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The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the characteristics of semantic processes such as polysemy, homonymy, and synonymy in computer terminology and in describing the functional properties of these semantic processes in the field of computer technology.

The goal implies the need to solve the following tasks:

1)To identify the semantic features of computer terminology;

2)To consider the issue of admissibility or inadmissibility of semantic processes, such as polysemy, homonymy and synonymy in terminology;

3)To establish the linguistic and extralinguistic conditioning of the emergence and development of the semantic processes under study in computer terminology;

4)To investigate and describe the questions connected with the problem of distinguishing the phenomena of homonymy and polysemy in terminology.

Methodology. The subject of the study are single-component and multi-component terms of the sublanguage of computer technologies in the Russian language. The subject of the study is the trends and patterns of the functioning of Russian computer terms related to their semantic features.

The material of this study was the terms from our Russian version of the French-Arabic electronic dictionary "Candle - ساربن" (2000 terms).The main methods of this work are the method of description, the method of observation, the method of semantic and qualitative analysis.

Results. The study of issues related to the semantics of the Russian terminological vocabulary has long been in the field of view of researchers. Special terminology is actually an inexhaustible source of new insights and new ways of speech expression. One of the fields of terminology is the study of its lexical and semantic aspects, such as synonymy, homonymy, antonymy and polysemy. There is controversy over the admissibility or inadmissibility of these semantic processes. Terminologists of various terminological schools around the world have not yet reached a consensus on this issue, that is, some are convinced of the availability of these processes, others reject them or consider them not to meet the basic requirements for terms (unambiguity), but the practice of terminology proves the inevitability of their existence. Some scientists consider the polysemy of terms a lack of terminology and suggest separating the "science of terms" from polysemy (T. L. Kandelaki, D. S. Lotte), for others it is permissible in various terminology systems (A.V. Superanskaya).

At present, there is no doubt that the question of semantic relations of terms has become traditional in terminological studies. V. P. Danilenko notes that "the most controversial terminology still remains the question of whether the main lexical and semantic processes-polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, are permissible in it" [1, p. 65].

The question of the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy and synonymy observed in industry terminology was studied in the works of A. V. Superanskaya, N. V. Podolskaya, N. V. Vasilieva "General terminology" (2012), S. V. Grinev-Grinevich "Introduction to Terminology" (2008), V. М. Lejchik "Terminology: subject, methods, structure" (2007) and other terminologists.

V. P. Danilenko notes that the permissibility of lexico-semantic processes in terminology should be considered from two different points of view: "on one hand, the very nature of the sign-term with a unique relationship between the signifier and the signer deprives him of all prerequisites for the development of polysemy or use in synonymous series. On the other hand, terms, being by nature more often than not the words of a "natural" language, experience the influence of all those lexical and semantic processes to which the lexicon of the general literary language is subject "[1, p. 65].

The same opinion is held by G. G. Babalova, arguing that "in the sublanguage of informatics the same lexical and semantic processes and phenomena occur as in general literary language. In particular, polysemy (cell -1) the basic unit in spreadsheets; 2) a rectangle at the intersection of the row and column; 3) memory cell); synonymy (diskette, floppy disk, flexible

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disk), homonymy (argument - 1) argument, argument; 2) independent variable), antonymy (start-end, internal-external) " [2, p. 13].

In the course of this study, we found a small number of polysemantic terms (227 terms). Examples were selected from the Russian version of the French-Arabic electronic dictionary "Candle - ساربن" (2000 terms) and the electronic dictionary Golden Dict Ubuntu version. Here are some examples of COMPUTER TERMS:

The term DEKODER —

1)A program that converts the encoded data to its original form;

2)Decoder - a circuit that for each combination of input signals produces an active signal at one output;

3)A device for decryption of digital coded data;

4)Program for the transformation of the signal;

5)The decoder of the DVD-program and the device for outputting the video signal on the

screen.

The term MESSAGE —

1)Sign in the presence of an addressee;

2)Data prepared for transmission to the system accepted in this system;

3)The unit of exchange between the information system and its environment.

The term INFORMATION —

1)Any information, data, messages transmitted through signals;

2)Reducing uncertainty in the transfer of information, data, messages — as and opposed to entropy [2**].

In the "General terminology" the authors point out features and limitations of the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy and synonymy "as the desired requirements for terms allocate unambiguous, i.e., one word — one meaning, which means the absence of the term polysemanticism relations, homonyms, synonyms. In practice, this is not the case. The term can not get rid of material form language, where these relations are inevitably present" [3, p. 55].

"The contradiction of the status of the term lies in the fact that, like a word, it is able to enter into a relationship of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, but as a special name for a certain concept - it must be unambiguous" [4, p. 172]. When listing those properties that characterize terms, uniqueness is placed on the first place. Linguists who study terminology, and mainly scientists of specific areas of knowledge who are concerned about the properties of the terms used in this field express concerns about the uniqueness of terms also.

One of the important problems of terminology is the nomination of two or more concepts by one term, since this problem exists in all fields of science and technology, which complicates the work of translators and terminologists. A phenomenon in which one lexical unit referred to several concepts is called polysemy. According to L. A. Novikov, under the phenomenon of polysemy is defined as "the ability of a word to have simultaneously, in the synchronous plan, several values, i.e., to designate different classes of objects, events, characteristics, and relations" [5, p. 14].

When working with a dictionary O. S. Ahmanova we found that under the polysemy (ambiguity) is commonly understood as "the presence of the same words... several interrelated meanings, usually occurs in the modification and development of the original meaning of the word" [1**, p. 335].

Y. M. Nazirova argues that "polysemy is inherent in the word as a component of the language system (in particular its lexical system). Polysemy is related directly to the practical activities of man, in the process of which he encounters the infinite diversity of the world around him. When studying and cognizing objects and phenomena of real reality, a person tries to cov-

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er as much as possible of their faces, functions and interrelations, constantly discovering something new for himself "[6, p. 75].

However, in our opinion, the ambiguity of terms does not deprive them of the opportunity to understand them correctly. It is indicated usually that the term does not need a context, since it must be understandable without context.

Polysemy terms traditionally considered as a lack of terminology. V. P. Danilenko, B. N. Golovin, O .S. Akhmanova believe that terms are subjected to absolutely all lexical and semantic processes, according to which the lexicographic composition of the literary language develops. In this regard, they consider the term polysemy inevitable.

Considering computer terminology from the point of view of semantic certainty, one can observe the presence of many-valued terms that call several concepts, for example, the term function is 1) a logical operator with two operands (in programming), 2) a procedure. The term domain is 1) in the database management system - the set of valid values for this attribute; 2) component of the computer name in the Internet [2 **].

Under synonymy refers to the coincidence in meaning of words, morphemes, systems of phraseological units. It is noted that the synonyms: 1) expressing one concept; 2) different shades of meaning or stylistic coloring, or both; 3) capable of interchangeability in the context of [6, p. 102-109]. A huge number of terms to express the same objects and phenomena of reality. This so-called synonymous terms.

According to I. I. Vorona "synonymy is a semantic phenomenon, considered in the lexicon of one of the most important system-forming categories. Synonyms in linguistics are understood as words denoting the name of the same concept, common in the basic lexical meaning, but differing in semantic nuances or emotionally expressive coloration, or the sphere of stylistic use, or the possibility of combining them with other words. Since terminology is a part of the vocabulary of the language, the synonymy in it is inevitable "[7, p. 50].

The authors of the book "General Terminology" believe that "synonyms seem to cover the same subject from different perspectives, from different angles of view. Synonyms — the fact of one subject-conceptual field and, consequently, of one language "[3, p. 48]. In general literary language, synonyms are understood "as dissimilar, but coinciding in meaning or having a similar, similar meaning of the word" [1, p. 73].

Despite the fact that there are a number of definitions of the phenomenon of synonymy, specialists have the similarity that synonyms are words that coincide or are similar in their meaning. In most cases, synonymy is due to the fact that the language borrows from other languages some term that calls a concept already possessing a name. According to V.P. Danilenko, "in terminology (in a separate terminology system) there are many reasons and prerequisites for the emergence and coexistence of synonymous names of one concept. Of course, synonyms can not be the rule, but they are too frequent an exception to categorically forbid them "[1. from. 176]. For example, t h e s l i d e r ( s l i d e r ) ; m a i n c o m p u t e r ( h o s t ) , d i r e c t o r y = d i r e c t o r y [ 1 *].

Some researchers note that terminological synonymy should be considered a negative phenomenon, as it breaks the structural unity of the terminology system, complicating its functioning, terms that are synonymous with relations are often redundant and do not comply with the obligatory requirement of terminology-the absence of synonymous terms in the term. "Other scientists (O. S. Ahmanova, V. P. Danilenko) argue that the terms-synonyms are useful, since each of them differently reveals the content of the concept; the existence of terms-synonyms contributes to the semantic development of the terminology system as a whole, helps to find the most appropriate name for the designation of a certain concept by selection, the presence of synonyms in terminology allows avoiding repetitions when presenting the material; the termssynonyms completely provide the communicative needs of users "[7, p. 51].

Modern terminologists assess the presence of synonyms in terminology as a natural result of the development of science and an increase in the volume of scientific knowledge [Leichik,

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2007; Supernanskaya and others, 2012].

Here are some of the SYNONYMOUS TERMS:

The term COMPUTER - has a number of TERMS-SYNONYMS:

Computer

= microcomputer (1980s of XX century)

=electronic computer

=computer

=smart machine

=supermicroevme

=electronic architect

=intelligent robot

=thinking machine

=minicomputer

=supercomputer

=thinking machine

=hardware

=file server [2 **]. Cp.:

disk defragmenter = disk defragmenter;

decoder = decoder;

sorting = sorting;

Analog computer = Analog computer = AVM;

Administration tools = administration tools (on a computer network) [1 **].

According to scientific ideas, the phenomenon of synonymy in a common language and in terminology is not exactly the same concept. If in a national language synonyms can be correlated with different concepts, then in the terminology synonyms necessarily correspond with the same concept. [Reformatsky, 1967; Grinev-Grinevich, 2008].

Most researchers consider synonyms to be words that have values that completely or partially coincide and can replace each other (Leichik, 2007; Grinev-Grinevich, 2008, Supernanskaya and others, 2012]. Some scholars note that synonyms can be compared with one concept, and they are called doublets [Akhmanova, 1957; Danilenko, 1977]. T. Kandelaki associates synonymy with general literary vocabulary, and doubletness with terminology [Kandelaki, 1977]. D.S. Lotte argues that the terms-synonyms are not only doublet forms, but also relative ones [Lotte, 1971]. The above-mentioned different views on terminological synonymy are a clear sign of the absence of an unambiguous explanation of synonymy in general literary language.

According to I. I. Voronaja, "the problem of synonymy, the study of which lasts as long as there is philology, is still far from being resolved. Therefore, it is not surprising that when applied to terms this question causes as many different judgments as the synonymy of lexical units as a whole. To date, linguists speak of a kind of "explosion" of synonymy in terms of the rapid development of science "[7, p. 50].

D. S. Lotte believes that the presence of two or more synonymous terms in terminology over time leads to the fact that "one of these terms can narrow or expand its semantic structure, or even begin to designate a completely different concept. According to the scientist, only synonymy can be admissible, containing two terms, one of which is a brief form of the other "[8, p. 10].

In the special literature, different reasons for the emergence of synonyms in terminology

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are distinguished. In Vorona's opinion "the causes of the origin of synonymy in terminology are due to linguistic and extralinguistic factors: the un-unification of terminology; the presence of obsolete names that function along with new ones; interaction of the literary language and dialect speech; the revival of the terminological heritage of the past and the creation of new names; the use of the borrowed term; the existence of a complete and abridged version of terms "[7, p. 53].

V. P. Danilenko admits that "the terms are characterized by the same linguistic phenomena as any other word of the general literary language, and consequently, the phenomenon of synonymy" [1, p. 122].

I.I. Vorona notes that "despite the requirement not to use synonyms in one terminology system, the synonymy of terms is inherent in any terminology. The terms-synonyms are necessary for the scientific definition of the concept, the precise expression of thought, the avoidance of repetitions of the same word or phrase. In the scientific literature distinguish absolute synonymy, or doubletness and variation "[7, p. 4].

Here are some examples of synonymy of the terminology system of informatics:

c y b e r s p a c e

=Internet

=virtual environment

=digital environment;

m a c h i n e s e a r c h e n g i n e

=search engine

=search engine;

d i r e c t o r y

=directory

=catalog

=index;

t a g = l a b e l [1 *].

Synonymy, according to a number of scientists, is particularly characteristic for the early stages of the development of the terminological system, when the natural choice of the best term has not yet occurred and many of the proposed variants of the terminology coexist [Kutina, 1964; Danilenko, 1977].

However, in modern terminology, the phenomenon of synonymy is often encountered. When studying various dictionaries and reading scientific articles, we find terms that are very similar in meaning or designate the same essence. As emphasized in many special studies, "in practice it is not possible to completely avoid synonymy in standardized terminology" [1, p. 176]. Therefore, the first, which is beyond doubt, is the availability of terms-synonyms.

For the terms, the phenomenon of antonymy is also characteristic. Antonymy can be characterized as a semantic opposition of words, and antonyms as words with opposite meanings. Antonymy is widely used in artistic speech: "War and Peace", "Fathers and Sons." In terminology, antonymy appears as one of the systematic principles of the names of concepts with the opposite content: complete - short, real - passive, etc. Opposite concepts in computer terminology are realized by both lexical and d e r i v a t i o n a l m e a n s o f a n t o n y m y . For example,

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Encryption with private key – encryption with public key;

Encode – decode information;

Open source software – software with closed source code [1 *].

At the same time, word-formally opposing scientific concepts are often realized through the constant use of prefixes, such as, for example, non-, macro- / micro-, under- / re-, pre- / post-, etc.

According to V.P. Danilenko, "the phenomenon of antonymy is not only not foreign to terminology, but, on the contrary, it is here, in terminology, that antonymy has become a means of expressing the necessary and inevitable phenomena of science" [1, p. 79; 3, p. 54].

As the analysis of the special literature proves, the nomination by one lexical form of several scientific concepts occurs practically in all fields of knowledge and leads to the ambiguity and inaccuracy of the meaning of the term. In this case, "cases where several lexical units are called several concepts, can be qualified as polysemy or homonymy" [9, p. 96].

One of the traditional problems of terminology for a long time was the problem of distinguishing between polysemantic words and homonyms. As is known, in Russian linguistics homonymy has traditionally been considered as "inter-categorical polysemy" [10, p. 109].

In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between polysemy and homonymy. According to A. V. Superanskaya, "polysemy is the fact of one field, although within its field the term tends to uniqueness. Equally sounding terms of different fields are homonymous "[3, p. 44].

According to R. A. Budagov, "different meanings of the same word retain something common among themselves, they group around a single semantic core, only to a greater or lesser extent separating from it, we are dealing with a polysemy, when individual values are either abruptly separate from the basic meaning of the word and lose contact with it, or coincide only with phonetic, and not with the semantic lines, we have before us homonyms "[11, p. 20].

Under the h o m o n y m y means the sound the coincidence of two or more linguistic units of different value. The only terms are the terms, which is the property of a single terminology system, and in the case of belonging to two or more systems, the terms become homonyms. In the opinion of A. V. Superanskaya, "in the word itself, meanings, as a rule, do not exist independently of each other; each of them is not closed in itself, but is interconnected with other meanings, so polysemy can not be an obstacle to an accurate understanding. This is its fundamental difference from homonymy "[3, p. 42].

Homonyms, according to the definition of the authors of the work "General Terminology", are "equally sounding words having different meanings" [3, p. 44].

As an example, we give the term-homonym ADDRESSATION –

1)An executive address of calculation system, in which the executive address is the sum of the base address and offset;

2)Establishing a correspondence between a set of identical objects and a set of their ad-

dresses;

3)The principle that each program is considered as a limited continuous field of logical memory, and the addresses of this field - as virtual addresses;

4)method of identifying the location of the object [2 **]. This basic term refers to several concepts in computer terminology (calculation system + establishment operation + computer principle).

V. P. Danilenko notes that "homonymy, being in many cases a "logical continuation" of polysemy, very often specific manifestations of difficult clear qualifications. For example, very common in the terminology of the phenomenon, using as terminology the words of common language in a figurative sense: cup, shoe, nose, neck, blade, winch, hand, tail, apple, etc. When

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describing such cases of common vocabulary is no single solution. In some cases, they belong to the phenomenon of metaphorical transfer of the values, i.e. consider the meanings of the word, not different words. Others, by contrast, refer to cases of homonymy, i.e. consider different words"[1. p. 70].

At the present time, the point of view is asserted that for terminology, both the concept of homonymy and the concept of polysemy are characteristic, when one lexical form is used for naming several different concepts. "The phenomenon of polysemy, like the phenomenon of semantic homonymy, is inherent in terminology, as well as other lexical units of natural language and their collections" [10, p. 109].

S. V. Grinev-Grinevich, speaking about the demarcation of polysemy and homonymy, notes that "if as a result of splitting the meaning of the term or transferring the name to another concept in the semantic structure of the terms obtained, the common main sema remains and the secondary ones diverge, a multivalued character is formed; if there is a coincidence of the secondary semes and the main sema is split, then a semantic homonymy is formed "[9, p. 98].

In the terminology of the most common interdisciplinary terminological ambiguity. The interdisciplinary phenomenon of homonymy, in our opinion, should not be taken into account when working with the terminologies that serve certain areas of professional activities, as they do not complicate the communication. For example, in Russian TERMS-HOMONYMS

график (план работы) — график (художник).

BANNER

1)Part of the Web page containing the advertisement;

2)Small advertising insert on the printed page of a magazine or newspaper;

3)The cover sheet [2**].

This term is applied in the advertising business (a graphic representation of an advertisement), in computer terminology calls simultaneously on several computer concepts.

CHART (SCHEDULE) —

1)A Diagram, drawing, etc., depicting with lines of quantitative indicators of development, state something;

2)A Text document containing the work plan with precise performance standards and deadlines of anything;

3)Artist working in the field of graphics [2**]. It is interesting to note that this term is a homonym even in common language schedule (work plan) — schedule (artist).

The analysis of computer terms the volume of 2000 lexical units, taken from a special dictionary of terms in computer science [1*] showed that polysemous terms are 227 special lexical units (11.35% of the total).

In the analyzed material terms-the less common homonyms compared to polysemous terms.Number of terms-homonyms is the smallest percentage of the total number of terms in the sublanguage. The total amount of data of terms made up of 13 computer lexical units (00,65

%of the total). The total number of terms-synonyms is 119 special lexical units (05,95 % of the total).This is because the field of computer technology is an innovative industry.

The study showed the presence of a small number of terms are antonyms. The number of such terminolateral 58 computer terminological units (02,90 % of the total).

The results of this study are presented in the table as follows:

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue № 3 (18), 2017 ISSN 2587-8093

The table provides information on semantic processes in computer terminology. The above phenomena are a typical phenomenon in the terminology under investigation. This table shows that terms based on such a semantic basis as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy and antonymy are sufficiently represented in computer terminology. The volume of such terms totaled 417 computer lexical units (20.85% of the total).

Below, we present a diagram that graphically illustrates the hierarchy of computer terms, taking into account their semantic varieties.

Statistics of semantic processes in computer terminology

2000

Thus, as follows from the table, as well as diagrams, the analysis of the corpus of computer terms with a volume of 2000 lexical units selected from a special vocabulary of terms in informatics and computer technology [1*] showed that multi-valued terms have a higher frequency (11.35 %). The existence of multivalued words can be explained by the affiliation of terminology to the literary language. The number of terms-homonyms is the smallest percentage, the share of terms-homonyms is 00.65% of the total number of Russian computer terms studied in this article. The emergence of homonym terms occurs as a result of disruption of the connections between the meanings of a multi-valued term.

The interaction of special vocabulary with the common language is manifested in two opposite processes: the terminalization of common lexemes and determinalization, in which terms, go into general literary language. Scientists point out that "the adaptation of words of general use to a narrow sphere is a traditional and very productive reception of the name of special concepts ... Historically this is due to the fact that scientific concepts were formed on the basis of generalizations obtained in the process of practical cognition of the world on the basis of" linguistic concepts "on which logically processed scientific concepts were superimposed. Linguistically, this led to a complication of the semantic structure of the word. Lexical significance became insufficient to express the content of the scientific concept. The concretization of it ... actually led to the emergence of a new word with a specialized meaning, to the appearance of a semantic neologism "[1, p. 23].

Here are some examples of terminalization that are presented in the computer field:

"Communication, connection = bridge" in computer terminology acquires the meaning

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"device connecting two networks";

"Something destructive, acting secretly = virus" — "computer virus";

"Crawling = spider" — "search agent, slider, spider, worm, caterpillar — the name of the software search engine on the Web to automatically select all documents referenced in the first selected document";

"Look = window" — "window is a rectangular area on the display screen, through which the interaction with the application or its part is performed" [1 *; 2 **].

V. M. Leichik believes that "under terminalization need to involve two different processes: initiation of the use of lexical units of the standard varieties of the language in a function term consisting of a language for special purposes and the acquisition of lexical units of the language for specific purposes — non term — signs of the term" [10, p. 79-80].

It should be noted that the word "terminalization" in the wide awareness is called all the processes of creating new terms in consequence of a semantic rethinking of the commonly used vocabulary. In other words, terminology refers to semantic changes in the transition of a commonly used word to a special word, for example, changes associated with the expansion or narrowing of the lexical meaning of the commonly used word.

A special place among the semantic methods of nomination V. M., Leichik highlights the expansion and contraction values of lexical units. The first process is that the terms related to a particular class of objects begin to relate to a wider class. Secondly, the narrowing of values, also referred to as specialization of value when the terms are used to refer to a more narrow, limited range of subjects [10, p. 79-80].

We have identified three examples of E X T E N S I O N O F V A L U E in the sublanguage of computer technology. One example of the expansion of meaning can be called the basic term computer.

The word C O M P U T E R means "a device or system capable of performing a specified, clearly defined, variable sequence of operations" [2 **]. Initially, computers were created for numerical calculations, later they were used to process other types of information.

Another example of the expansion of meaning can be the term ARCHITECTOR expanded its meaning from the original:

creator, author [2 **] and began to be used in the terminology of computer technology in the values of the program developer, administrator, editor [2 **].

The term U B U N T U (from Zulu ubuntu - humanity) is a distribution, an operating system based on Debian GNU / Linux [2 **]. The history of Ubuntu originates in April 2004. Ubuntu turned out to be a term that expressively expressed where the project came from, the term was first recorded as an operating system for computers. Now the term Ubuntu means

an operating system, phone, server, TV, cloud operating system [1 *].

An example of narrowing the meaning can be the term PROTOCOL, which narrowed its meaning from the original documents:

A written certificate of something [2 **] and

acquired a specialized meaning: the electronic format of transmitted messages; agreements and rules by which information is exchanged between computers or systems [2**].

Other examples are the terms:

The J O Y S T I C K originally meant a device for games [2**]. Currently, this value is erased, and the term joystick as a lever to control [2**].

The I N T E R F A C E originally meant:

1.The boundary between the two systems; the place of joining;

2.Coordination [2**]. At present this term refers to a system of uniform relations whereby devices interact with each other, and a set of means of dialogue, of interaction between user

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and computer[2**].

Conclusion. The term, as a linguistic unit belongs to language and subject to its laws, it can be multivalued in the presence of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms when expressing certain concepts.

Analyzing the results of statistical analysis, it can be noted that the various semantic processes inherent in the language are reflected in terminology. The analysis will become another proof of the existence of semantic processes in computer terminology. The frequency of use of polysemantic and synonymous terms (227 multi-valued terms and 119 terms-synonyms) in the computer sublanguage is higher than antonyms and homonyms (58 antonyms and 13 homonyms) testifies to the existing flexibility of terminology, which, in the case of polysemy, allows describing a wide variety of situations even with a limited number of terms, in the case of synonymy - to interchange the terms.

Thus, the conducted study allows us to conclude that the practice of terminology proves the inevitability of the existence of those language processes that are characteristic of the lexical system of general literary language. The above phenomena, which do not correspond to the basic requirements for the terms (unambiguity), on one hand, complicate the communication of specialists and scientists, but, on the other hand, point to the language mobility of the term.

This article was exclusively prepared using free open source software.

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Analysed sources

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Dictionaries used

133