- •Which three basic types of conditional clauses do you know in English. What is the structure of these clauses? Write 2 sentences for each type.
- •What is the subjunctive mood and when is it used? Write three sentences in subjunctive mood.
- •Are any of these sentences incorrect or inappropriate? What similarities or differences in meaning are there between the sentences in the group?
- •Mood. The conditional and subjunctive
- •Variations of the Type 1:
- •Variations of the Type 2:
- •Voice. The active, passive and the causative
- •I like playing chess
- •I saw student jumping
- •Infinitives
- •Verbs followed by the infinitive
- •Verbs followed by the gerund
- •Verbs followed by the gerund or infinitive - different meanings
- •1. Can you complete the following definition?
- •2. Can you decide whether the following nouns are countable nouns, uncountable nouns or both?
- •3. Can you complete these definitions?
- •Id say that about 50 per cent need repairs/
- •Morphological characteristics and classification of nouns. Countable and uncountable nouns.
- •Invariable nouns ending in -s which take a sg verb:
- •Variable nouns
- •Which of these sentences are correct and incorrect? Why? What is the meaning of the particular sentences?
- •In which sentences do we talk about generic or specific reference? Why?
- •Is the definite article used in these sentences anaphoric or cataphoric “the”?
- •4. Which alternatives are right? Why?
- •5. Which of these possessive forms are possible?
- •6. Which pronouns can complete the sentences correctly?
- •Definite Indefinite
- •Case and Gender
- •Inanimate nouns (neživotné)
- •Inanimate nouns
- •What are the forms of present, perfect and past participles? Join the following sentences using either present, past or perfect participle:
- •3. What is the difference in meaning between the following sentences? Translate them into Slovak.
- •The economics of the plan are worrying investors.
- •Verbs followed by the infinitive
- •Verbs followed by the gerund
Read Lecture 6 – Mood, Voice, answer all questions in Homework assignment 6, bring the answers and exercises to the class, please.
Questions
Please, answer the following questions:
Which three basic types of conditional clauses do you know in English. What is the structure of these clauses? Write 2 sentences for each type.
There are three basic types of conditional clauses. Type 1 is a real conditional; it describes what will or won’t happen if the future event is almost certain. Its structure: if clause-present tense+main clause-will. Eg. If I find your umbrella, I will give it to you. She can give you a dictionary if she doesn’t need it.
Type 2 is unreal conditional, it describes an action that is impossible or not real in the present or future tense (if clause) and speculation about imaginary consequences in the main clause; type 2 is used to give advice. The structure: if clause - past tense + main clause – would. Variations of the structure:
if + were to/was to + would; if it were not for’ or ‘were it not for’.
Eg. If he had free time, he would visit us. If I were you, I would eat more healthy meals. We would go to the skating rink if you could skate.
Type 3 –unreal, hypothetical conditional, describes an action that was impossible in the past in if clause and the imaged consequences in the main clause, refers to consequences which did not or could not ever happen because something didn´t happen in the past. Type 3 is used to express regret or criticism. The structure: if clause - past perfect + main clause - would have + past participle (an imagined outcome). Eg. We would have done the work on time if he had agreed to help us. If she had studied harder, she wouldn’t have failed her exam.
What is the subjunctive mood and when is it used? Write three sentences in subjunctive mood.
The subjunctive mood represents a verb expressing wishes, proposals, suggestions, stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact. There are two types of subjunctive: mandative and formulaic. Mandative subjunctive is used in a that-clause after expressions of a proposal, demand, intention, suggestion, request, preference, or recommendation. Eg. I demand that she leave at once. It is also used to express wishes and to make statements of necessity. Eg. I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast. It is necessary to be present at this lecture.
The formulaic subjunctive is often seen in idioms and other stable expressions. Eg. God save the Queen. I wish I were you
Are any of these sentences incorrect or inappropriate? What similarities or differences in meaning are there between the sentences in the group?
Her shoes were cleaned. Her shoes got cleaned. She had her shoes cleaned.
She had her shoes cleaned. = someone cleaned her shoes.
Her shoes got cleaned= she cleaned her shoes by herself.
Her shoes were cleaned= they were already cleaned, we don't know who did it and when it happened.
He was hit by a branch. He was hit with a branch.
He was hit by a branch is correct.
John was said to be a good teacher. They told him to be a good teacher.
The first sentence is written in a passive voice. We don’t know who the agent is, one is unimportant. While in the second sentence the agent is known=they. Here the active voice is used.
Lecture 6