Biology_of_Turtles

376

Mohamed, M.P., 302 Mohler, J.D., 281

Moisture and gas movement, 255

Molecular analyses of turtle relationships, 348 Moler, P.E., 226

Moll, D., 226, 250, 251 Moll, E.O.

chelonian reproductive patterns, 248–249 corpora lutea, 232

ecology or reproductive biology of species, 226 eggs per clutch, 247

fecundity, 246

intraspecific variations in egg and female size,

249

intrauterine period, 253 nesting density, 250 ovaries, 231

patterns of nesting seasons, 242, 243 reproductive ecology, 239

sizes of turtle and eggs per clutch, 248 spermatogenetic cycle, 229

testes of mature turtles, 227

vitellogenesis begins following oviposition, 244 Moncada, S., 321

Monoamine, 306 Monoclonal antibody, 10 Monophyly, 101 Montevecchi, W.A., 250 Moore, M.C., 229 Morgan, P.J., 324

Morin, P.J., 246, 248, 250, 260 Morjan, C.L.

hatchling survival rate, 249

individual variations and deeper nests, 295 male vs. female growth, 260

nest site selection, 250

simulation model of sex ratio evolution, 294 Morlock, H., 188

Morphology

anatomy of chelonians, 226 aquatic feeding, 198 cardiopulmonary structure, 222 cervical, 165

clutch and egg size, 249 effects of environment, 108 egg production, 251–252 female and egg size/shape, 252 geometric, 117–120

glans, 236

locomotor systems, 85, 98, 108, 111–114 marine form, 114–115

neck movement, 164, 183 ovary, 231

pelvis/hind limbs, 348 pineal, 324

shell, 75, 82

Index

skeletal, 345 tongue, 209–210

Morphometrics Tools for Landmarks Data

(Bookstein), 117 Morreale, S.J., 254 Morris, Y.A., 237, 253

Mortality and USRS vs. MSRS, 282 Mortimer, J.A., 250, 295

Moss, M.L., 32 Moss-Salentijn, L., 32 Motion pattern, 147 Motor activity, 153

burst timing, 147–150, 155 experimental methods, 142–144 hindlimb function comparisons, 151–153 hindlimbs, kinematics, 145–147

hindlimbs, motor patterns, 147–151, 153–154 locomotor performance, 144–145 swimming/walking, 141–142

Motz, V.A., 234 Mounting, 237, 240 Mourre, C., 312 Mrosovsky, N.

clutch effects on sex ratio, 293–294 emergence, 258

gonadal structure and sex classification, 227,

284

hatchling gonads distinguishable, 227 hatchling and temperature reversal, 258 hatchling testis, 227

incubation and temperature, 255 leatherback and metabolic activity, 22 modification of nest digging behavior, 295

nesting conditions and spatial location of nest, 283, 294

temperature-dependent sex determination, 254 temperature/moisture influence incubation, 256

MSRS (mixed sex ratio strategy), 280 Muegel, L.A., 98, 159

Mulder, E.W.A., 102–103 Mullin, S.J., 250

Multichambered (multicameral) lungs, 216, 222 Multiple paternity, 244, 245

Murelaga, X., 101, 102

Murphy, C.G., 226, 244 Murphy, S.J., 328

Muscle activation (EMG), 140

Muscle fiber types, 158

Muscles

EMG bursts, 147–150 heart, 214

longissimus group, 167, 175, 181 m. adductor mandibulae, 174 m. articulo-cruralis longus, 178

m. articulo-transversalis brevis, 178 m. articulo-transversalis longus, 178

Index

m. atlanto-basioccipitis medialis, 179 m. atlanto-exoccipitis, 179

m. atlanto-opisthoticus, 179

m. carapaco-basioccipitis, 175, 183

mm. cervico-spinalis lateralis brevis dorsales, 178

mm. cervico-spinalis lateralis breves ventrales, 178

m. cervico-spinalis lateralis longi, 178 m. cervico-spinalis medialis, 178

m. constrictor colli (m. sphincter colli), 169, 175 m. constrictor hyoideus, 174

m. cortico-cervicale, 179

m. epistropheo-atlantis dorsalis, 178 m. epistropheo-atlantis ventralis, 179 m. epistropheo-odontoideus, 179

m. epistropheo-squamosus dorsalis, 178 m. epistropheo-squamosus ventralis, 178 mm. intertransversales, 178

mm. intertransversarii colli, 174–175 m. longissimus cervicis (LC), 174 m. longissimus thoracis, 174

m. longus colli, 175

m. puboischifemoralis internus, 144, 147–150, 155

m. rectus cervicis, 174

m. rectus cervicis (m. coraco-hyoideus), 175 m. retrahens capitis et collique, 169–174, 183 m. scalenus complex, 174

mm. semispinalis, 174 m. sphincter colli, 183

m. spinalis cervico-capitis, 174

m. spinalis cervico-capitis (cervico-hyo-capitis), 178

m. spinalis dorso-lumbalis, 179 m. testocapitis, 174

mm. transverso-corporis, 178 Muscle use and behavior, 141 Muscular ridge, 219, 222 Muscular sphincter, 219

Musick, J.A.

biology/ecology by habitat, 226 growth, age, population dynamics, 260 reproductive ecology, 239

N

Nagasawa, H., 317 Nagashima, H., 4, 187 Nagle, R.D., 324 Nagy, K., 306, 311 Narbaitz, R., 18

Natator depressus, 76, 128, 235, 246, 247, 249

Natural History of the North American Amphibians and Reptiles (Oliver), 98

Nauta, W.J.H., 324

377

Neck

cervical musculature, 169–179, 181–183 extension, 198

movement patterns, 183–184 retraction, 164, 179–180

use to capture defensive prey, 192 Nelson, C.E., 254

Nelson, D.H., 258

Nelson, N.J., 279

Nest site selection, 250–251 Nesting

beaches, 36 behaviors, 240

density of turtles and site, 250

dynamics of moisture and gas movement, 255 feeding behavior, 187–188

mortality and USRS vs. MSRS, 282 patterns, 249–250

patterns of nesting seasons, 242–244 rainy season, 251

sex ratio and seasonality of, 283 water temperature, 260

Nesting seasons and seasonal temperatures, 243 Nest site selection and sex ratio, 255

Neural crest, 11

Neural crest cells, 8, 10–12 Neural metabolism, 307–308 Neural responsiveness to NO, 322 Neurals, 2, 50

Neural spine absence of, 167

muscles originate at, 174 patterns of ossification, 7

Neurogenesis, 329–331

Neuroglobin, 328–329

Neuromodulators, 302 Neuromotor integration, 191

Neurons (nerve cells), 301, 302, 310–311, 330 Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

ATP/molecule release and re-uptake, 310 excitatory neurotransmitters, 318–321 function, 307

homeostasis, 321

inhibitory compounds, 317–318 nitric oxide, 321–322

Nicholls, D.G., 301, 302

Nicholls, N., 232, 242 Nicholson, C., 325 Nicholson, F.A., 227, 231, 234 Nicolas, S., 325

Nilsson, G.E.

ectotherms and anoxia, 304

excitotoxic neurotransmitters released, 307 extracellular increases in excitotoxic, 320 GABA and hypoxia, 316–317

glycolysis and activity during anoxia, 323

378

Ninomiya, H., 316

Nishida, M., 348

Nitric oxide (NO), 316, 321–322 Nixon, K.C., 348

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), 313–314 NO (nitric oxide), 316, 321–322

Noble, E.R., 227, 231, 234

Noble, G.A., 227, 231, 234 Nogues, M.R., 324 Noma, A., 312

North American Amphibians and Reptiles (Oliver), 226, 240

North American Box Turtles (Dodd), 226, 240 Norton, S.F., 199

Notes and Comments on Vertebrate Paleontology

(Romer), 346, 347

Notochelys platynota, 55, 56, 66, 67 Notoemys, 101

Nowak, L., 314

Nuchal and peripheral bones, 6–8 Nuchal and plastron bones, 12 Nunney, L., 282

O

Obata, T., 321 Obbard, M.E., 295 Obst, F.J.

courtship and interactions, 241 mating behavior, 240 penetration and male’s tail, 237

pre-copulatory/mating behavior of different species, 226

sexual dimorphism, 239 Occipital spine, 174, 175 Ogren, L., 258, 302 Ogushi, K.

cervical musculature, 169 head retractor muscle, 183 hiatus intervertebralis, 167

m. constrictor colli (m. sphincter colli), 175

m. spinalis cervico-capitis (cervico-hyo-capitis), 178

Ohuchi, H., 5

Oke, A.F., 307, 326, 327 Oksche, A., 324 Olfactory system, 304 Oliver, J., 226, 240 Oliver, J.A., 98

Olmos, M., 94

Olney, J.W., 326

Olsen, E.C., 346 Olson, J.M., 153, 158

Omnivorous species, 202 Onodera, H., 317

Ontogenetic development of carapace, 350

Index

Ontogeny, 46, 66, 76, 153, 157, 188, 227 Opioid receptors, 318, 319 Opisthocoelous joints, 169 Opisthoticum, 178, 179

Origins, 46–48, 346, 350 Oropharyngeal cavity, 200, 204 Osborn, H.F., 346

Ossification, 6–7, 8, 25–28, 32

Osteology, 166–167

Osteology of the Reptiles (Romer) amphibious turtles, 85 chelonian limb structure, 86 development of shell, 345

diapsid status and zoologists, 347 evolution of chelonia bones, 12 foot, 115

skull, temporal region, 346

Otwayemys, 102 Ovarian cycle, 230, 231 Ovary, 229–233

Overview of drinking, 189–192 Overwintering, 258–260

Oviduct, 233–234, 244, 245, 251, 256 Oviposition, 232, 242, 251–252 Owen, R., 10

Owens, D.W.

endocrine control of reproductive cycle, 237 levels of hormones, 238

melatonin and dark/light adaptation, 324 ovaries, 231

parietal eye/pineal system, 322

process of albuminization and shell matrix, 253 spermatogenetic cycle, phases of, 229

testes, 227

Oxidative phosphorylation, 331

Oxygen (hypoxia or anoxia), low conditions of, 302, 304, 306

Oxygen and embryonic development, 256

P

PACAP-38 levels, 327, 328 Pace, C.M.

Apalone spinifera (soft-shell), 126 evolution of aquatic specialization, 127 femoral protraction and retraction, 143 forelimb function, 159

forelimbs, 93

hindfoot vs. forefeet, 147

kinematics of swimming, 98, 122–124, 125 swimming speed, 153

tail role and locomotion, 140 Packard, G.C.

eggs and incubation conditions, 253 embryonic metabolism of yolk lipids, 256 embryos, temperature, and yolk energy, 254

Index

incubation and temperature, 255 overwintering and higher latitudes, 258–259 shell structure, 238–239

subzero temperatures, 259

yolk utilization and hatchling size, 239 Packard, M.J.

eggs and incubation conditions, 253 embryonic metabolism of yolk lipids, 256 hatchling and energy, 239

incubation and temperature, 255 shell structure, 238–239 supercooling strategy dangers, 259

Paddles and flippers, 108–115

Page, R.D.M., 348

Paladino, F.V., 22

Palaeochersis, 100–101 Paleozoic diadectomorphs, 346 Palkovits, M., 327

Palmer, B.D., 233, 234, 239, 244–245 Palmer, R.M.J., 321

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 18 Pareiasaurs, 13, 105–106, 346–347 Parent, A., 302, 312, 320

Parham, J.F., 20, 22, 23, 36, 108 Parietal eye/pineal system, 322 Park, E.M., 327

Park, W.Y., 5 Parker, G.H., 244 Parker, W.K., 10

Parkinson’s Disease, 325 Parmenter, C.J., 244 Parsons, T.S., 166

Partata, W.A., 309, 310, 311 Particle image velocimetry, 159 Pasteels, J.J., 4, 253

Pasteur Effect, 310 Pathi, S., 6

Patterson, R., 235, 236

Paukstis, G.I., 238, 254 Pauli, B.U., 32

PCA (Principal Component Analyses), 117–118 Peabody, F.E., 21, 98

Pearse, D.E., 244, 245, 295

Pearson, G.A., 98, 124, 127

Pectoral girdle, 2, 4, 104, 105, 108, 116, 117, 119, 164, 170, 174, 345, 347, 348, 349

Pectoral muscles, 214 Pedomorphic shell, 106 Pek, M., 317 Pek-Scott, M., 313, 321 Pellegrini, G., 229

Pelodiscus sinesis, 5, 50, 78, 228, 253 Pelomedusidae, 48

Pelusios castaneus, 48, 49, 53, 54, 59, 88, 190, 226 Pelvic girdle, 175, 347

Penafiel, A., 330

379

Peng, J.H., 102

Penick, D.N., 22

Penin, X., 117

Penis, 236–237 Penney, D.G., 309 Pennisi, E., 10 Peretto, P., 330

Perez-Canellas, M.M., 330 Perez-Pinzon, M.A., 313, 326–327 Pericardium, 214

Peripheral bones, 8

Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 301 Peritoneum, 214, 233

Perry, S.F., 216, 217, 218, 223 Peters, J., 242

Peterson, C.C., 235 Petrillo, M., 316

Petrolacosaurus, 347

PFK (phosphofructokinase), 310 PGEPGF,2,238238

Phillips, J.A., 254, 255, 256

Phocoena phocoena (porpoises), 38 Phosphofructokinase (PFK), 310 Photoperiodism and hormonal control, 323 Photoreception by pineal, 324

Phrynops gibbus, 50, 101, 236 Phylogenies, 34–35, 98 Phylogeny

archosaurian affinities, 347 homology assessment, 345 hypotheses, 347

implications of skeletal growth, 32–33 principle taxa, 98–100

skeletal morphology, 22 skull constraints, 188

Phylogeny of Vertebrata (Lovtrup), 347 Physical protection, 139

Physiological and molecular adaptations, 304 Physiology and anatomy, 301, 302

Pieau, C., 227, 254, 280 Pineal gland, 324

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), 327

Pituitary hormonal control, 229 Pivotal temperature, 293–294 Place, A., 304

Plantigrade, 147 Plasma lactate, 306 Plastral formula, 56 Plastron bones

bones, origins, 10 Chelonidae, 75–76

dermal components of pectoral girdle, 345 development of, 8–10

egg-laying constraint and notching, 252

380

hinges, 226 interclavicle, 104 kinesis, 59

Malacochersus tornieri, 74 neural crest cells, 10–13 reduction, 68–70

Platemys platycephala, 57, 236, 251 Platychelys, 101

Platz, J.E., 13, 106, 348 Pleural bones, 78 Pleurodires, 59–61, 101, 164 Plotkin, P.T., 250

Plumier, J.C., 328 Plummer, M.V., 142, 256

PNS (peripheral nervous system), 301

Podocnemis erythrocephala, 49, 50

Podocnemis expansa, 48, 50, 66, 87, 130, 236, 245, 284, 288, 291, 293

Podocnemis unifilis, 23, 47, 48, 50, 236, 291, 293 Poling L.L., 13, 106, 348

Polisar, J., 251

Population, 281, 290–292, 292 Portier, K.M., 295

Postcava (posterior vena cava), 216 Post-hatching, 25, 53, 66, 70, 260 Post-nuptial gamete maturation, 243–244 Pough, F.H., 187

Powell, C.B., 232

Pratt, C.A., 141

Precava (superior vena precava), 216 Pre-copulatory/mating behavior, 226 Predatory habits and diet, 154 Preece, M.A., 18

Prendergast, T., 190–191, 198 Prentice, H.M.

cell proliferation and temperature, 330 downregulation of ion channels, 314 Heat shock proteins, 329

hypoxia, function and degree of, 306 molecular level changes, 307 PACAP-38 levels, 328

Pre-nuptial gamete maturation, 244 Pre-ovipositional, post-ovipositional, 256 Previtellogeneic follicles, 231

Prince, D.A., 317

Principal Component Analyses (PCA), 117–118

Principles of Animal Locomotion (Alexander), 85, 86, 94

Pritchard, P.C.H.

arribada (mass) nesting, 256 Dogania (PCHP 3368), 50

ecology or reproductive biology of species, 225–226

hypertrophied forelimbs, 110 kinesis, 58

marine turtles, 85

Index

nest site selection, 251

neurals, ancestral condition of, 50 number of eggs, 246

pectorals transversely split by anterior hinge, 70 plastral reduction, 69

sexual dimorphism, 240 shell reduction, 187

Trionychidae and Carettochelyidae habitats, 103 Processus articularis transversalis of the atlas, 179 Processus mastoideus, 178

Procolophonids, 106 Procrustes method, 117

Proganochelys, 12, 46, 47–48, 101, 347 Progesterone, 234, 238

Programmed cell death, 306 Propulsive force, 142

Proteins, Transmitters, and Synapses (Nicholls), 301, 302

Proterochersis, 101

Protraction and retraction, 143, 145 Protrusion, 194

Psammobates geometricus, 55, 246 Psammobates tenorius,70, 71 Psephopherus, 33

Pseudemys, 108, 226, 233, 240, 242, 243, 251 Pseudoclaws, 191

PTH (parathyroid hormone), 18 Puberty, 231

Pulmonary

arteries, 214, 218, 220 lung, 219

system, 213 trunk, 219

Purkinje and granular cell layers of cerebellum, 318, 322

Purkinje cell layer, 322 Pygal bones, 3, 8, 50 Pyramiding, 70

Pyxis planicauda, 55

Q

Quay, W.B., 324

QuickImage , 142

QuickSAND , 143

R

Rabl, K., 327, 328

Racz, B., 327

Radioimmunoassay (RIA), 284, 288

Radius, 25, 26, 111, 113, 115, 116

Radmilovich, M., 330

Rafetus swinhoei, 50, 51, 78

Rage, J.C., 292

Index

Ragotzkie, R.A., 256 Raich, J., 94 Ramirez, C., 330 Ramirez, J.M., 302 Ramnanan, C.J., 314

Ram/suction index (RSI), 199 Raps, S.P., 325

Ras Al-hadd (Oman), 250 Rathke, H., 8, 10 Ratterman, R.J., 255 Raynaud, A., 227

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 306, 325 Ream, T.J., 323

Recording Structures of Mammals (Klevezal), 18 Redlake Motionscope PCI 1000S, 142

Reed, C.A., 98 Reed, P.C., 242, 260

Reese, S.A., 260, 304, 330 Reglodi, D., 327, 328

Reilly, S.M., 140, 141, 153, 159, 209 Reina, R.D., 189

Reiner, A., 302, 304, 327

Reinhold, K., 280, 294 Reisz, R.R.

behavioral activities, constraints, 187 diapsida, 13, 106

ecological setting of turtle origins, 349 endoskeletal and exoskeletal parts of carapace,

345

lepidosauromorph lineage, 347 Paleozoic diadectomorphs, 346

Petrolacosaurus, 347 Priscochelys, 350 procolophonids, 106

Remane, A., 347 Renous, S.

aquatic turtle forms, 94 feeding behaviors, 200 forelimbs and swimming, 129 interlimb coordination, 159 kinematics of swimming, 124

limb, neck, jaws, coordination of, 192 limb movements and marine forms, 128 limb-reduced forms, 105

locomotor systems, 187 marine turtles, 85

mechanisms of thrust production, 142 propulsion and limb coordination, 130 terrestrial locomotion, 98, 131

Reproduction, 242, 249–250, 295

Reproductive Biology of the Chelonia, Vol. 38: Zoophysiology (Kuchling)

bladder, 234

clutches and endogenous/exogenous factors, 245 hatchling survival rate, 252

hormones and reproductive ecology, 231

381

nesting seasons and seasonal temperatures, 243 sperm storage and mating, 244

Reproductive cycle

asynchronous, males and females, 244 environment, 239

follicles, 231–233

hormones and reproduction, 237–238 ovary structure, 229

Reproductive patterns, 242 Reproductive structures and strategies

cloaca and associated structures, 234–237 ecology and reproductive biology, 225–226 eggs, 238–239, 246

embryonic development, 253–254 developmental arrest, 256–257 incubation, 255–256

sex determination, 254–255 fecundity

number of clutches, 247–249 number of eggs, 246–247

gonads, 227

hatching and hatchling survivorship, 257–258 growth, 260

overwintering, 258–260 insemination and sperm storage, 244–245 mating behavior, 240–242

morphology, 226–227 nesting patterns, 249–250 ovary, 229–233

oviduct, 233–234 oviposition, 250–252

seasonal timing of reproduction, 242–244 sexual dimorphism, 239–240

testis, 227–229

Reptile Eggshells (Schleich), 239 Reptiles and anoxia, 304

Reptiles and Herbivory (King), 163 Reptiles with TSD and climatic change, 292 Respiration, 236, 259, 349

Respiratory gases, 219

Respiratory physiology and structures, 216–220, 221–222, 236

Rest, J.S., 348 Restrepo, A., 250, 251 Rete system, 214

Rete testis and vas deferens, 229 Retina and optic tectum, 323 Retraction, 164, 181–183, 194 Retraction/cervical mobility, 179–180

Rhinoclemmys punctularia, 50, 59, 67, 88 Rhodin, A.G.J.

bone growth, 24 captive growth rates, 36

leatherback sexual maturity, 33 neotenic retention of cartilage, 23 nest site selection, 251

382

skeletal growth patterns, 32 skeletochronology, 17–18

Rhodin, J.A.G. bone growth, 24

bone remodeling, 22

fibroblastic cell and chondrolytic enzymes, 29 growth cone fibroblasts, 29–32

leatherback, neotenic retention of cartilage, 23 skeletochronology, 17–18

ultrastructure of vascular canals, 27–29 RIA (radioimmunoassay), 284, 288

Ribs and costal bones, 5–6, 349 Rice, M.E., 325, 326–327 Rieppel, O.

diapsids, 13, 106

ecological setting of turtle origins, 349 endoskeletal and exoskeletal components, 345 epiplastra and entoplastron homologies, 10 Franconian Hauptmuschelkalk, 350 pareiasaurs, 106

pelvic girdle/hind limbs similarities, 347 relationships based on morphological data, 348

Right to left (R-L) shunt, 220 Rimblot-Baly, F., 295 Rimkus, T.A., 255

Risley, P.L.

gonads develop on germinal ridges, 227 morphology of ovary, 231

oviducts enter cloaca, 234 reproductive cycles, 239 seminiferous tubules, 229

Rivera, G., 98, 140, 159 R-L (right to left) shunt, 220 Roeper, J., 312

Rohlf, F.J., 87

Roman, J., 129

Rome, L.C., 158 Romer, A.S.

amphibious turtles, 85

Chelodina longicollis, 166 chelonian limb structure, 86 development of shell, 345 diapsid status, 347

evolution of chelonia bones, 12 skull, temporal region, 346

Roosenburg, W.M., 250, 280 Roques, S., 244

ROS (reactive oxygen species), 306, 325 Rose, F.L., 252

Rosen, D.R., 325

Rosenberg, A.F., 304, 310, 315, 323 Rosin, C., 320

Rosner, J.M., 324

Rostal, D., 227, 231, 237, 254 Rothman, S.M., 326 Rougier, G.W., 100–101

Index

Rowe, J.W., 249

Roy, R.R., 141

Roze, J.A., 256

RSI (ram/suction index), 199–200

Ruckes, H., 4, 5, 46, 347

Russell, L.D., 214

Russo, R.E., 319, 330

Russo-Menna, I., 325

S

Sakakibara, S., 330

Sakata, J.T., 307–308 Sakurai, S.Y., 316, 318–319 Salame-Mendez, A., 304 Salih, M., 234

Sapsford, C.W., 219, 220–221 Sarcomeres, 183

Sarkar, S., 231, 234, 244, 245

Scanlon, T.C., 169, 183–184 Scapula, 174

Schaeffer, B., 115

Schaffer, B.H., 187

Schauble, M.K., 18

Schenk, J.O., 325

Schlegel, J.R., 316 Schleich, H.H., 102, 238 Schluter, D., 98 Schmidt-Kastner, R., 304 Schmidt-Nielsen, K., 151 Schramm, B.G., 238, 244 Schroter, A., 322 Schulz, J.P., 295 Schumacher, G.H., 226

Schwarzkopf, L., 250, 254 Schwenk, K., 188, 189, 197, 205, 208 Sclerotome, 5, 11, 345

Scoliosis, 71 Scutes, 2

abnormalities, 71–73 reasons for loss of, 56 Shell, 53–56 supramarginals, 47

variant configurations of species, 55

Sea turtle

cardiopulmonary structure, 220 chondro-osseous growth, 22, 29–32 extinct species, 33, 46–48, 101 locomotion, 98

nesting beach fidelity, 295 nesting locations, 283 osmoregulation, 189 sexual maturity, 260

skeletochronology, 17–18, 20, 21–22 Second messenger systems, 326 Seidel, M.E., 226

384

Southwood, A.L., 302

Sowa, A.W., 328–329 Speake, B.K., 239 Spencer, R.J., 250, 257, 324

Spermatogenesis and temperature, 244 Spermatogenetic cycle, 228, 229 Sperm placement, 236–237

Sperm storage tubules, 244–245 Sphincters and shunting, 221 Spicules, 6, 8, 9

Spinal cord, 301 Spinks, P.Q,, 103

Splechtna, H., 164, 183–184

Spotila, J.R., 39, 256, 290 Spurrell, F.A., 24

Squamates, 105, 208, 209, 279 Stainforth, D., 292

Staurotypus triporcatus, 27, 58, 68, 69 Stecyk, J.A.W., 221

Steen, J.B., 236

Stefan, Y., 227

Stein, P.S.G., 98, 108, 144, 147 Stephens, P.R., 159, 236

Sternotherus odoratus, 23, 37, 68, 70, 226, 228–232, 239, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 252, 260, 304

Steroidogenesis converting pregnenolone, 232 Stevens, C.F., 317

St. Juliana, J.R., 294

Stone, P.A., 21, 222 Stone, T.W., 317 Storey, J.M., 259, 323 Storey, K.B.

aerobic metabolism in anoxia, 310 downregulated factors, 307 freeze/thaw tolerance, 323

freeze tolerance strategy, 259 hypoxia, 302

lipid peroxidation damage products, 325 reversible protein phosphorylation, 314

Stout, A.K., 311

Strategies for sex ratios, 280–282 Stroma and theca, 232

Structure of egg shell and surrounding material, 255 Structure of follicles, 231

Structure of posterior zeugopod, 115 Structure of Zygapophyses, 181

Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates (Goodrich), 347

Stupendemys, 32–33 Suarez, R.K.

citrate synthase (CS), 308 enzymes of metabolism, 327 glucose use in rats/turtles, 307 LDH activity, 309

Voltage-dependent calcium channel densities,

311

Index

Subadults, 25

Suction, 192, 198–200, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210 Sukhanov, V.B., 12, 98, 102, 122

Summers, A.P., 198, 199, 200, 208, 209 Supramarginals, 47

Suprapygal bones, 3 Suzue, T., 323

Suzuki, H.K., 6, 17, 21, 23n, 24

SVCT2 (sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter type 2), 325

Swallowing, 189, 197–198, 204–205 Swanson, R.A., 309, 310 Swimming, 122–123, 127, 192

Swimming and walking, 152–153, 154 Swimming appendages, 108

Swimming marine and freshwater species, 98 Swingland, I.R.

corpora lutea, 232

duration of juvenile period, 260 environmental conditions and breeding, 242 hatchling survival rate, 249

species and conservation status, 226 Symmetrical gait analysis, 127 Synapomorphies, 105–106 Synaptosomes, 312

Synchronous emergence from nest, 258

Synchronous foreflipper action, 122, 130–132, 133

Systemic (body), 219

Systemic blood oxygen levels, 220

T

Tag loss and identification, 248

Tai, C., 316 Tail

copulation, 237 locomotion, 140 propulsion, 124

Takeuchi, T., 10

Tanaka, T., 312 Tarsal, 114 Tatton, W.G., 325 Taylor, C.R., 154

Temperature and hatchling/adult emergence, 323–324

Temperature and incubation, 255 Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD),

254, 279–283, 292–296, 304 Temperature/moisture and incubation, 256 Terrapene carolina, 81, 82, 89, 236, 251, 324 Terrestrial habitat, 103

Terrestrial habits of Priscochelys, 350 Terrestrial locomotion, 98, 127, 131 Terrestrial turtles

age and scute growth lines, 21

Astrochelys yniphora, 75

Index

body weight, 98

evolved from freshwater turtles, 118 feeding, 192–195, 208

Geochelone elegans, 55 Geochelone elephantopus, 219 Geochelone nigra, 61 Geochelone nigra spp., 61 Gopherus agassizii, 20, 21 habitat, 103

Homopus signatus, 239 locomotion, 85–86, 119–120, 153

Malaclemys terrapin, 258 Malacochersus tornieri, 74 Manouria impressa, 74 Psammobates geometricus, 55 pyramiding, 70

Pyxis planicauda, 55 shell shape, 57 skeletochronology, 21 swallowing, 197–198

Terrapene carolina, 324 Testudo graeca, 20, 21 Testudo hermanni, 20, 21, 324

Terrestrial vs. aquatic origin, 350 Testis

histological structure of, 227–229 maturity, 229

spermatogenetic cycle, 228

Testudinata, , 46, 55, 94, 109, 116–117, 127–128, 164, 188, 345

Testudinoidae, morphological changes, 109 Testudo graeca, 20, 21, 89, 192, 226, 234 Testudo hermanni, 20, 21, 89, 192, 226, 228, 229,

253, 254, 324

Testudo marginata, 89, 192, 226, 252 Tetrapods, 85–86

TH (tyrosine hydroxylase), 320 Thermal conditions, 201, 253, 283–284 Thermal layering and nests, 255 Thing, A., 231

Thompson, J.W., 317, 320 Thompson, M.B.

eggs, 238

eggs and incubation conditions, 253 epidermal scutes formation, 2

nest temperature, 254

nest site selection and embryo/female survivorship, 250

shell structure, 239

thermal environment of reptile embryos, 253 Thompson, Scott, 103

Thomsen, L.L., 321 Thomson, J.S., 227, 231, 234 Thoracic ribs, 2

Thornhill, C.M., 260 Tihen, J., 256

385

Tinkle, D.W., 232, 233, 249–250, 260 Tiwari, M., 251

Tokita, M., 253 Tomiyama, Y., 312

Tongue, 189, 193, 194, 204, 209–210, 218

Tortisternum novemcostatum, 5, 50, 228, 253 See also Pelodiscus sinesis

Trachea, 218

Trachemys

fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), 5

Greenbaum stage 15, 4 nuchal bone ossification, 6–8 plastron bones in embryo, 10

Trachemys callirostris callirostris, 251 Trachemys dorbigni, 88, 304, 309

Trachemys scripta, 3, 21, 88, 98, 101, 122, 123, 125, 126, 140, 142, 144–153, 154–157, 158, 183, 215, 216, 217, 222, 226, 227, 228, 232, 239, 240, 242, 244, 245, 250–253, 256, 260, 304, 308, 309, 315, 320, 323, 326–330

Trainor, P.A., 12

Traynelis, S.F., 314

Trebbau, P., 226, 240 Triassic marine reptiles, 347 Triassic turtle, 12 Trionychidae, 77–82

Trionyx spiniferus, 284, 289, 290, 291, 293 See also Apalone spiniferus

Trionyx triunguis, 81–82, 89, 236, 251 Trophic system, 189–191

TSD (temperature-dependent sex determination), 254, 279, 283, 292–296

Tsoi, C.M., 348 Tsukaguchi, H., 325 Tucker, A.D., 21–22 Tucker, J.K.

growth rates/female size and environment, 260 hatchling survival rate, 249

oviduct, egg sizes and shapes, 251 simulated inundation and survivorship, 256 temperature and hatchling/adult emergence,

323–324

Turtle Conservation (Klemens), 226 “Turtle Eggs for Agassiz” (Sharp), 46 Turtle origins, 346–350

Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins (Obst), 226, 237, 239–241

Turtles of the United States and Canada (Ernst), 240, 246

emydid lineage, 142

feral Trachemys breeding, 203 habitat preference, 141 number of eggs, 246

shell, 139–140

Turtles of the World (Bonin) ellipsoidal eggs, 246