1. What are the forms of present, perfect and past participles? Join the following sentences using either present, past or perfect participle:

Present participle has ending -ing, past participles end in –ed, -en, -d, -t, or –n, perfect participle is made by adding -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs.

1. He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. Getting off his horse, he began searching for something on the ground.

2. I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there. Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire to go there.

3. The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused to continue.

2. Are these -ing forms gerunds or participles? Why?

1. I am looking forward to seeing you again. (gerund, it is a verbal that functions as a noun, we can substitute seeing by “something”.)

2. He frowned as though trying to recall something. (adverbial participle, we can replace it with he was trying)

3. Thank you for helping me. (gerund, it is a verbal that functions as a noun, has a perfect form, we can substitute seeing with something.)

4. Getting a ticket for the theatre is often a long job these days. (gerund, it is a verbal that functions as a noun, it takes an object as a verb)

5. Being removed from school because of bad health, he received a rather unorthodox education. (adverbial participle, relates to the subject of both verbs, we can replace it with relative clause he was removed/because he was removed)

6. I hate going to the theatre. (gerund, verbal noun, we use gerund after hate when talking about something based on a general experience; we can substitute seeing by “something”.)

7. The use of this technique depends on the language being taught. (adjectival participle, can be restated as a relative clause the language that was taught)

8. He apologized for having been rude. (gerund, verbal noun, we can substitute seeing by “something”.)

9. She wrapped the shivering boy in her coat. (adjectival participle, can be restated as a relative clause the boy that was shivering)

10. A year never passes without his writing to us. (gerund, verbal noun, we can substitute seeing by “something”.)

11. Stop putting ideas into my head. (gerund, verbal noun, we can substitute with “stop doing something”)

12. We passed a sign pointing to the village. (adjectival participle, can be restated as a relative clause a sign that was pointing)

3. What is the difference in meaning between the following sentences? Translate them into Slovak.

1. He went on talking about his work. –he continued to talk. Pokračoval v rozprávaní o svojej práci.

Then he went on to talk about his family.—he started talking about his family after discussing/doing something else. (new activity) Ďalej hovoril o svojej rodine.

2. I regret saying that. – I regret that I already said that. Ľutujem, že som to povedal.

I regret to say that I must leave now. –I’m about to say that I leave now and I regret about it.

S poľutovaním musím povedať, že teraz musím odísť

3. I tried jogging in the morning, but I didn’t feel better. – I tried that to feel better, but it didn’t help me. Ráno som skúšal behať, ale necítil som sa lepšie.

I tried to jog in the morning, but I was too tired. —I wanted to do that and tried, but it wasn’t going well because I was too tired. Pokúšal som si ráno zabehať, ale bol som príliš unavený.

140

1. If the Government's policy is to succeed, they must try to keep prices in check.

2. The shareholders all think they know what should be done, but the board still needs to be convinced.

3. Let's invite him. I'm sure he would love to come.

4. Someone in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customer inconvenience.

5. We plan to take our holidays abroad this year.

6. The teacher doesn't permit smoking during the lessons.

7. I vaguely remember him saying something like that.

8. Come over here! I'd like you to see this.

9. I always try to be punctual, but I don't always succeed.

10. It's a tricky problem. I recommend you consult an expert.

11. He'd prefer you to go to his place, if that's convenient.

12. A membership card authorizes the holder using the club's facilities for a period of twelve months.

13. For the second time this year, Miss Black will attempt swimming the Channel in less than five hours.

14. Children should start learning a foreign language at primary school.

15. The film was so terrifying that she could hardly bear to watch it.

16. The new committee member did not venture to speak at his first.

142

1. Do you remember paying last night?

2. Did you remember what happened last night?

3. Our teacher didn't think we needed doing this exercise.

4. I think the piano needs to be tuned.

5. Perhaps you would prefer not going there.

6. Does he prefer to do this?

7. I trust you won't forget visiting this event. I trust you won't forget to sign a cheque.

8. Do your parents allow you to go outside after 8pm?

9. A truthful person hates lying.

10. His father has a fearsome temper. I'd hate to argue with him....

11. Having discussed the first item on the agenda at great length, the committee went on to review the next one.

12. I can't understand why he goes on talking about elections if he hates politics.

13. You should try to look for this book in our library, I'm sure you'd find it much easier.

14. He may not have succeeded, but at least he tried doing that.

153

1. After getting to know him better, I regretted judging him unfairly.

2. The man the police found acting suspiciously in the shop doorway was charged with loitering with intent.

3. I can't bear the thought of you going home without someone accompanying you.

4. A job worth doing is worth doing well.

5. I should prefer to go to the cinema rather than sit here listening to the radio.

6. Don't stand there doing nothing.

7. He tried to explain himself in German but found that no one seemed to understand.

8. Man: This mixer doesn't work. Woman (sarcastically): Try to switch it on properly.

9. Surely you recollect him saying that he would let me borrow his car if I didn't mind paying for the petrol? Like to go out.

10. You know I hate disappointing you, but much as I would this evening, I have to finish decorating this room.

11. I would advise you to wait before deciding to accept his offer.

12. At present the new child is very shy of joining in with the others, but very soon I expect to have him showing more confidence.

5.

a) Sorry, I meant to tell you I would be out, but I forgot.

b) That's all for now. I. hope to hear from you soon!

c) If I take the new job, it will mean working a lot harder!

d) Are you still tired? Or do you feel like going out for a meal?

e) Jane is said to be the most outstanding player in the team.

f) I wish you would not keep complaining all the time!

g) How can you suggest that I would take a bribe! I've never been so insulted!

h) We offered to help Helen carry her bags, but she said she could manage on her own.

38.1

1.

a Although it was hard at first, she came to enjoy working for the airline.

b. As I walked through the gate, the dog came racing towards me.

c After working with her for so long, I came to admire her patience and efficiency.

d Yesterday, Tom was so late he came tearing downstairs, grabbed a cup of coffee and left.

2.

a The children were shouting and screaming, but he went on talking to Frank.

b We've tried to persuade her to stop. but she just goes on smoking.

c Dr Harris welcomed the members of the committee and went on to introduce the subject of the meeting.

d Then, in her letter, she goes on to say that most of her family have been ill.

3 a I regret to tell you that the model you want is out of stock.

b We regret to notify you that your request for a tax refund has been rejected.

c. Almost as soon as I had posted the letter, I regretted turning down the job.

d It cost me a fortune, but I don't regret spending a year travelling around the world.

4 a Bill was very young when they left, and he could no longer remember living in the house.

b Did you remember to buy a newspaper on the way home?

c Remember to check your answers before handing in your exam paper.

d I remember putting the money in the top drawer, but it's not there now.

38.2

2. When the car broke down, she started pushing it towards the roadside.

3. Here’s the money I owe you. I meant to give it earlier, but I was out of town.

4. To lose weight, I’d advise you to cut out sweets from your diet.

5. I found that my back stopped aching when I stretch it regularly.

6. To help me get to sleep, I tried thinking about something calmful.

7. The orchestra was just beginning to play when the fire alarm went off.

8. Please don’t hesitate to call us if you need any help.

9. When he found that he couldn't walk, he began shouting for help.

10. The handle came off when I tried to lift my bag.

11. You could see the doctor today but as you haven't got an appointment it would mean waiting for about an hour.

MORPHOLOGY USEFUL

The articles the, a/an may be used with people's names in some other situations.	Артикли the, a/an могут употребляться с именами людей в некоторых других ситуациях.
The Linda that I knew ten years ago turned into a malicious hag.	(Та самая) Линда, которую я знал десять лет назад, превратилась в злобную ведьму.
Professor, there is an Alexander Taylor waiting for you in the hall.	Профессор, в холле вас ожидает (некий) Александр Тейлор.
She has a Rembrandt in her private collection. (a picture by Rembrandt)	В её частной коллекции есть Рембрандт. (одна картина Рембрандта)
Information

The article ‘the’ is used with a number of expressions referring to our physical environment. Examples are: the sea, the seaside, the hills, the mountains etc.

Children usually start walking at around one year old. 2. Oil prices have nearly doubled recently. 3. Do you like cats? 4. I would like to meet Jumpa Lahiri, the writer. 5. Do you know the Aldersons. 6. My children love the seaside but I like the hills. 7. Can I have the last pancake? 8. Have you ever heard of the Thirty Years’ War? 9. I am the youngest in my family. 10. My brother and his wife live in London. 11. Let’s go by train. 12. I am tired. I think I should go to bed.

The expression the number is followed by a singular verb while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb. Examples: The number of people we need to hire is thirteen.

Tower Bridge

The Nile The USA The Atlantic

In memmory of the late yrton Senna