomohana Gosvami

Bhattacharya (Nyaya)

264Narayanatirtha (Nyaya-Vaisheshika- Samkhya-Vedanta syncretism)

265Dharmaraja (Advaita)

266Shrinivasacharya (Ramanuja sect)

1700

267Yasovijaya (Jaina)

268Nagoji Bhatta (Samkhya)

269Vamshidhara Mishra (Samkhya/Nyaya)

270Sadananda Yati (Advaita syncretism)

271Baladeva (Vedanta Vaishnava, unthinkable-nondifference- indifference, Bengal)

272Rangaramanuja (Ramanuja sect)

Figure 6.1. Taoist Church and

Imported Buddhist Schools, 300–500

300

142“Pao Ching-yen” (Taoist radical, mythical?)

143Wang Pao (Taoist magician)

144Wei Hua-Ts’un (woman; “revelations” of Taoist scriptures)

145Tu Ching (Taoist church leader)

146Sun Tai (f. Taoist sect)

(147)Sun En (Taoist rebel, south coast)

148Yang Hsi (“revelations” of Taoist scriptures)

149Hsü Mi (Taoist theologian)

150Hsü Hui (Taoist)

i 151 Hsü Mai (father of 149)

(152)Wang Hsi-chih (1st great

calligrapher)

153“Pure Conversation” circle

154Yin Hao (Buddhist layman)

155Sun Ch’o (Buddhist, sync. w Taoism and Confucianism)

156Wang Pan-chih (Confucian, criticized Taoism)

157Ko Ch’ao-fu (Ko family; estab. Taoist scriptures)

158Ts’ui Hao (Confucian, Taoist, Northern Wei minister; persecuted Buddhism)

159K’ou Ch’ien-chih (Taoist “pope” in Northern Wei state)

160Mao Hsui-chih (Taoist disciple)

161Ch’eng-Kung Hsing (Buddhist)

162Shih T’an-ying (Buddhist)

163Fa-hsian (Buddhist pilgrim, tr.

Lotus sutra)

164Chih-yen (Buddhist traveler to Kashmir)

Keys to Figures • 911

i 165 Buddhabhadra (Buddhist

monk from Kashmir)

166T’an-chi (Madhyamika “Three Treatise school”)

167Seng-tao (Sautrantika school)

168Seng-sung (Sautrantika school)

169Seng-jui (Buddhist)

170Hui Kuan (Buddhist, debated Tao Sheng vs. sudden Enlightenment)

400

171Fa-yen (Pure Land)

172Fa-hao (Pure Land)

173Chu Fa-t’ai (Pure Land)

174T’an Chi

175Seng-lang (Madhyamika, separated from Sautrantika)

176Fa-yao (pop. Nirvana sutra preacher, south China)

177Ro-ling (same)

178Seng-yu (continued Tao-An’s catalogue of Buddhist texts)

179Fan Chen (skeptic anti-Buddhist, south China)

180Hsün Chi (same)

181Ku Huan (anti-Buddhist, compiled Taoist scriptures)

182Lu Hsin-ch’ing (Taoist reformer, compiler, alc)

183Sun Yu-yueh (Taoist, Southern capital)

184T’ao Hung-ching (f. Taoist sect; occultist, alc)

185Chou Yung (Buddhist syncretizer w Taoism and Confucianism)

186Chang Jung (same)

187Meng Ching-I (same)

916 • A p p e n d i x 3

Figure 6.5. Neo-Confucian

Orthodoxy and the Idealist

Movement, 1435–1565

1300

373Liu Chi (astron/astrol, skeptic anti-superstition)

374Hsieh Ying Fang (skeptic) 374a Cheng Yü (same as 372a)

1400

375Ts’ao Tuan (skeptic, anti-Buddhist)

376Yang P’u

377Hsieh Hsuan (cm. Neo-Confucian texts)

378Wu Yü-pi

379Hu Chü-jen (faithful Neo-Confucian)

1500

380Lou Liang

381Chan Jo-shui

382Hsü Ai

383Huang Wan

384Ku Yin-hsing

385Ch’ien Te-hung (split in Wang Yang-Ming school)

386Ch’en Ching-lan (orthodox Neo-Confucian, crit. Lu Chiu-yuan and Wang Yang-Ming as Ch’an Buddhism)

Figure 7.1. Network of Japanese

Philosophers, 600–1100: Founding

of Tendai and Shingon

600

1Kwalluk (Buddhist fr. Korea)

2Hui-Kuan (Korean, transmitted Buddhist Satyasiddhi & Madhyamika schools)

635

3Chisu (Japanese priest, transmitted Abhidharma)

4Chitatsu (same)

5Dosho (Japanese priest, transmitted Yogacara)

700

6Gyogi (shamanistic Buddhist)

735

7Kibi-no-Makibi (transmitted Confucianism fr. China)

8Gembo (Japanese priest, st. China)

9Bodhisena (Indian Buddhist monk)

10Tao-hsüan (transmitted Vinaya)

11Shen-huiang (China, transmitted Kegon [Hua-yen])

12Chien-chien (Chinese Vinaya master)

[13]Amoghavajra (tantrist, from China; 254 in Fig. 6.2)

765

[14]Hsiu-jan (Zen, China)

[15]Shun-chia (mantra doctrine [tantrism], China)

[16]Tao-sui (T’ien-t’ai, China; 269

in Fig. 6.2)

[18]Hui-kuo (tantrist, China)

835

19Ennin (systematized Tendai [T’ien-t’ai])

20Enchin f. Tendai esotericism/magic

918 • A p p e n d i x 3

56Koho Kennichi (son of emperor, sync. Zen and Shingon)

57Gien (Soto Zen)

58Kangan Giin (same)

59Kakushin-ni (Shinran’s daughter, f. True Pure Land headquarters, Kyoto)

60Chozen (Sanron, encyclopedia of all Buddhist schools)

61Shusho (Kegon, biogs of priests)

62Shocho (Shingon, encyc. of ceremonials)

63Kakuzen (Tendai, same)

64Gyonen (Buddhist history)

1300

65Gen-e (Neo-Confucian)

66Watarai Tsuneyoshi (Ise Shinto school)

67Kokan Shiren (Rinzai Zen, history of Japanese Buddhism)

68Shinkyo (Ippen successor)

69Kakunyo (Shinran’s grandson, unified Ikko Pure Land)

1335

70Watarai Iyeyoki (Ise Shinto)

71Gido Shushin (Zen koans and poetry)

72Jakashitsu Genko (wandering monk, Rinka Zen)

1365

73Imbe-no-Masamichi (Shinto/Buddhist syncretism)

Figure 7.3. Zen Artists and Tea

Masters, 1400–1600

1400

74Mansai (Shingon, adviser to shogun)

75Hoshu (Neo-Confucian)

1435

78Ichijo Kanera (Shinto monotheism)

1465

80Keian (Zen, adopted Confucianism)

1535

81Minamimura Baiken (f. Shikoku Neo-Confucian school)

Figure 7.4. Tokugawa Confucian and National Learning Schools, 1600–1835

1600

82Tenkai (Tendai, govt. adviser)

83Ishin Suden (Rinzai Zen, adviser to shogun)

84Nichio (Fuju-fuse sect of Nichiren Buddhism)

(85)Yagyu Munenori (sword master)

1635

86Tani Jichu (Shikoku Neo-Confucian school)

87Hayashi Gaho (official Neo-Confucian school, Edo)

88Matsunaga Sekigo (taught Confucian classics)

[89]Fai-yin T’ang-jing (China, Buddhist)

920 • A p p e n d i x 3

(139)Matsudaira Sadanobu (head of shogunal council; prohibited non-Confucian teachings)

140Nakai Chikuzan (head of Kaitokudo merchant school)

141Nakai Riken (Kaitokudo school)

142Waki Guzan (scientist, Kaitokudo school)

143Hoashi Banri (same)

1800

144Nakai Sekka (Kaitokudo school)

145Oshio Heihachiro (Wang Yang-Ming Idealist)

146Kusama Naokata (history of money)

147Yamagata Banto (Osaka merchant; astron)

148Naka Tenyu (science)

149Hashimoto Sokichi (science)

150Sugita Gempaku (daimyo’s doctor, Dutch Learning)

i 151 Motoori Ohira (son of

Norinaga)

152Ban Nobutomo (Norinaga school)

154Sato Nobuhiro (reformer, Dutch Learning)

155Omura Mitsue (disciple of Kamo Mabuchi)

156Daigu Ryokan (Zen poet-monk, popular Soto)

Figure 7.5. Meiji Westernizers and

the Kyoto School, 1835–1935

1835

157Ogata Koan (f. school of Dutch Learning, Osaka)

158Takeno Choei (summarized Western phils)

159Ninomiya Sontoku (Shinto, Buddhist, Confucian syncretism)

161Yoshida Shoin (reformer, Wang Yang-Ming school)

162Sato Issai (official neo-Confucian at Edo, privately taught Wang Yang-Ming activism)

(163)several leaders of Meiji Restoration

1865

164Fukazawa Yukichi (transmitted Western liberal positivism)

165Nishi Amane (transmitted Brit. Util., Mill, Kant)

166Tsuda Mamichi (transmitted Comte positivism)

168Kato Hiroyuki (materialist evolution)

169Inoue Tetsujiro (1st Japanese phil chair, Tokyo; German Idealism)

170Onishi Hajime (T. H. Green Idealist ethics)

171Kiyozawa Manshi (sync. Hegel & Amidaist Buddhism)

172Nanjo Bunyu (st. Sanskrit; taught Indian phil, Tokyo)

173Raphael von Koeber (E. von Hartmann disciple, taught Tokyo)

174Ernest Fenollosa (H. Spencer evol., taught Tokyo)

175Ludwig Busse (Lotze disciple, taught Tokyo)

176Inouye Enryo (True Pure Land)

1900

177Takakusu Junjiro (Buddhist scholar)

178Kuwaki Gen’yoku (neo-Kantian)

180Tanaka Odo (Dewey instrumentalism)

Figure 8.1. Islamic and Jewish

Philosophers and Scientists,

700–935: Basra and Baghdad

Schools

735

1John of Damascus. (Christian theol, Ummayad court)

2al-AwzaÀi (Syria, f. school of law)

3Yazid ibn-Aban al-Raqashi (theol)

4ÀAmr ibn ÀUbayd (Basra; kalam rational theology)

5al-Muqaffa (Basra, tr., Aristotelean logic)

6Wasil ibn ÀAta (Basra; kalam)

7Jahm b. Safwan (theol, denied free will)

8JaÀfar al-Sadiq (ShiÀite 6th Imam; allegorist, hadith)

9Ibrahim b. Adham (pre-Sufi, pious ritualist ascetic)

10Muqatil ibn Sulayman (allegorical interp. of QurÁan)

765

11Shaqiq al-Balkhi (mystic)

12Jabir b. Hayyan (ShiÀite; mystic, alc)

13RabiÀa al-ÀAdawiya (Basra, freed slave girl; mystic)

Keys to Figures • 921

{14} ÀUmar Ibn al-Farrakhan (Baghdad; astron, astrol)

{15} Kanaka al-Hindi (India, Baghdad; astron, astrol)

{16} Ya-Àqub Ibn Tariq (Baghdad; Hindu astron)

{17} al-Fazari (Kufa, Baghdad; astron)

{18} MashaÀallah (Baghdad; astrol)

19Timotheus (Baghdad; Nestorian Christian patriarch; tr.)

20al-Shaybani (Baghdad jurist)

21Abu-Yusuf (Baghdad jurist; crit. 23 for using kalam)

22Hisham ibn al-Hakam (Kufa, Basra; scriptural literalist)

800

23Bishr al-Marisi (Kufa, Basra, Baghdad; kalam)

24Husayn al-Najjar (followed Dirar)

25Hafs al-Fard (Egypt, Basra; Dirar spokesman vs. Abu-l-Hudhayl)

26Hisham al-Fuwati (Basra MuÀtazilite, atomist)

27Thumama b. Ashras (Baghdad MuÀtazilite; agnostic re. freedom and determinism)

28Abu Musa al-Murdar (Baghdad Mu’tazilite)

29ÀAli al-Aswari (same)