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Мордовский государственный университет им. Н. П. Огарёва

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Английский в алгоритмах.Фомина

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keep down = 1)(of feelings) to control; keep back, 2)to repress, 3)to maintain at a lower level		make over = to give the possession of sth to sb else
keep (oneself) from = 1) to prevent from, 2) to avoid keep in = to make sb stay indoors (esp		make sth up for sb = to compensate sb for sth
as a punishment)		make up = 1) to invent; think up, 2) to put cosmetics on, 3) to reconcile, 4) to compose; put
keep off = 1) to stay away from, 2) to avoid (food, a habit etc); keep away from, 3) to avoid		together, 5) to keep sth burning, 6) to make an amount complete
mentioning a subject		make up for = to compensate
keep on = 1) to continue in spite of difficulties, 2) to continue doing sth		make up one's mind = to decide
keep out = to exclude sb/sth		Pass
keep out of = to stay away from (trouble)		pass away = 1) to cease, 2) to die
keep to = 1) to limit to, 2) to follow		pass by = to overlook; pass over
keep up = 1) to maintain sth at the same level, 2) to keep sb out of bed, 3to keep sth in		pass by = to overlook; pass over
		pass off = to pretend to be sth/sb else successfully
good condition		pass off = to pretend to be sth/sb else successfully
good condition		pass on = to give from person to person;
Let		pass on = to give from person to person;
Let		pass out = 1) to lose consciousness, 2) to give freely; give; out
let down = 1) to lower, 2) (of clothes) to lengthen (opp: take up), 3) to disappoint		Pay
let in = t) to allow sth (water, air etc) to leak in		pay back = 1) to return money owed, 2) to get revenge on sb
let in(to) = 1) to allow sb to enter (a place), 2) to allow sb to join (a group)		pay back = 1) to return money owed, 2) to get revenge on sb
		pay down = to pay part of the price for sth and the rest over a period of time
let off = 1) not to punish, 2) to make sth explode (fireworks)
		pay for = to receive punishment
let on = 1) to reveal a secret, 2) to pretend		pay for = to receive punishment
let on = 1) to reveal a secret, 2) to pretend		pay off = 1) to act in order to settle (an old quarrel etc), 2) to pay sb to leave employment
let out = 1) to allow to go out (opp: let in), 2) to release, 3) (of clothes) to make wider, (opp:
		pay up = to pay in full (a debt); pay off
take in), 4) to say sth unintentionally		pay up = to pay in full (a debt); pay off
take in), 4) to say sth unintentionally		Pull
let up = to become less strong		Pull
let up = to become less strong		pull back = 1) to move away, 2) to be unwilling to fulfil a promise; draw back
Look
Look		pull down = to demolish
look after = to take care of	0	pull down = to demolish
look after = to take care of		pull in = (of trains etc) to arrive; draw in (opp: pullout)
look ahead = to think of the future		pull in = (of trains etc) to arrive; draw in (opp: pullout)
look ahead = to think of the future		pull oneself together = to bring one's feelings
look back (on) = to consider the past; remember		pull oneself together = to bring one's feelings
look back (on) = to consider the past; remember		under control pull out = 1) to stretch, 2) (of trains/ships) to leave; draw out
look down on = to despise (opp: look up to)
look down on = to despise (opp: look up to)		pull through = to succeed despite difficulties
look for = to search for		pull through = to succeed despite difficulties
look for = to search for		pull up = 1) to move forward, 2) to stop
look forward to = to anticipate (with pleasure)		pull up = 1) to move forward, 2) to stop
look forward to = to anticipate (with pleasure)		Put
look into = to investigate		Put
look into = to investigate		put aside = to save; put by
look in on = to pay a short visit to		put aside = to save; put by
look in on = to pay a short visit to		put across = to communicate successfully; get across; get over
look on = 1) to observe, 2) to regard as
look on = 1) to observe, 2) to regard as		put away = 1) to store, 2) to put sb into prison or mental hospital, 3) to save (usu money)
look onto/took out on to = to face; have a view of
look onto/took out on to = to face; have a view of		put back = 1) (of clocks/watches) to set to an earlier time; go back (opp: put forward), 2) to
Look out = Watch out!
Look out = Watch out!		cause to be delayed, 3) to replace sth, 4) to delay till a later time
look out for = to be alert in order to see/find sb
look out for = to be alert in order to see/find sb		put down = 1) to make a note; write down, 2) to lay sth down (opp: pick up), 3) to suppress
look over = 1) to examine carefully; go through, 2) to revise briefly and quickly
		forcibly, 4) to stop (work)
look round = to survey; examine an area		forcibly, 4) to stop (work)
look round = to survey; examine an area		put down to = to attribute to
look through = 1) to look at quickly, 2) to study sth carefully, 3) not to notice sb		put down to = to attribute to
		put forward = 1) to propose, 2) (of clocks/watches) to set to a later time (opp: put back)
look up = 1) to look for sth (such as an address, etc) in an appropriate book or list, 2) to visit
		put in = 1) to include, 2) to arrive at a port (ships, boats), 3) to apply for, 4) to interrupt
sb after a lapse of time (specially sb living at some distance)
		put in for = 1) to make a formal request; put in, 2) to apply for
look up to = to respect (opp: look down on)
look up to = to respect (opp: look down on)		put off = 1) to postpone, 2) to discourage from liking
Make		put off = 1) to postpone, 2) to discourage from liking
Make		put on - 1) to dress oneself in, 2) to increase (in weight), 3) to switch on, 4) to pretend, 5) to
be made for = to suit exactly
be made for = to suit exactly		cause to take place (show/performance)
make for = to go towards; head for		put out = 1) to extinguish (fire etc), 2) to expel, 3) to cause inconvenience, 4) to make sth
make off = to run away; escape; make away
make off = to run away; escape; make away		public
make out = 1) to distinguish, 2) to understand; work out, 3) to write out; fill in		be put out = to be annoyed

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put through = 1) to connect by telephone, 2) to make sb undergo or suffer sth		set to = 1) to begin working hard, 2) to start quarrelling
put up = 1) to erect; build, 2) (of prices) to increase, 3) to offer hospitality (put sb up), 4) to		set up = 1) to start a business, 2) to erect; put up, 3) to establish
offer (resistance), 5) to show in a public place		Stand
put up to = to give sb the idea of (doing sth usu wrong)		stand about = to stand lazily/inactively; stand around
put up with = to tolerate; bear		stand by = 1) to support sb esp in difficulties, 2) to watch remaining inactive, 3) to be ready
Run		for action, 4) to remain loyal
run across = to meet/find by chance; come across		stand for = 1) to represent, 2) to offer oneself for election, 3) to tolerate; put up with, 4) to
run after = to chase		believe (in principles)
run away = to escape; flee (from home, duty etc); run off		stand in for = to replace sb temporarily
run away with = to steal sth and leave with it		stand on = to act firmly according to what one believes
run down = 1) to knock down (with a vehicle), 2) to speak badly of sb, 3) (of clock/bat-		stand out = to be noticeable, prominent
teries) to stop working, 4) (passive) to tire		stand up = 1) to rise to one's feet, 2) to fail to meet
run in = to bring a new car engine into full use (carefully by driving it slowly for a set period)		stand up for = 1) to support; defend; stick up for, 2) to demand (one's rights)
run into = 1) to meet unexpectedly, 2) to collide with, 3) to experience (difficulties)		stand up to = 1) to resist; defend oneself against without fear, 2) to match in quality
run off = 1) to make prints/copies, 2) to escape from home/duty		Take
run on = 1) to talk continuously, 2) (of time) to pass, 3) (of thoughts, talk) to be concerned		take after = to look or act like a relative; resemble
with		take away = 1) to remove, 2) to lead sb to another place, 3) to seize from people
run over = 1) to knock down (with a vehicle); run down, 2) to read through quickly, 3) to
		take back = 1) to apologise, 2) to remind of the past, 3) to withdraw
overflow, 4) to pass a limit
overflow, 4) to pass a limit		take down = 1) to write down, 2) to separate into pieces so as to repair or remove, 3) to
run out (of) = to no longer have a supply
run out (of) = to no longer have a supply		lengthen a garment; let down
run through = 1) to use up, 2) to rehearse, check or revise quickly		lengthen a garment; let down
run up = 1) to accumulate; add up, 2) to increase quickly	0	take for = 1) to identify wrongly, 2) to rob/cheat
run up against = to face; run into	0	take in = 1) to give accommodation, 2) to make clothes narrower (opp: let out), 3) to fully
run up against = to face; run into
See		understand
see about = 1) to make enquiries or arrangements about sth, 2) to deal with sth; see to		take off = 1) to remove clothes (opp: put on), 2) (of planes) to leave the ground (opp: come
see for oneself = to form an opinion using one's own judgement		down), 3) to imitate, 4) to reduce (weight) (opp: put on), 5) (of time) to take time as a
see into = to have knowledge of		holiday, 6) to start to improve
see off = 1) to accompany a traveller to his/her plane, train etc, 2) to make sure that sb leaves		holiday, 6) to start to improve
		take on = 1) to undertake work or responsibility, 2) to employ, 3) to accept as an opponent
one's property
one's property		take out = 1) to remove; extract, 2) to clean (a mark, dirt)
see out = 1) to accompany sb to the door/exit of a house/building, 2) to last until the end of
		take over = 1) to gain control of sth, 2) to spend time on
see over = to inspect a place; look around		take over = 1) to gain control of sth, 2) to spend time on
see over = to inspect a place; look around		take sb out = to take sb to a restaurant etc
see through = 1) not to be deceived, 2) to support sb in difficulties		take sb out = to take sb to a restaurant etc
		take to = 1) to like, 2) to begin a habit
see to = to take care of; see about		take to = 1) to like, 2) to begin a habit
see to = to take care of; see about		take up = 1) to begin a hobby, sport, job, 2) to shorten a garment (opp: take down), 3) to fill
Set
Set		(time, space), 4) to continue after an interruption
set about = 1) to begin to do, 2) to attack		be taken aback = to be strongly surprised
set aside = 1) to save for a special purpose, 2) to stop sth (eg work) for some time; set by		be taken in = to be deceived
set back = 1) to hinder, 2) to cost (slang), 2) to move the hands of a clock/watch to show an		Turn
earlier time		turn away = 1) to refuse admittance to, 2) to refuse to help
set down = to make (rules etc)
set down = to make (rules etc)		turn down = 1) to refuse an offer; reject, 2) to reduce loudness etc (opp: turn up)
set in = (of weather) to start and seem likely to continue
set in = (of weather) to start and seem likely to continue		turn in = 1) to go to bed, 2) to give to the police
set off = 1) to start a journey, 2) to intend (to do sth)		turn in = 1) to go to bed, 2) to give to the police
set off = 1) to start a journey, 2) to intend (to do sth)		turn into = to convert into
set on/be set on = 1) to cause to attack, 2) to be determined		turn into = to convert into
		turn off = to switch off (opp: turn on)
set out = 1) to begin a journey, 2) to intend (to do sth)		turn off = to switch off (opp: turn on)
set out = 1) to begin a journey, 2) to intend (to do sth)		turn on = 1) to switch on, 2) to attack
set sb up = to cause sb to receive blame		turn on = 1) to switch on, 2) to attack
set sb up = to cause sb to receive blame		turn out = 1) to produce, 2) to prove to be in the end; result, 3) to evict, 4) to empty (one's

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pockets, handbag etc), 5) to clean a room thoroughly (putting the furniture outside), 6) to

Употребление Although/…//Despite /…

assemble, 7) to get rid of

turn over = 1) (of a business) to trade a sum of money, 2) to give the control of sth to sb, 3)

Хотя

to deliver sb (to the police, authorities), 4) to turn to a new page; change TV channel

Although, even though, though

Despite, in spite of

Несмотря на…

turn to = 1) to go to sb for help, advice, 2) to begin (a way of life or doing sth)

S+Vt

N / Adj. N

turn up = 1) to arrive or appear (unexpectedly), 2) (of opportunity) to arise, 3) to increase

(volume, pressure)

Jane will be here although it is

Jane will be here

Wear

raining.

despite (heavy) rain.

wear away = 1) (of wood or stone) to reduce gradually, 2) (of time) to pass slowly

Джейн будет здесь, несмотря

Джейн будет здесь,

wear down = to reduce opposition gradually

на то, что идет дождь.

несмотря на

wear off = 1) to stop gradually, 2) (of feelings) to disappear gradually

(сильный) дождь.

wear out = 1) to use until no longer serviceable, 2) to exhaust

Work

work on = to have an effect on

work out = 1) to find the solution to a problem by reasoning or calculation, 2) to develop

successfully

Task

work up = 1) to develop, 2) to make progress in business

She wouldn’t forgive him …all his apologies.

a) even though

b) despite

c) in spite

d) although

2.8 Союз. The Conjunction.

… his getting up early he was still late for work.

a) Even though

b) In spite

c) Despite

d) Although

Простые союзы (Simple Conjunctions) and – и, а,

but – но if – если that – что

because – потому что

Составные союзы (Compound Conjunctions) as well as – так же как

as soon as – как только

so that – чтобы, для того чтобы both … and… – как … так и…

not only … but also – не только …, но и … either … or – или … или …

neither … nor … – ни … ни…

2.9Глагол. The Verb

2.9.1Глагол “быть”. The verb “to be”.

To be or not to be – Быть или не быть

“+”

he (он), she (она), it,

you

they

everybody (все),

(я)

(ты)

(мы)

(они)

nobody (никто)

Present

are

есть

Past

was

were

был(а)

был(и)

Future

will be

буду, будет, будешь

too

quite

very

rather

совсем

слишком

очень

довольно

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105

happy – счастливый

cute – крутой

Expressions

healthy – здоровый

fond of – увлекаться

Who are you? – Кто ты? (имя)

nice – красивый

books – книги

What are you? – Кто ты? (по профессии)

full, satisfied – сытый

Arts – искусство

Where are you from? – Откуда ты родом?

kind – добрый

music – музыка

brave – храбрый

interested in – интересоваться

2.9.2 Глагол “иметь”. The verb “to have”.

free – свободный

English – английским

clever – умный

History – историей

IT – информатикой

rich – богатый

“+”

you

they

he (он), she (она),it,

he (он), she (она),

you

they

(я)

(ты)

(мы)

(они)

everybody (все),

“–”

nobody (никто)

(я)

it, everybody (все),

(ты)

(мы)

(они)

Present

have

has

Present

am not

is not (isn’t)

are not (aren’t)

есть,

имею

есть, имеет

нет

Past

had

Past

was not (wasn’t)

were not (weren’t)

был(а)

не был(а)

не был(и)

will have

To have or not to have –

Future

won't be

Future

не буду, будет, будешь

будет

Иметь или не иметь

poor – бедный

rude – грубый

hungry – голодный

you

they

he (он), she (она), it,

tired – усталый

“–”

ill – больной

thirsty – жаждущий

afraid – боязливый

(я)

(ты)

(мы)

(они)

everybody (все)

sad – грустный

busy – занятый

(хотящий пить)

ugly – некрасивый

alone – одинокий

Present

don't have

doesn't [d znt] have

silly – глупый

angry – злой, сердитый

greedy – жадный

mad – сумасшедший

Past

didn't have

I (я)

cold – холодно

Future

won't have

he (он), she (она), it

hot – жарко

everybody (все)

here – здесь

nobody (никто)

there – там

неисчисляемые

исчисляемые

Present

are

you (ты), we (мы)

in – в

существительные

they (они)

out – на улице

much

много

I (я)

in the park – парке

a lot of

много

snow

снега

many

he (он), she (она), it

city, town – городе

was

water

воды

friends

друзей

Past

everybody (все)

countryside – за городом

nobody (никто)

at home – дома

money

денег

much

mates

коллег

time

времени

children

детей

you (ты), we (мы)

много

were

at work – на работе

love

любви

neighbours

соседей

they (они)

at school – в школе

glory

славы

many

enemies

врагов

I (я)

power

власти

he (он), she (она), it

a little

немного

a few

немного

Future

will

everybody (все)

knowledge

знаний

a little

pens

ручек

nobody (никто)

joy

радости

немного

pencils

карандашей

you (ты), we (мы)

power

власти

felt-tip-pens

фломастеров

а few

they (они)

strength

силы

erasers

резинок

Isn’t… aren’t… wasn’t… weren’t… won’t… – Разве…

music

музыки

rulers

линеек

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107

little

мало

few

мало

2.9.3 Глагол “делать”. The verb “to do”.

rice

риса

little

days

дней

wine

вина

pictures

картин

мало

sugar

сахара

toys

игрушек

few

butter

масла

computers

компьютер

“+”

you

they

he (он), she (она),

bread

хлеба

ов

it, everybody (все), nobody

(я)

(ты)

(мы)

(они)

(никто)

Grammar expressions

Present

does [d z]

делаю

делает

 Neither … nor

– ни… ни

Past

did

сделал (а, ли)

I have neither a book nor a pen.

Future

will do

У меня нет ни книги, ни ручки.

сделаю, сделает (те, ешь)

 Any more –

нет больше

Expressions

to do good – приносить пользу

I don’t have any more money.

“–“

У меня нет больше денег.

to do sum – решать задачу

do – don’t

to do

best – делать все от себя

does – doesn’t

 At all

зависящее

did – didn’t

to do lesson – делать урок

–

совсем нет

will do – won’t do

to do again – переделывать

I don’t have money at all.

to do away – устранить

У меня совсем нет денег.

to do down – взять вверх

to do in – обмануть

 Left

To do all –

to do

up – ремонтировать, приводитьв порядок

–

не осталось

мастер на все

to do

with – ладить

I don’t have money left

руки

to do

without– обходиться без

У меня не осталось денег.

Употребление

 Left at all – совсем не осталось

I don’t have money left at all.

У меня совсем не осталось денег.

“ – “

have not  haven’t has not  hasn’t had not  hadn’t

will not have  won’t have

I haven’t a dog.

to do	to make
to do one’s best/worst	to make an appointment
to do business with smb	to make an arrangement
to do a crossword	to make the beds
to do damage to	to make a cake
to do one’s duty	to make certain
to do an exercise	to make changes
to do an experiment	to make coffee
to do good	to make a deal with smb
to do one’s hair	to make a decision
to do harm	to make a discovery
to do homework	to make an effort
to do housework	to make an excuse
to do a job	to make a fortune
to do lessons	to make an impression
to do smth for a living	to make improvements

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to do miracles (for)		to make a joke		Expressions
to do research		to make a mess		to go to – идти, ехать
to do right/wrong		to make a mistake		to go to – идти, ехать
to do a service		to make money	It’s no go – Это	to go for a walk – пойти погулять
to do the shopping		to make a noise	It’s no go – Это	to go for a ride – отправиться на поездку верхом
to do a translation		to make an offer	полный провал!	to go in for sports – заниматься спортом
to do the washing-up		to make peace		to go shopping – отправиться за покупками
to do work etc.		to make preparations		to to have a go at –попытать счастья, рискнуть
to do work etc.		to make preparations		to to have a go at –попытать счастья, рискнуть
		to make progress		to go about – ходить туда сюда
		to make a success of smth	All the go –	to go ahead – двигаться вперед
		to make sure	All the go –	to go between – быть посредником
		to make a translation	в моде	to go by – проходить мимо
		to make trouble		to go off – уходить, уезжать
		to make war etc.		to go on – продолжать	“–“
					“–“
					go – don’t go
				to go out – выходить	go – don’t go
			Is it a go? –	to go over – переходить, менять	goes – doesn’t go
			Is it a go? –	to go up – восходить, расти	went – didn’t go
			По рукам?	to go up – восходить, расти	went – didn’t go
	Task		По рукам?	to go under – тонуть, гибнуть	will go– won’t go
				to go under – тонуть, гибнуть	will go– won’t go
				to go with – быть заодно
				to go with – быть заодно

1)I ………… an appointment to see my friend.

2) You must ………… a decision.

2.9.5 The Markers – Маркеры

3)This drug can ………… miracles for people with back problems.

4) She ………… a lot of research in the field of medicine.

5) I always tried ………… my best.

Представителям славянских языков, которые привыкли к тому, что

глагол имеет три времени (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее) довольно

сложно ориентироваться в системе шестнадцати английских времен. Однако,

легко и быстро определить грамматическое время нам помогут маркеры. Это

2.9.4. Глагол “идти”. The verb “to go”.

понятие впервые вводится в данной книге. Маркер (англ. “отмечать;

отличительный знак”) обозначает слово, характерное для конкретного

грамматическогов времени. Например, every day – спутник времени, т.е.

маркер Present Indefinite, already – Present Perfect, ago – Past Indefinite и т.д.

he (он), she (она),

“+”

you

they

it, everybody

Маркеры помогут правильно

определить время. Вам

остается

Go on

(я)

(ты)

(мы)

(они)

(все), nobody

воспользоваться грамматической формулой этого времени. Например,

(никто)

необходимо перевести фразу :

Present

go [gou] (to)

goes [gouz] (to)

“Ребенок гулял до обеда”

еду, иду

едет, идет

“До”  “before” – это маркер-спутник Past Perfect

Формула

S+had+V3(ed)

went (to)

Past

Оживляем формулу:

MARKERS

ехал (а, ли), шел (а, ли)

S – ребенок  the child

Future

will go (to)

V – гулять  walk

поеду (те, ешь),приду, придете (ешь)

Перевод: The child had walked before the dinner

GRAMMAR

TENSES

Главное – выучить маркеры и формулы!

110

111

				Маркеры

				Continuous (Progressive)
				(продолжительное)
	Tense		Indefinite	не употребляются во временах	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
			Indefinite	группы Continuous: to see, to		Perfect Continuous
			(Simple)	группы Continuous: to see, to		(продолжительное,
			(Simple)	hear, to think, to understand, to	(совершенное)	(продолжительное,
			(неопределенное)	know, to recognize, to like, to		совершенное)
				know, to recognize, to like, to
				feel, to want, to be, to have и
				одноразовые глаголы to enter,
				to come, to awake…

112			S+V / S3л+Vs	S+am/is/are+Ving	S + have/has + V3(ed)	S+have/has+
			S+V / S3л+Vs	S+am/is/are+Ving	S + have/has + V3(ed)	been+Ving


			происходит всегда	происходит сию минуту в		началось в прошлом,
			происходит всегда	происходит сию минуту в	только что завершено	продолжается в
			(регулярно, обычно)	данный момент времени	только что завершено	продолжается в
			(регулярно, обычно)	данный момент времени		настоящий момент
						настоящий момент

	настоящее		Every day – каждый день		Just – только что
		Present	Always – всегда		Just – только что
		Present	Always – всегда		This week – на этой неделе
			Usually – обычно		Already – уже	Since 1960 – с 1960
			Often – часто	Still – все еще	Yet – еще	For 15 minutes – в
			Often – часто	Still – все еще	Ever/never – никогда	течении 15 минут
			Seldom –редко	Now – сейчас	Ever/never – никогда	течении 15 минут
			Seldom –редко	Now – сейчас
			Rarely – редко	At present – в настоящее время	Today – сегодня
			Sometimes – иногда	At the moment – в настоящий	Today – сегодня
			Sometimes – иногда	At the moment – в настоящий	Recently – недавно
			As a rule – как правило	момент	Recently – недавно
			As a rule – как правило	момент	I haven’t seen you for ages –
			Never – никогда	Look! – посмотри!	I haven’t seen you for ages –
			Never – никогда	Look! – посмотри!	Я не видел вас целую	It has been raining for 2
			From time to time – время		Я не видел вас целую	It has been raining for 2
			From time to time – время		вечность.	hours – Дождь идет
			от времени		вечность.	hours – Дождь идет
			от времени		I have never been to Paris –	уже 2 часа .
			Every other day – через		I have never been to Paris –	уже 2 часа .
			Every other day – через		Я никогда не был в Париже.
			день		Я никогда не был в Париже.
			день

				0

			S+V2(ed)	S+was/were+Ving	S+had+V3(ed)	S+had+been+Ving
				происходит в прошлом в	произошло в прошлом до	произошло в прошлом
			произошло в прошлом	происходит в прошлом в	другого действия или к	и продолжалось в тот
			произошло в прошлом	конкретное время	другого действия или к	и продолжалось в тот
	прошедшее			конкретное время	конкретному времени	момент
					конкретному времени	момент
		Past		From 5 till 6 – с 5 до 6		Since – с
				From 5 till 6 – с 5 до 6
				For 2 hours – в течении 2 часов	Before – до того как
				For 2 hours – в течении 2 часов	Before – до того как	For – в течении
			Yesterday – вчера	At 2 o’clock – в 2 часа	By 2 o’clock – к 2 часам	For – в течении
			Yesterday – вчера	At 2 o’clock – в 2 часа	By 2 o’clock – к 2 часам	When I came, it had
			Last – прошлоe	At that time – в то время	After/when – после того как	When I came, it had
			Last – прошлоe	At that time – в то время	After/when – после того как	been raining for 2 hours
			ago – назад (спустя)	Whole evening – целый вечер	No sooner … than – не	been raining for 2 hours
			ago – назад (спустя)	Whole evening – целый вечер	No sooner … than – не	(since morning)– Когда
				When I came – когда я пришел	успели как	(since morning)– Когда
				When I came – когда я пришел	успели как	я пришла, дождь лил
				When I saw him – когда я увидел	Hardly … when – едва	я пришла, дождь лил
				When I saw him – когда я увидел	Hardly … when – едва	уже 2 часа.
				его		уже 2 часа.
				его
	будущее	Future	S+shall/will+V	S+shall/will+be+Ving	S+shall/will+have+	S+shall/will+have+
			S+shall/will+V	S+shall/will+be+Ving	V3(ed)	been+Ving
					V3(ed)	been+Ving
				произойдет в будущем в	завершится в будущем до	произойдет в будущем
113	If если		произойдет в будущем	конкретное время и обозначает	какого-то действия или к	произойдет в будущем
	If если		произойдет в будущем	конкретное время и обозначает	какого-то действия или к	и будет продолжаться
	As soon			процесс	конкретному времени
	As soon
	as как		Tomorrow – завтра	From 5 till 6 tomorrow – завтра с		Since – с
	только		In 2 hours – через 2 часа	From 5 till 6 tomorrow – завтра с		Since – с
	только		In 2 hours – через 2 часа	5 до 6		For – в течении
	When		After 5 years – через 5	5 до 6		For – в течении
			After 5 years – через 5	For 2 hours/days – в течении 2		When I come, it will
			лет	For 2 hours/days – в течении 2	by 2 o’clock tomorrow –	When I come, it will
	когда		лет	часов/дней	by 2 o’clock tomorrow –	have been raining for 2
	когда		Next month – в	часов/дней	завтра к 2 часам	have been raining for 2
	Before		Next month – в	At 2 o’clock – в 2 часа	завтра к 2 часам	hours (since morning). –
			следующем месяце	At 2 o’clock – в 2 часа	Before – до того как, до	hours (since morning). –
			следующем месяце	Whole day – целый день	Before – до того как, до	Когда я приду, дождь
	до		Soon – скоро	Whole day – целый день		Когда я приду, дождь
	до		Soon – скоро	When I come – когда я приду		уже будет лить 2 часа
	After			When I come – когда я приду		уже будет лить 2 часа
	After			Still – все еще		(с утра).
	(после)
	pasttheinFuture вбудущее прошедшем		Often – часто	S+should/would+be+Ving	S+should/would+have+	S+should/would+
	pasttheinFuture вбудущее прошедшем		Often – часто			дождь уже будет лить 2
			S+should/would+V		V3(ed)	have+been+Ving
						He said when I came, it
			Never – никогда	From 5 till 6 tomorrow – завтра с		would have been raining
			Every day – каждый день	From 5 till 6 tomorrow – завтра с	Tomorrow by 2 o’clock –	for 2 hours(since
			Every day – каждый день	5 до 6	Tomorrow by 2 o’clock –	for 2 hours(since
			Always – всегда	5 до 6	завтра к 2 часам	morning) – Он сказал,
			Always – всегда	At 2 o’clock – в 2 часа	завтра к 2 часам	morning) – Он сказал,
			Usually – обычно	At 2 o’clock – в 2 часа	Before – до того как, до	что когда я приду
			Usually – обычно	Still – все еще	Before – до того как, до	что когда я приду
				Still – все еще
						часа.

2.9.6 Активный залог. The Active Voice.

Никогда не употребляются в Continuous:

Глаголы “органов чувств”

Глаголы “восприятия”

to appear в значении “to perform“

E.g. We are appearing in a play.to fit в значении “to attach“

E.g. They are fitting a new lock on the door.

Спряжение глагола “to play” “The Active Voice”

to see

–

видеть

to know

–

знать

–

to hear

–

слышать

to believe

–

считать

don’t

to smell

–

пахнуть, нюхать

to understand

–

понимать

S+V / S (he, she, it) +Vs

S +

doesn’t + V1

Does

+ S + V1 ?

to taste

–

осязать, пробовать

to realize

–

осознавать

Present

to feel

–

чувствовать

to remember

–

помнить

I play

I don’t play

Do I play?

to sound

–

звучать

to forget

–

забывать

Indefinite

You play

You don’t play

Do you play?

to seem

–

казаться

to taste

–

пробовать

(Simple)

He plays

He doesn’t play

Does he play?

to appear

–

появляться

She plays

She doesn’t play

Does she play?

We play

We don’t play

Do we play?

Глаголы “чувств и эмоций”

Другие глаголы

They play

They don’t play

Do they play?

S + Ved/2

S + didn’t + V1

Did + S + V1 ?

to like

–

нравиться

to be

–

быть

Past

I played

I didn’t play

Did I play?

to love

–

любить

to contain

–

содержать

to hate

–

ненавидеть

to include

–

включать

Indefinite

You played

You didn’t play

Did you play?

He played

He didn’t play

Did he play?

to enjoy

–

получать удовольствие

to belong

–

принадлежать

(Simple)

She played

She didn’t play

Did she play?

to prefer

–

предпочитать

to fit

–

подходить

to detest

–

ненавидеть, питать отвращение

to need

–

нуждаться

We played

We didn’t play

Did we play?

They played

They didn’t play

Did they play?

to desire

–

желать

to matter

–

иметь значение

to want

–

хотеть

to cost

–

стоить

S will + V1

S + won’t + V1

Will + S + V1 ?

to owe

–

быть должным

Future

to weigh

–

весить

I will play

I won’t play

Will I play?

to wish

–

желать

Indefinite

You

will play

You won’t play

Will you play?

to keep

–

хранить

He will play

He won’t play

Will he play?

(Simple)

to have

–

иметь

She will play

She won’t play

Will she play?

We will play

We won’t play

Will we play?

НЕЛЬЗЯ употреблять глаголы, обозначающие одноразовое действие

They will play

They won’t play

Will they play?

Например: to come, to awake …etc.

+ S + Ving ?

S +

+ Ving

S +

not + Ving

He came at six o’clock.

She awoke at twelve pm.

Present

are

Are

НО!

Continuous

I am playing

I am not playing

Am I playing?

в Continuous могут употребляться:

You are playing

You are not playing

Are you playing?

to have в конструкциях: to have a shower, to have a smoke, to have a lesson, to have a

(Progressive)

He is playing

He is not playing

Is he playing?

She is playing

She is not playing

Is she playing?

break, to have a breakfast (dinner, lunch, supper…)

We are playing

We are not playing

Are we playing?

E.g. They are having meal now.

They are playing

They are not playing

Are they playing?

to think в значении “to consider“

S +

was

+ Ving

S +

was

not + Ving

Was

+ S + Ving ?

E.g. We are thinking about.

Past

were

Were

to see в значении “to meet“

I was playing

I was not playing

Was I playing?

E.g. He is seeing the dentist now.

Continuous

You were playing

You were not playing

Were you playing?

to taste в значении “to test“

(Progressive)

He was playing

He was not playing

Was he playing?

E.g. You are tasting the pies to see if they need more sugar.

She was playing

She was not playing

Was she playing?

to smell в значении “to sniff“

We were playing

We were not playing

Were we playing?

They were playing

They were not playing

Were they playing?

E.g. The girl is smelling the flower.

114

115

–

S will be + Ving

S + won’t be + Ving

Will + S + be + Ving

S+will have been+Ving

S + won’t have been + Ving

Will+S+have been+Ving?

Future

I will be playing

I won’t be playing

Will I be playing?

I will have been

I won’t have been playing

Will I have been playing?

Continuous

You will be playing

You won’t be playing

Will you be

playing?

playing

You won’t have been playing

Will you have been

He will be playing

He won’t be playing

Will he be

playing?

Future

You will have been

He won’t have been playing

playing?

(Progressive)

She will be playing

She won’t be playing

Will she be

playing?

playing

She won’t have been playing

Will he have been

We will be playing

We won’t be playing

Will we be

playing?

Perfect

He will have been

We won’t have been playing

playing?

They will be playing

They won’t be playing

Will they be playing?

playing

They won’t have been

Will she have been

Continuous

She will have been

playing

playing?

have

haven’t

Have

S + has + Ved/3

S + hasn’t + Ved/3

+ S +Ved/3?

playing

Will we have been

Has

We will have been

playing?

Present

playing

Will they have been

I have played

I haven’t played

Have I played?

They will have been

playing?

You have played

You haven’t played

Have you played?

Perfect

playing

He has played

He hasn’t played

Has he played?

S + would + V1

S + wouldn’t + V1

Would + S + V1 ?

She has played

She hasn’t played

Has she played?

We have played

We haven’t played

Have we played?

Future in

I would play

I wouldn’t play

Would I play?

They have played

They haven’t played

Have they played?

You would play

You wouldn’t play

Would you play?

the Past

S + had + Ved/3

S + hadn’t + Ved/3

Had +S + Ved/3?

He would play

He wouldn’t play

Would he play?

Infenitive

She would play

She wouldn’t play

Would she play?

We would play

We wouldn’t play

Would we play?

Past

I had played

I hadn’t played

Had I played?

They would play

They wouldn’t play

Would they play?

You had played

You hadn’t played

Had you played?

Perfect

He had played

He hadn’t played

Had he played?

S + would be + Ving

S + wouldn’t be + Ving

Would + S + be +Ving?

She had played

She hadn’t played

Had she played?

Future in

I would be playing

I wouldn’t be playing

Would I be playing?

We had played

We hadn’t played

Had we played?

You would be playing

You wouldn’t be playing

Would you be playing?

They had played

They hadn’t played

Had they played?

the Past

He would be playing

He wouldn’t be playing

Would he be playing?

She would be playing

She wouldn’t be playing

Would she be playing?

S + will have + Ved/3

S + won’t have + Ved/3

Will + S +have+ Ved/3?

Continuous

We would be playing

We wouldn’t be playing

Would we be playing?

They would be

They wouldn’t be playing

Would they be playing?

Future

I will have played

I won’t have played

Will I have played?

playing

You will have played

You won’t have played

Will you have played?

Perfect

He will have played

He won’t have played

Will he have played?

S+would have+Ved/3

S+wouldn’t have+Ved/3

Would+S+ have+Ved/3

She will have played

She won’t have played

Will she have played?

I would have played

I wouldn’t have played

Would I have played?

We will have played

We won’t have played

Will we have played?

You would have

You wouldn’t have played

Would you have played?

They will have played

They won’t have played

Will they have played?

Future in

played

He wouldn’t have played

Would he have played?

have

haven’t

Have

He would have played

She wouldn’t have played

Would she have played?

the Past

She would have

We wouldn’t have played

Would we have played?

S+ has +been+Ving

S+ hasn’t +been+Ving

Has +S+been+Ving?

Perfect

played

They wouldn’t have played

Would they have played?

We would have

Present

I have been playing

played

You have been

I haven’t been playing

Have I been playing?

Perfect

They would have

playing

You haven’t been playing

Have you been playing?

played

Continuous

He has been playing

He hasn’t been playing

Has he been playing?

S+would have

S + wouldn’t have been +

Would + S + have been

She has been playing

She hasn’t been playing

Has she been playing?

been+Ving

Ving

+Ving?

We have been playing

We haven’t been playing

Have we been playing?

They have been

They haven’t been playing

Have they been playing?

I would have been

I wouldn’t have been playing

Would I have been

playing

Future in

playing

You wouldn’t have been

playing?

S + had + been + Ving

S + hadn’t + been + Ving

Had + S +been + Ving?

You would have been

playing

Would you have been

the Past

playing

He wouldn’t have been

playing?

He would have been

playing

Would he have been

Past

I had been playing

I hadn’t been playing

Had I been playing?

Perfect

playing

She wouldn’t have been

playing?

You had been playing

Perfect

He had been playing

You hadn’t been playing

Had you been playing?

Continuous

She would have been

playing

Would she have been

Continuous

She had been playing

He hadn’t been playing

Had he been playing?

playing

We wouldn’t have been

playing?

She hadn’t been playing

Had she been playing?

We would have been

playing

Would we have been

We had been playing

We hadn’t been playing

Had we been playing?

playing

They wouldn’t have been

playing?

They had been

They hadn’t been playing

Had they been playing?

They would have

playing

Would they have been

playing

been playing

playing?

116

117

Пассивный залог. The Passive Voice.

Task

Tense

Indefinite

Continuous (Progressive)

Perfect

(Simple)

продолжительное

совершенное

неопределенное

Repeat “The Tenses”

The student passes exam every year

Present

have

Future actions:

S+

+ V3(ed)

S+

being+ V3(ed)

S+

been+ V3(ed)

yesterday

настоящее

has

next month

- to be going to V

are

since morning

- to be to V

Past

S+

was

+ V3(ed)

S+

was

being+ V3(ed)

S+had been+ V3(ed)

today

прошедшее

were

now

- to be about to V

Future

by 2 o’clock yesterday

- to be on the point

S+will be+ V3(ed)

S+will be being+ V3(ed)

S+will have been+ V3(ed)

будущее

for 2 hours

of Ving

Future in

before the lecture tomorrow

S+ would have been

when we saw

- to be due to V

the Past

S+would be+V3(ed)

S+would be being+ V3(ed)

+ V3(ed)

будущее в

прошедшем

Correct:

As soon as I will get home, I’ll write you.

I haven’t seen you yesterday.

The Passive voice не употребляется с глаголами: to ache, to

Everybody were at home.

(dis)appear, to arise, to be, to become, to come, to cast, to cost, to fall, to feel,

Look, the children jump in the yard.

to go, to grow, to let, to look like, to last, to owe, to remain, to resemble, to

The teacher will be reading for 2 hours.

possess, to rise, to sound, to stay, to suit, to taste, to turn into …etc.

When the teacher had come into the classroom the pupils were doing their sums.

Например:

It costs 50 dollars. Это стоит 50 доларов.

2.9.7 Пассивный залог. The Passive Voice.

A difficult problem arose. Возникла сложная проблема.

Глаголы “to come to” и “ to arrive to” могут употребляться в Passive

Активный залог. The Active Voice.

Voice, но в фигуральном значении: No conclusion was come.

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

Tense

Continuous

(Simple)

(Progressive)

неопределенное

продолжительное

совершенное

продолжительное,

Следует обратить особое внимание на перевод глаголов с предлогом в

совершенное

Present

S+V1

have

страдательном залоге. Наиболее распрострaненные из этих глаголов:

S+ is

+Ving

S+

настоящее

S3л+Vs

has +V3(ed)

S+ has been+Ving

to hear of – слышать о

are

Past

was

to laugh at – смеяться над

S+V2(ed)

+Ving

S+had+ V3(ed)

S+had been+Ving

to look after – присматривать за кем-либо

The book is much spoken about.

прошедшее

S+ were

to look at – смотреть на

Об этой книге много говорят.

Future

S+will have

S+will have been

to rely on – полагаться на

S+ will +V1

S+ will be+Ving

He can’t be relied on.

будущее

+ V3(ed)

+Ving

to send for – посылать за

На него нельзя положиться.

Future in

S+ would have

S+would have been

to speak of (about) – говорить о

the past

S+ would +V1

S+ would be +Ving

to pay attention to – обращать внимание на

будущее в

+ V3(ed)

+Ving

to take care of – заботиться о

прошедшем

118

119

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