Biology_of_Turtles

366

Archelon (Cretaceous protostegid), 33 Corsochelys (dermochelyid sea turtle), 33 Desmatochelys (sea turtle), 33

Eosphargis, 33

Idiochelys fitzingeri, 47

Kayentachelys, 48, 101 Mascarene tortoises, 63

Notoemys, 101

Platychelys, 101

Proganochelyidae of the Triassic, 46

Proganochelys, 47–48, 101 Proterochersis, 101 Psephopherus, 33 Stupendemys, 32–33

Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), 327 Extra-uterine migration of follicles, 233 Eye, 322

F

Fairbairn, D.J., 94 Families and superfamilies

Cheloniidae, 75–77 Chelydae, 1 Dermochelyidae, 33 Emydidae, 94 Emys, 1 Pleurodira, 101

Testudinidae, 116–117, 127–128, 188 Fan, T.X., 310, 315, 322, 323

Farrell, A.P., 219, 316 Fay, R.R., 323 Fecundity, 246–249 Feeding (Schwenk)

feeding behavior in tetrapods, 188 food prehension modes, 208

skull, hyobranchium, tongue analyses, 189 swallowing, 197

transport cycles, 205 Feeding

Chelydra, 198 evolution, 208

evolution of transport (and other feeding phases), 208–210

fore flippers, 191 herbivorous species, 188

kinematics – aquatic feeding, 198–204 kinematics – Dermochelys feeding, 204–208 kinematics – terrestrial feeding, 192–198

M. terrapin, 191 mechanisms, 208 nesting, 187–188

overview of drinking, 189–192 performance, 201 temperature, 201

tetrapods, 188

Index

Feeding in Domestic Vertebrates (Bels), 194 Feldman, C.R., 108

Felger, R.S., 302

Felts, W.J.L., 24

Female age and size at sexual maturity, 37–38 Females

body size to egg size, 248 breeding proportion, 242 estrogen level, 237–238

green turtles nesting cycle, 249

modify behavior by digging deeper nests, 295 morphology and egg production, 251–252 nesting site and sex ratios, 250

sex ratio bias, 292

sperm storage, 168, 244–245 vitellogenesis, 244

Femorotibialis, 144, 147, 150, 151

Femur, 26, 85, 87, 88–90, 92, 93, 105, 108, 110, 111, 114, 126, 143–149, 152, 155, 156

Ferguson, G.W., 240, 241 Fernandes, J.A., 307, 315, 320 Fernandez, A., 330 Fernandez, M.S., 101, 102 Ferrer, I., 327

Fertilization, 244, 245

FGF (fibroblast growth factor), 5

Fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), 5 Finkler, M.S., 124, 246, 255

Fischer, E.N., 245

Fish, F.E., 122, 140

Flexion. See Kinesis

Flexor tibialis complex, 144, 147–150 Flitz, B.A, 250

Flores-Villela, O., 294 Floyd, R.A., 325

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 219

Fokkelman, K., 305 Foley, A.M., 256 Follicles, 231–233 Font, E., 330 Fontanels, 66–68 Food properties, 190 Food resources, 198

Footprints of Jurassic fossil turtle, 131 Foraging and feeding behaviors, 188 Fordel, E., 328–329

Forelimbs, 93 function, 159

locomotion, 104–105, 127 swimming, 129

Fossils, 12, 32–35, 46, 97, 100–102, 115–117, 347, 350

Fox, H.

pituitary hormonal control, 229 chelonian oviduct, 233

Index

reproductive ecology, 239 urinogenital system development, 227

Fox, W., 229

Frair, W., 22 Francillon-Viellot, H., 18 Francis-West, P.H., 6

Franconian Hauptmuschelkalk, 350 Fraser, K.P., 307

Frazer, N.B., 249

Freedberg, S., 294 Free-radical formation, 306 Freeze/thaw tolerance, 259, 323 Freshwater turtles

Apalone ferox, 179–180 Apalone spinifera, 123, 140, 142

Chelodina longicollis, 180–181, 198–199 Chelydra serpentina, 21, 304

Chrysemys picta marginata, 21, 48, 55, 66, 235, 241–242, 304

Graptemys geographica, 304 Lissemys punctata punctata, 245 Macrochelys temminckii, 55, 237 Malaclemys terrapin, 21, 191–192, 204 Sternotherus odoratus, 304 Trachemys callirostris callirostris, 251 Trachemys dorbigni, 304, 309

Trachemys scripta, 21, 140, 142, 202, 241–242, 304

Trionychidae, 77–82 Fujimori, T., 302

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 219

G

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 301, 307, 316, 317

GABAergic neurons and receptors, 323 Gad, J., 238

Gadow, H., 73

Gaffney, E.S. amphibious turtles, 85

basal fossil turtles, 348 body armor, 105

body modifications, 100

Bothremydidae, 102 captorhinids, 106

carapace of costal bones, 104 constraints, 187

evolution of turtle, 46 fossil record, 350 freshwater turtles, 118–119

homology of epiplastron of turtles, 349 monophyly, 101

pectoral girdle, 349 phylogenetic studies, 188

367

phylogenies, 98

Proganochelys, 47–48 terrestrial ancestor, 208 Triassic turtle, 12 vertebrate evolution, 97

Gaillard, C., 129, 131 Gaits, 128 Galbraith, D.A., 244

Gallego, S.M., 313–314 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 301, 316 Gans, C.

breathing, 105, 219 long neck, 163

Ganzhorn, D., 323, 324 Gape, 194, 197, 206 Garcia-Verdugo, J.M., 330 Gardiner, J.A., 347 Gardoni, F., 318

Garland, T., Jr., 159, 163 Garrick, L., 229

Gasc, J.P., 105, 175 Gas exchange, 266 Gastralia, 13

Gastrointestinal (GI) system, 216 Gastrula, 256

Gastrulation, 4, 253

Gatesy, S.M., 140, 141 Gaunt, A.S., 105, 219, 349 Gauthier, J.A.

captorhinomorphs closest relatives of turtles, 346

ecological setting of turtle origins, 349 fossil record, 350

limb morphology/habitat relationship, 97 osteological data with soft anatomy, 348 vertebrate clade, origin/evolution, 187

General System of Symmetrical Locomotion of Terrestrial Vertebrates and Some Features of Movement of Lower Tetrapods (Sukhanov), 98, 122

Genotypic sex determination (GSD), 279

Geochelone elegans, 55

Geochelone elephantopus, See Geochelone nigra Geochelone gigantea, 242, 249

Geochelone nigra, 23, 36, 61, 63, 73, 185, 219, 238, 246

Geoemydidae (or Bataguridae), 103 George, J.C., 169

Georges, A., 242, 255, 284, 295 Germano, D.J., 21

Germinal oocytes in cortex, 231 Gervais, P., 23

Gibbons, J.W.

aquatic and terrestrial habitats, 124, 140 breeding and energy, 242

clutches, 232

368

ecology or reproductive biology of species, 226 egg mass and shell, 238

habitat and female size, 260 hatchling and delayed emergence, 258

intraspecific variations in egg and female size,

249

patterns of nesting seasons, 243 pelvic gap and egg width, 252 reproductive cycle, 249 reproductive ecology, 239

shell and protection, 139

shelled eggs in oviducts over winter, 256 sliders members, emydid lineage, 142 testis and maturity, 229

Gilbert, S.F.

carapace, development of, 345

dermal ossification of costal bones, 105 carapace, 3

endochondral ossification, 6 mesenchyme, 8

nuchal bone formation, 8, 12

ontogenetic development of carapace, 350 phases of ossification, 6–7

plastron, 9, 10, 12 rib precursor cells, 5

Gilchrist, G.W., 141 Gilland, E., 4 Gillis, G.B.

kinematics and mechanisms, 209 limbs and locomotion, 140 locomotor capacity, 159 locomotor systems, 151

muscle function examination, 153 muscle use and behavior, 141 patterns for T. scripta, 147

role of tail in bottom-walking, 98 Gilman, S., 316

Girgis, S., 236

Girling, J.E.

chelonian oviduct, 233, 234

hormonal levels and reproductive cycle, 234–235

ovarian cycle, 230 ovary structure, 229 oviposition, 233

spermatogenetic cycle, 228

testis and the spermatogenetic cycle, 227, 228 Girondot, M., 282, 295

Gist, D.H., 227, 228, 244–245 Glass, M., 213

Glazner, G.W., 327 Glen, F., 295 Glia, 301

Global warming, 292–295 Globus, M.Y.T., 306 Glor, R.E., 20

Index

Glottis, 218

Glutamate, 316, 318–320, 323 Glutathione (GSH), 325

Glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), 325 Glycogen phosphorylase (GP), 309 Glycogen utilization pathway, 309 Glycolysis and activity during anoxia, 323

Glyptemys insculpta, 37, 227, 245 Godfrey, M.H.

clutch size, nest chamber and thermal conditions, 295

gonadal structure and sex classification, 284 hatchling sex ratios, 294

temperature/moisture influence incubation, 256 thermal conditions, 283

thermal environment of reptile embryos, 253 Goette, A., 345, 347

Gonadal cycles, 244 Gonadotropin, level of, 238 Gonads, 227, 243–244, 284 Goodrich, E.S., 346, 347

Gopherus agassizii, 20, 21, 37, 245 Gopherus polyphemus, 55, 230, 233–234 Gordos, M.A., 236

Gorr, T.A., 348

Gould, E., 330 Gouyon, P.H., 282

GP (glycogen phosphorylase), 309 GPOX (glutathione peroxidase), 325 Graham, A., 12

Gramsbergen, A., 153 Granda, A.M., 322

Graptemys barbouri, 61, 62

Graptemys geographica, 231, 239, 250, 251, 302, 304, 330

Graptemys ouachitensis, 294 Great vessels, 214–216 Greenbaum, E., 4, 253 Greenbaum stage 15, 4 Greenberg, N., 229, 240 Greene, J.L., 243, 256 Greenway, S.C., 307

Greer, A.E., 23 Gregory, W.K., 106, 346 Gross, C.G., 330 Growth

age, population dynamics, 260 bone growth rate, 17–20, 22–23 implications for, 33–39 incubation, 256

lines on scutes, 21 patterns, 24 rings, 53–55 studies, 33

Growth cone fibroblasts, 29–32

Gruner, J.A., 141

Index

GSD (genotypic sex determination), 279 GSH (glutathione), 325

Gubernaculum cordis, 214 Guibé, J., 85, 94, 115

Guide to Living Reptiles (Webb), 85, 87

Guide to the Anatomy of Sea Turtles (Wyneken),

215, 216, 220, 221

Guillette, L.J., Jr.

albumen and embryo, 239 levels of hormones, 238

sperm storage tubules, 244–245 uterine tube, glandular structure of, 234

Guillon, J.M., 280

Guthe, K.F., 183

Gutzke, W.H.N., 255, 256 Guyon, L., 229

Guyot, G., 253 Gyuris, E., 258, 295

H

Habitat

aquatic and terrestrial, 141 feeding and temperature, 202–203 feeding behaviors, 188

marine, 102, 189 overwintering, 259–260

preferences (terrestrial vs. aquatic), 100 terrestrial turtles, 103

Habitat and female size, 260

Habitat and locomotion, 86, 101–102, 132 Habitat-dependent sex ratios, 255 Habitat preference, 141

Haddad, G.G.

ion channels, distributions of, 311–312 K-ATP channels and binding densities, 313 opioid receptors, 318, 319

Hagdorn, H., 350 Haines, R.W., 23n, 24, 32 Hall, B.K., 1, 6, 9, 10, 12 Hall, W.C., 302 Halpern, M., 304

Hamann, M., 227, 231, 237 Hamaski, G.I., 324 Hamlett, W., 234 Hammer, D.A., 21

Handbook of Turtles (Carr), 240 Hankeln, T., 328

Hanson, P.E., 295

Harless, A., 188 Harless, M., 240, 241 Harlow, P.S., 279 Harrassowitz, H., 132

Harrel, J.B., 226, 237, 240 Harris, S.R., 345, 348 Harry, J.L., 253

369

Hart, D.B., 154 Hartley, L.M., 259 Hartwig, H.G., 324 Harukuni, I., 306 Hastings, N.B., 330 Hatchlings

accurate classification of sex, 284 appendicular bones, 24–25 carapace length (CL), 23 collection methods, 290

delayed emergence, 258

dermal cells respond to BMPs, 6

Dermochelys coriacea (leatherbacks), 23 egg size, 249

energy, 239

gonads distinguishable, 227 growth, 260

hatching process, 257 intercostal fontanels, 66 nesting sites, 250

ovary structure, 229–231

oxygen concentrations and survivorship, 256 peripheral bone ossification, 8 radioimmunoassay and sex classification, 284 sea turtle osmoregulation, 189

sex determination, 255 sex ratio, 248, 294

size and locomotion, 154

studies based on nest sex ratio, 291 subzero temperatures, 259 supernumerary carapace scutes, 73 survival rate, 249, 252 survivorship, 257–260

swimming, 127 testis, 227

Hattan, L.R., 244, 245 Hay, O.P., 115

Hays, G.C., 244, 258, 283 Head, 163–165, 181

brain, 12, 301–303

jaws, 69, 189–196, 198, 200–201, 204–206, 209, 219

movement, 194, 198 retractor muscles, 183 skeleton, See Skull

skull, 7, 12, 47, 115, 167, 183, 188–189, 201, 214, 346–347

Heart, 213, 214, 219 Heat retention, 23

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 328, 329 Hedges, S.B., 13, 106, 348

Hediger, M.A., 325

Heglund, N.C., 154

Heidweiller, J., 165 Heisler, N., 260 Hendrickson, J.R., 129

370

Hennig, W., 347

Henry, Y., 321 Hepatic vein, 216 Heppell, S.S., 260

Herbivore, 188, 190, 209

Heritable variability in nesting phenology, 295 Herkenham, M., 324

Herman, T.B., 22

Herrel, A., 163, 193, 194, 200 Heterotopy, 6

Heude, P.M., 50 Hevner, R.F., 307–308

Hexokinase (HK), 307–309 Hiatus intervertebralis, 167 Hibbs, J.B., Jr., 321

Hibernation, 48, 232, 244, 304, 323, 324, 329 Hicks, J.W., 219, 220, 316

HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor), 314 Higgs, E.A., 321

Hildebrand, M., 86, 127 Hildebrand, S.F., 245

Hill, R.V., 187, 345, 348, 350 Hillered, L., 325 Hindlimbs

aquatic and terrestrial motor function, 144 comparison in juveniles, 157

function, 151–153 kinematics, 145–147, 153 locomotion, 139–140

locomotor performance, 144–145 modulation patterns, 152

motor control, 141–142, 144

motor patterns of muscles, 147–151 muscle activation, 140

ontogeny of motor function, 153–157 propulsive force, 142

protraction and retraction, 143 structure, 144

travel from nest to sea, 188 variations, 115

Hirayama, R., 33, 35, 102, 114, 115 Hirth, H.F., 246, 257–258

Histology and osteological morphology, 348 Hitzig, B.M., 317

HK (hexokinase), 308, 309 HNK, 11–13

Ho, S.M., 252 Hochachka, P.W., 306 Hochscheid, S., 302 Hofsten, N., 347 Hofstetter, R., 175

Hohn, A.A., 18, 19–20, 22 Holman, J.A., 103 Homeothermy, 77 Homing, 295

Homologue of transcription factor, 5

Index

Homology, 2, 9, 70, 105, 115, 236, 245, 349 epiplastron, 349

erectile tissue, 236

m. serratis ventralis, 349 turtle origins, 245

Homopus signatus, 23, 59, 239 Hormones

cyclic fluctuations, 238

levels during reproductive cycle, 234 reproductive cycle, 237–238 reproductive ecology, 231

Hou, L., 10 Houghton, J.D.R., 258 Hox genes, 12

Hoyte, L., 320

HSPs (heat shock proteins), 328 Huang, C.C., 305, 306, 321 Hughes, B., 103

Hughes, G.M., 105, 219, 349 Hughes, G.R., 187–188 Hulin, V., 255, 280 Hunting strategies, 190–191 Hutchinson, J.H., 70 Hutton, J.M., 20

Hydric, environments, 235, 255 Hydrodynamics, 75, 107, 110, 122–127, 142, 200 Hydrodynamic constraints on aquatic prey, 198 Hydroxyl radicals (OH), 306

Hylland, P.

brain blood flow increase, 307 down-regulation of EEG, 315 extracellular AD in anoxic brain, 317 high rates of glycolysis in hindbrain, 309 NO (nitric oxide), 316, 322

Hyobranchium, 174, 189, 198, 200, 204 Hyoid apparatus, 200, 218

Hyolingual apparatus, 194, 206–207 Hyoplastra, 8, 9, 11, 48, 66, 70, 76, 77, 78 Hypometabolism, 310, 314, 329 Hypoxia, 302, 306

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), 314 Hypoxia/reoxygenation events, 325

I

Iben, C., 70

Idiochelys fitzingeri, 47 Ignarro, L.J., 321

Ihh and BMPs induce bone formation, 6 Iliocostalis system, 167, 175

Incubation and temperature, 255

Incubation of Reptile Eggs (Kõhler), 253 Induction, 6

Inertial suction feeding, 192, 198, 200, 207 Infundibulum, 234, 245

Ingestion

Index

aquatic turtles, 198–203 Buccal cavity, 193, 205

Feeding in Domestic Vertebrates (Bels), 194 FO (fast open) stages, 198

jaw cycles, 204

SO (slow open) stages, 198

Innervation by dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons, 319

Insemination and sperm storage, 244–245 Intercostal fontanels, 66, 76–77 Intermembranous (sesamoid) bones, 78 Inter-nesting period, 238

Interstitial cells and courtship behavior, 229 Intertrochanteric fossa, 116 Intramembranous bone, 6

Intramembranous ossification, 6, 8, 10, 12 Intraspecific variations in egg and female size, 249

Intraventricular structure, 219 Intromission, 237

in vitro PACAP and developmental apoptosis, 327 Ion channels, 307, 310–316

IPCC, 280, 292

Irschick, D.J., 163 Iturralde-Vinent, M., 101 Iverson, J.B.

eggs per clutch and female body size, 246 hatchlings and nesting sites, 250

heritable variability in nesting phenology, 295 oviduct, egg sizes and shapes, 251

nesting seasons, 243

reproductive biology of species, 226 species and clutches, 249–250

Iwabe, N., 13, 348

Iwasaki, S., 189

J

Jackson, D.C.

buffers, lactic acid, 330 hypoxia, 302

overwintering and buffering system, 260 reversible hypometabolism, 304

shell and bones, 48 shell and protection, 139

Jackson, D.R., 243

Jaekel, O., 348–349

James, M.C., 22, 120

Jamniczky, H.A., 214 Janke, A., 348 Janzen, F.J.

eggs and incubation conditions, 253 embryonic metabolism of yolk lipids, 256

genetic variation for sex ratio in population, 294 hatchling survival rate, 249

male vs. female growth, 260 nest site selection, 250, 255

371

oviduct, egg sizes and shapes, 251 temperature-dependent sex determination, 254 TSD and population, 282

TSD origin, 280 TSD vs. GSD, 293

warming and offspring sex ratio, 292 Jaw movement, 198

Jaw prehension, 192, 194, 208 Jaws, head, neck movements, 194 Jayes, A.S.

force platform studies, 158 leg muscles, tortoise, 86 locomotor adaptations, 119 shell and protection, 139

walking mechanics and locomotion, 98 Jenkins, F.A., Jr., 100

Jensen, M.P., 244

Jeysuria, P., 304

Jiang, C.S., 312 Johansson, D., 315, 323 Johnson, S.M., 310, 322 Johnston, R.M., 141

Joint, 23–28, 32, 33, 34, 110, 126, 141, 142, 143, 145, 150, 157, 158, 164, 166, 167–169, 179–183

Jones, J.M., 244, 245

Josephson, R.K., 183 Joyce, W.G.

clade of vertebrates, origin/evolution, 187 cleithrum in dermal pectoral girdle, 348 homology of epiplastron, 349

limb morphology/habitat relationship, 97 terrestrial vs. aquatic origin, 350

Julliard, R., 280, 294 Jurassic turtles, 102 Juveniles

appendicular bones, 25 growth and diet, 260 hyoplastra and hypoplastra, 76

limb cycle frequencies, 154–155 tail role and propulsion, 124

K

Kabler, S.A., 317

Kahlert, S., 306 Kälin, J., 6, 12, 345 Kamel, L.T., 141 Kamel, S.J., 294 Kamezaki, N., 94 Kardos, J., 316 Kargo, W.J., 158 Karl, H.V., 350

Kaska, Y., 253, 284, 290 Kästle, W., 238

K-ATP (ATP-sensitive potassium channels), 312, 313

372

Kawakami, Y., 5

Kayentachelys, 48, 101 Kear, B.P., 187 Kearney, M., 348

Keifer, J., 311–312, 318, 319 Keiver, K.M., 309

Kelly, D.A., 310 Kemp’s ridley, 19–20

Kennett, R., 251, 253, 257 Kennett, R.M., 226 Keratin, 53, 75 Keratinous scales, 2 Kinematics

aquatic feeding, 198–203, 204 cranio-cervical system, 183

Dermochelys coriacea feeding, 204–208 feeding behaviors, 191, 193

gape cycle of biting and transport phases, 206 hindlimbs, 145–147

juvenile hindlimb function, 155 motor functions, 153

muscle activation (EMG), 140 neck extension, 198 snorkeling, 165, 180–181 swimming, 98, 122–123, 124 terrestrial feeding, 192–198

variables (joint and limb angles), 143 Kinesis, 58–61, 226, 252

King, A., 159

King, G., 163

Kinixys belliana, 56, 59, 65, 89, 192, 193, 208, 209, 226

Kinney, O.M., 235

Kinosternum, 37, 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, 59, 68, 70, 87, 88, 92, 103, 122, 123, 127, 159, 226–230, 232, 236, 239, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 249, 254, 257

Kirsch, J.A.W., 348

Kitching, J.W., 101

Klemens, M., 226

Klevezal, G.A., 18

Klicka, J., 229, 232

Klinger, R.C., 20, 22 Knickerbocker, D.L., 302 Koch, W., 220–221

Kogo, N., 304, 318, 322, 323 Kogure, K., 317

Köhler, G., 253 Kolbe, J.J., 249, 250

Kordikova, E.G., 50, 115 Krenz, J.G., 159, 280, 282, 293 Kriegl, J.M., 328–329 Kriegstein, A.R., 316, 318, 319 Krnjevic, K., 312

Kruman, I.I., 311 Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA, 206 Kuchling, G.

Index

bladder, 234

clutches and endogenous/exogenous factors, 245 hatchling survival rate, 252

hormones and reproductive ecology, 231 nesting seasons and seasonal temperatures, 243 sperm storage and mating, 244

testis and maturity, 229 Kuettner K.E., 32

Kugler, J.H., 32 Kuhn-Schnyder, E., 346, 347 Kuhrt, T., 203

Kumazawa, Y., 348 Kuraku, S., 5, 345, 347, 350 Kuratani, S., 253

Kutsche, L.M., 219 Kwon, N.S., 321 Kyphosis, 71

L

Laboratory Anatomy of the Turtle (Ashley), 227, 231, 234

Lachrymal glands, 115

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 309

LAG (line of arrested growth), 18, 19–20, 21 Laidlaw, D.H., 158

Lakjer, T., 347 Lancaster, J.R., Jr., 321

Lance, V.A., 227, 237, 284 Lancelot, E., 306 Landolt, H., 325

Lang, J.W., 280 Laplanche, L., 306 Lapparent de Broin, F. de

anatomical characters, 97 Bothremydidae, 102 carapace vault, 107 fossil turtle, 100

littoral turtles, 101–102, 115 pedomorphic shell, 106 pleurodiran Notoemys, 101 synchronous limb movement, 132

Larson-Prior, L.J., 324 Lateral sequence, 204 Lauder, G.V.

feeding mechanism in Chelydra, 190–191, 198 particle image velocimetry, 159

tail role and locomotion, 140

transport kinematics and mechanisms, 209 Laurin, G., 20

Laurin, M.

behavioral activities, constrains, 187 evolution of chelonia bones, 12 Paleozoic diadectomorphs, 346 procolophonids, 106

LDH, 309

Index

Leatherbacks, 1

bone pattern similar to marine mammals, 24 deep divers, 22

growth rate, 23

marine mammals, 36–38 migration, 187–188 ridges, 22

sexual maturity, 33 LeBuff, C., 226, 240 Leclair, R., Jr., 20

Le Douarin, N.M., 11 Lee, H.J., 311, 317 Lee, M.S.Y.

amniotes, turtle relationships, 347 dermal ossifications of shell, 105–106 evolution of chelonia bones, 12 origins and evolution, 350

osteological characters and coding, 348 Paleozoic Parareptilia, 346 pareiasaurs, 106

shell formation and herbivorous diet, 209 triradiate pectoral girdle, 104

Lee, P.L.M., 244

Lee, R.E., 259

Left to right (L-R) shunt, 220 Legler, J.M.

corpora lutea, 232

extra-uterine migration of follicles, 233 mating behavior, 240

nesting seasons and seasonal temperatures, 243

ovarian cycle phases, 231

post-nuptial gamete maturation, 243–244 pre-nuptial gamete maturation, 244 reproductive cycles, 239

respiratory cloacal bursae, 236 testis and maturity, 229

Lehrbuch der vergeichenden Zootomie (Carus), 9–10

Lei, B., 325

Lemell, P.

food capture x-ray film, 202 hyobranchium depression, 198 hyoid apparatus displacement, 200 oropharyngeal cavity, 200

phases of feeding, 189 ram/suction index (RSI), 199 SO stage and aquatic turtles, 209 stalking motion, 190

transport cycles, 204 Length (l), 87

Length/diameter relationship, 87, 90–91 Length of forelimbs to hind limbs, 92–93 Leone-Kabler, S.A., 307, 316

Lepidochelys kempii, 20, 22, 23, 26, 37, 50, 56, 76, 119, 128, 217, 228, 230, 245, 253, 256

373

Lepidochelys olivacea, 22, 37, 48, 50, 55–56, 57, 73, 76, 98, 119, 128, 250, 253, 256

Lepidosauromorph lineage of diapsid tree, 347 Lessertisseur, J., 98

Leucocephalon yuwoni, 59, 66 Lewis, K.K., 8

Leydig’s cells, 229 Li, S.S.L., 348

Li, Y.J., 348 Licht, P.

circadian rhythms of daily activity, 324 endocrine control of reproductive cycle, 237 ovarian cycle, 231

pituitary hormonal control, 229 pre-nuptial gamete maturation, 244 reproductive patterns, 242

steroidogenesis converting pregnenolone, 232 visual system, 323

Liem, K.F., 189

Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle

(Gibbons), 139, 140

Life history diversity in chelonians, 248

Life in Moving Fluids (Vogel), 140, 147 Life of Reptiles, Vol. 2 (Bellairs), 226, 240 Light penetration of brain, 324

Limb

contralateral synchronization, 126–127 coordination, history of, 129–132 coordination during aquatic locomotion,

127–129

coordination patterns, 130 cycle frequencies, 154–155 function, 122, 151–152, 159 locomotion, 140

morphology/habitat relationship, 97 morphology variations, 120 movements, 105, 128, 192

neck, jaws, coordination, 192 Limpus, C.J.

courtship and injury to male, 242

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and breeding, 242

epididymis and puberty, 229 fidelity to nesting beaches, 295 germinal oocytes in cortex, 231 incubation and temperature, 255 nesting patterns, 249

ontogeny of the gonads, description, 227 ovulation, 232

prolonged egg retention, 256

sea turtles and sexual maturity, 260 tag loss and identification, 248

temperature-dependent sex determination, 254 Limpus, D.J., 227, 229, 231, 232

Lindeman, P.V., 189 Lindzey, J., 229

374

Lineage mapping, 10, 12

Line of arrested growth (LAG), 18 Lingual prehension, 192, 194, 208 Liss, B., 312

Lissemys punctata, 77, 78, 89, 228, 230, 231, 234, 244, 245

Liu, J., 330

Living Turtles of the World (Pritchard), 240, 246 Locomotion

after hatching, 154 aquatic turtles, 120–122 basic pattern, 103–106 bottom-dwellers, 103 bottom-walkers, 102 evolution, 100, 129 forelimbs, 126

gait, 85, 86, 105, 127–129, 131 hindlimb function, 139–140 kinematics analysis, 142–143 limb coordination, 127–132 paleontological data, 98–103 performance and incubation, 256 propulsion patterns, 122–127 speed, 153

summary, 111–114 terrestrial turtles, 85–86 tetrapods, 85–86 vertebrate evolution, 97–98 zeugopod, 115

Locomotion of Animals (Alexander), 86 Locomotor adaptations of aquatic turtles, 109,

119–120

Locomotor capacity, 159 Locomotor environments, 153 Locomotor muscles, 140

Locomotor performance, 141, 144–145, 219 Locomotor systems, 98, 139–140, 151–152, 187, 191 Loeb, G.E., 143

Lofts, B., 229, 231

Loggerhead Turtle in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico

(LeBuff), 226, 240 Long, D.R., 252 Lopez-Garcia, C., 330 Lopez-Olmeda, J.F., 324 Loredo, G.A., 5

Lott, D.B., 253, 255, 256 Loveridge, A., 77 Lovich, J.E., 226 Lovtrup, S., 347

Loyez, M., 231

L-R (left to right) shunt, 220, 222 Luginbuhl, C., 22, 23, 239

Lungs, 213, 214, 216–219, 222, 223 Lustig, D.G., 319

Lutcavage, M.E., 22, 302 Lutz, P.L.

Index

anoxic survival time of vertebrates, 305 biology/ecology by habitat, 226

brain in prolonged anoxia, 315 excitatory amino acids (EAA), 306

excitotoxic neurotransmitters released, 307 glycolysis and activity during anoxia, 323 hypoxia, 302

K-ATP channels response and intracellular ATP, 313

leatherback and metabolic activity, 22 long-term anoxia, 310

neural responsiveness to NO, 322 neurotransmitter release, 317

release of excitatory amino acids, 321 reproductive strategies, 239

Lyrer, P., 325

M

MacDonald, J.A., 314 Macedo, E., 189 Macpherson, J.M., 141

Macrochelys temminckii, 23, 46, 47, 50, 55, 57, 62, 63, 68, 69, 225, 228, 230, 232, 237, 240, 246, 250, 254, 255

Magistretti, P.J., 317 Magne de la Croix, P., 98 Mahapatra, M.S., 323, 324 Mahmoud, I., 229, 232 Mahmoud, I.Y., 253, 323 Maickel, P.R., 320 Makar, T.K., 325

Malaclemys terrapin, 19, 21, 88, 189, 191, 198, 200, 204, 209, 235, 250–251, 258–259

Malacochersus tornieri, 48, 50, 57, 71, 74, 107, 246, 247

Males, 61–64, 67–68, 108, 227, 229, 232–237, 239–242, 244, 249, 254, 279, 293

Male vs. female size, 240 Malvin, G.M., 316

Maneuverability during swimming, 98 Manlius, N., 114, 115

Mannen, H., 348

Manouria impressa, 55, 74, 75 Manuel, L., 307, 317–318 Marginal scute forming region, 8 Marine mammal comparisons

leatherback bone pattern, 24 leatherback growth rate, 23, 36 leatherback pelagic habitat, 22 regulatory mechanism, 39

Marine pattern, 114–115 Marine turtles, 98

age-estimate studies, 20 amphibious ancestor, 85 back-calculation techniques, 20

Index

bone development, 17–18

Caretta caretta, 20, 22, 127, 191 Chelonia mydas

carapace scute patterns, 55

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and breeding, 242

melatonin and dark/light adaptation, 324 skeletochronology of, 22

swimming speeds, 126–127 Chelonidae, 75–77

courtship, 242

Dermochelys coriacea, 18 chondro-osseous development, 22–32 growth, 33–39

locomotion, 98 muscular ridge, 219 phylogeny, 32–33 sexual maturity, 23, 33 size, 239

skeletal neotony, 77

evolved from freshwater turtles, 118 flippers, 116

Lepidochelys kempii, 20, 22 Lepidochelys olivacea, 22, 55–56, 98 lungs, 217–218

male vs. female size, 240 nesting density, 250 skeletochronology, 21–22

Marine vs. freshwater swimming, 125 Mario, H., 327

Marion, K.R., 229, 247, 249 Marques, M., 309 Márquez, M.R., 23

Marsh, R.L., 153, 158 Martin, J., 323 Mascarene tortoises, 63 Mason, R.T., 240 Massieu, L., 318

Mating, 226, 237, 238, 239, 240–245, 280 Matsui, M., 94

Matsuoka, T., 10, 12 Mattox, N.T., 21 Mattson M.P., 311 Maturation, 227 Maturity, 229, 231

Mauremys caspica, 88, 123, 125, 126, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 255

Maxwell, J.A., 290, 295 Mayer, G.C., 348 McBrayer, L.D., 209 McBreen, J.F., 226 McCauley, S.J., 188

McDougal, D.B., Jr., 307, 309 McDowell, S.B., 236, 237 McGonnell, I.M., 12 McKenna, M.C., 106, 346

375

McMahon, B.R., 302

McMahon, T.A., 90 McPherson, R.J., 229, 244, 247 McVea, C.J., 302

Meckel’s cartilage, 6, 12 Median raphe, 169, 175 Medulla, 227 Melatonin, 324 Mendoco, M.T., 323, 324 Merchant-Larios, H., 284 Merck, J.W., 347 Mertens, R., 98 Mesenchyme, 4

Mesotubarium mesentery, 233 Mesozoic turtles, 102 Metabolism

indicators, 307, 308 key enzymes, 307 rates, 222

Metacarpal, metatarsal, 87–90, 88–89, 94 Meyer, A., 13, 106, 348, 350

Meylan, A., 295

Meylan, P.A., 77, 104, 118–119, 346

Migration, 22, 39, 130, 187–188, 218, 237–238, 249 Migration, cellular, 5–6, 10–12, 330

Milby, K., 326

Miller, A.T., 307 Miller, J.D.

embryonic development and environment, 253 environment and nest site selection, 250 epididymis and puberty, 229

germinal oocytes, 231

green turtles in tropics and nesting, 242 incubation and temperature, 255 ontogeny of the gonads, 227 oviposition, 251

stages of development, 253 temperature-dependent sex determination, 254 testes, 227

Miller, K., 154, 256 Milstead, W.W., 249–250 Milton, S.L.

dopamine homeostasis in anoxia, 321 excitotoxic compounds, dopamine, 320 excitotoxic neurotransmitters, 307 extracellular AD in anoxic brain, 317 hypoxia, 302

K-ATP channels and energy crisis, 313 long-term anoxia, 310

plasma lactate, 306 Mindell, D.P., 348 Minnich, J., 234, 235, 236

Mitochondrial DNA data, 348 Mitsuyo, T., 306, 321 Modal-action-pattern (MAD), 189 Modulation, 141, 152, 208