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“Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj arhitekturno-stroitel'nyj universitet”, 2014. – Vyp. 3 (23). – S. 122–136.

10.Astahova A.A. Cvetooboznachenija v russkoj jazykovoj kartine mira: Dis. … kand. filol. nauk: 10.02.01 / A.A. Astahova. – M., 2014. – 234 s.

11.Alekseeva I.S. Professional'noe obuchenie perevodchika: uch. posobie po ustno-mu i pis'mennomu perevodu dlja perevodchikov i prepodavatelej / I.S. Alekseeva. – SPb.: Sojuz, 2001. – 288 s.

12.Komissarov V.N. Sovremennoe perevodovedenie / V.N. Komissarov. – M.: JeTS, 1999. – 192 s.

13.Recker Ja.I. Teorija perevoda i perevodcheskaja praktika / Ja.I. Recker. – M.: R. Valent, 2007. – 244 s.

14.Fedorov A.V. Osnovy obshhej teorii perevoda (lingvisticheskie problemy) / A.V. Fedorov. – M.: OOO Izd-vo Dom «FILOLOGIJa TRI», 2002. – 416 s.

15.Shhetinkin P.E. Posobie po perevodu s francuzskogo jazyka na russkij / P.E. Shhetinkin. – M.: Prosveshhenie, 1987. – 160 s.

http://www.tendances-de-mode.com/2011/04/15/2124-tendances-automne-hiver-2011-2012

https://mahayanna.wordpress.com/tag/couleurs/ (дата обращения – 26.02.2017).

11*. Tendances de Mode. Tendances automne/hiver 2009-2010, URL: http://www.tendances-de-mode.com/2009/04/17/1304-tendances-automne-hiver-2009-2010

12*. MadmoiZelle.com. Tendances mode automne hiver 2009-2010, URL: http://www.madmoizelle.com/tendances-mode-automne-hiver-2009-2010_2009-07-01-3699

http://carolecellier.over-blog.com/article-couleurs-automne-hiver-2011-2012-85118847.html

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UDC 81

TERMINOLOGICAL FIELD “УГОЛОВНОЕ ПРЕСЛЕДОВАНИЕ” –

PROSECUTION: DIFFICULTIES OF TRANSLATION

N.A. Kalmazova

___________________________________________________________________________

“Saratov State Law Academy”,

PhD (philology), associate professor, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Kalmazova e-mail: kalmazovana@gmail.com

__________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The article deals with analysis of difficulties of translation from Russian into English of some terms from the terminological field criminal prosecution by means of the strategy of adaptation. Firstly, we tried to improve the definition of the term translation using the term representation. Secondly, applying the component analysis to semantic fields of some terms within the given terminological field we have chosen the representative variant of translation.

Results. We have formulated the detailed definition of the term translation. There has been analyzed the generic term уголовное преследование (criminal prosecution) and its sub-generic terms Прокуратура (Procuratura) и

Генеральный прокурор (Generalnij Procuror) in two languages, there have been described the definitions and semes of the terms and also their contexts which are often the basic factors of choosing a representative variant of translation. We also have compared conceptual layers of the Russian and the English units of translation (encyclopedic layer, national-cultural layer, professional layer and universal layer). Their differences are the motivating factors in choosing the final representative variant of translation.

Conclusion. Translation is the process of making a representative variant of the text from the source to target culture. The difficulties of translation of the generic term prosecution into Russian are connected on the one hand, with existence of a large number of meanings, used in different contexts (that is the reason for some contextual representative variants of its translation into Russian: уголовное преследование, судебное преследование, сторона обвинения, продолжение вмешательства), on the other hand, with the lack of coincidence of concept layers (etymological, national-and-cultural, professional). Coincidence / lack of coincidence of concept layers of subgeneric Russian and English terms within the terminological field “criminal prosecution” is the linguistic proof of possibility / impossibility of the translation variant. Thus the representative variants of translation have been found to be the following ones: Прокуратура - Procuracy, Генеральный прокурор – Procurator General.

Key words: representative translation, variation, term, terminological field, definition, seme, frame, concept, sphere of concepts.

Introduction. Nowadays the level of special text translation is very high. One of the most important criteria demonstrating the quality of special text translation is accuracy of term translation that stipulates urgency of our research. Difficulty arises when cultural units of different languages do not coincide. Thus legal system of the Russian Federation is based on civil law principles, while legal system of Great Britain and the USA is based on common law principles. Another factor which influences the differences of terminological units is historical (culture, customs and traditions of the country in which the terminology was formed). That is the reason for analyzing not coinciding legal concepts stated in terms within the given worldview when it is necessary to give representative variants of translation. Also it is important to make profound pre-translation analysis, based on the principles of distinguishing and comparing of the conceptual layers of terms of two languages. This is the goal of our research.

The strategy of any text translation (including special texts and fiction) has similar features.

Irina Sergeevna Alekseeva defines translation as “… the activity, which is a various reformulation, re-coding of the text created in one language into the text in another language, done by the translator, who creatively chooses the variant taking into consideration various resourses of the language, type of translation, aim of translation, type of the text and the influence of his / her own individuality.” [1, p. 7].

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© Kalmazova N.A., 2017

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This definition seems to us to be accurate and detailed. Trying to make it shorter without making it succinct we suggest to use the term representative translation which was worked out by Sergei Vladimirivich Tulenev [2, p. 146], who denotes with it minimal requirements to translation, in particular, correct statement of the information from the original text, correct statement of the aim of the original text, correct recreation of the tone of translation, correct demonstration to the recipient of the author’s attitude to the theme of the translated text. Within the notion representation S.V. Tulenev states intralinguistic connection which exists between the original text and the translated text. Its form may change (cut and shorten) due to the tasks which the translator has formulated for himself / herself (I.S. Alekseeva speaks about the type of translation). It is obvious that the components of the definition given by I.S. Alekseeva (aims of translation, type of the text) coinside with the components of the definition given by S.V. Tulenev (the information of the original and the aim of the original text creation directly influence the statement and salvation of translation problems; the tone of translation and the author’s attitude to the subject of the translated text are part of the notion type of the text), so they may be exchanged by the term representativeness. There is no doubt that important notions for the definition of translation are activity, procedurality, text production, variety and intercultural communication. We have combined the key notions for translation and produced the following definition: translation is the process of production of a representative variant of translation from the source culture (SC) to the target culture (TC).

Methodology. The object of the article is the generic term уголовное преследование – prosecution and some sub-generic terms of the Russian and English languages. The subject of the research is the semes and concepts of the given terminological field which analysis aims at finding a representative variant of translation.

Terminological analysis was based on the articles of English-Russian and RussianEnglish Dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and legal texts.

We have used the methods of component analysis, interpretating analysis and seme analysis of legal texts.

Results. A representative translation is the text of the translated language (TL) which is the result of full lingvo-cultural adaptation of the text of the source language (SL). Within the framework of our research we have been dealing with the translations which aim was “… harmonic adaptation of the source text in the target culture [3, p. 120], but not an authoritarian transmission of culturally valuable content of the original text preserving some connection to the linguistic form”. This is the reason for using not a resistant strategy of translation but a strategy of adaptation.

While applying adaptation the translator uses necessary translation techniques working at difficult parts of the source text. “There may exist some differences between coinciding terms, grammatical and syntactic constructions of the translation and the original text” [4, p. 147]. This problem may be solved very simply or in extremely complicated way depending on any type of the national-cultural features in the SL text. The review of modern research papers in terminology demonstrates and proves the fact that in every case it is possible to analyze units with special national-cultural features through their conceptual layers. [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. “Stratification of special vocabulary at the pre-translation stage is based on the unity of conceptual and lexico-semantic approach with word-building, morphological, seme, definition generic and categorical analysis of the terms” [10, p. 164]. According to the opinion of Vladimir Iskhanovich Hairullin, “… when it is necessary to translate cultural issues frame terminals are either filled up with the same elements (concepts) as in the source text, or with the elements of the culture of the translation’s recipient. In the second situation there are chosen the elements of the cultural fund which are closer to the elements stated in the frame of the original text, i.e. they have the minimal cultural gap in the mind of the recipient.” [11, p. 14] When we apply this principle of translation it is necessary to remember that “… all the nations and all the languages have common human knowledge and a shade of its own nationality. If there had not been the first

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component, there would not have existed mutual understanding between nationalities. If there had not been the second component, there would not have existed life and reality, and common things would have been discrete. While translating general ideas are conveyed in the same manner into another language; however nationality cannot and should not be conveyed through the target nationality.” [12, p. 4] In fact different concepts are integral parts of different nation- al-cultural frames, which make up united, indivisible worldview of the national language. When we change a vivid unit of one language (e.g. Russian word дача) into a vivid unit of the other language (e.g. English word cottage) it means that the translator is trying to change a concrete frame, inserting into it a concept from different worldview (the image of a small house without the water supply standing on the piece of land of 4-6 hundred square meters, with growing fruit trees, fruit and vegetables will be substituted by a large family house with green grass and flowers in the yard). It is practically impossible as the frames cannot be broken in a mechanical way from outside, being elements of constant knowledge, existing virtually in the minds of one language representatives. Such an action may bring to the creation of a not representative unit of translation, which sphere of concepts does not co-inside in the mind of the recipient of translation with the frame, existing in his / her culture.

To sum up the basics of the theory of this research, it is necessary to note that translation is the process of creating a representative variant of the text from the culture of TL into the culture of the SL using the strategy of adaptation of the original text to the target culture on the basis of the analysis of conceptual layers in the frame terminals of culturally sound elements.

The theory can be applied to the term translation, too. When we convey the term Прокуратура into English we come across a number of difficulties. Firstly, there are different prosecuting bodies in England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the USA. Their main functions are similar to each other and to the Russian Procuratura, but a number of other functions and the structure of the bodies differ. The names differ, too: Crown Prosecution Service (England and Wales), Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service (Scotland), Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland), Executive Office for United States Attorneys

(the USA). Typical variants of translation, given in the Russian-English dictionaries are the following: Office of Public Prosecutor; public prosecutor's office / department; в России P r o c - u r a c y ; public procurator's office [4**].

Public Prosecution Office, District Attorney Office, DA Office, public prosecutions department, public prosecutor’s office, office of public prosecutor, procurator’s office, Public Procurator, attorney office, prosecutor’s office, public prosecution service, p r o c u - r a c y (Soviet law, Russian Prokuratura, in the former Soviet (Soviet law) legal system, a government bureau concerned with ensuring administrative legality. The Soviet constitution invested the procurator general (Russian: generalny prokuror) with the responsibility of supervising the observance of the law by all government ministries and institutions subordinate to them, as well as by individual officials and citizens. The procurator was not the president of a court or a tribunal but rather purportedly was a watchdog of legality charged with ensuring the strict observance of the constitution and laws by all government officials and citizens. (v byvshem Sovetskom sojuze (Sovetskoe pravo) pravovaja sistema, pravitel'stvennaja organizacija, obespechivajushhaja zakonnost' administrativnogo prava. V sootvetstvii s Konstituciej SSSR General'nyj prokuror nadeljalsja polnomochijami nadzora za ispolneniem zakona vsemi ministerstvami i podchinjajushhimisja im vedomstvami, a takzhe chinovnikami i grazhdanami. Prokuror ne byl predsedatelem sudebnogo organa, no javljalsja storozhevym psom, sledjashhim za nadlezhashhim ispolneniem konstitucionnyh norm i zakonov vsemi pravitel'stvennymi chinovnikami i grazhdanami.) (Britannica); prosecution office, government attorney, procuratorate, procuratorship [6**]. Government attorney, procuratorate, procuratorship [2**].

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The motivation of choosing the variant of translation is complicated by the existence of a large number of terms and their diversity. Terminological elements prosecution, prosecutor, attorney, office, department have direct association with one of the Anglo-American organizations, dealing with criminal prosecution in its country, so they are conceptually unacceptable. The check of the term procuratorate in Google showed that it is used as a prosecuting body of the Republic of China and Vietnam. Procuratorship has collective meaning the office or function as a procurator. The most acceptable variant of translation is the term p r o c u r a c y , unanimously presented in the dictionaries ABBYY Lingvo 6 and Multitran with the mark in Russia. Its check showed that it is the term that is fixed in the Encyclopedia Britannica and in the book SOVIET UNIFORM VISOR CAP MARKINGS by an American man Randall Stewart. Both sources support the first textual usage of the term procuracy by the transliterated variant in brackets (Russian Prokuratura). Thus, the translation of the term Прокуратура by the term procuracy on the one hand conceptually does not break Anglo-American frame of the prosecution body and does not contradict and does not change its image, and on the other hand it has some unique and formal connection with the Russian term.

While doing linguistic analysis choosing a representative unit of translation it is convenient to analyze conceptual layers by distinguishing the semes, because linguistic categories are material elements of mental sphere of concepts. As a rule nuclear term semes are present in definitions. They mark the meaning of this term and are the basis of its sphere of concepts which is broader than the meaning as it includes or potentially includes any number of peripheral semes. Different term semes constitute different conceptual layers, like etymological layer, national-cultural layer, universal layer and professional layer. While choosing the term of TL, comparing conceptual layers of the units of two different languages, the translator can have linguistic proof of acceptability / unacceptability of this unit as a representative translation.

For example, translating the term Prokuratura, such variants as prosecutor’s office, general attorney department differ from the Russian term by several semes of different conceptual layers. Prokuratura is the public organization supervising execution of laws and prosecuting the offenders.[4**] The term prosecutor’s office is part of the notion Crown Prosecution Service.

Crown Prosecution Service - (in England and Wales) an independent organization which decides whether cases brought by the police proceed to the criminal court. Its head is the Director of Public Prosecutions, with each region having its own Chief Crown Prosecutor [4**] (v Anglii i Ujel'se) nezavisimaja organizacija, kotoraja upolnomochena vynosit' reshenija otnositel'no raspredelenija dela v ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. Ejo vozglavljaet Direktor gosudarstvennogo obvinenija, kotoromu podchinjajutsja Glavnye korolevskie prokurory raznyh oblastej).

The term general attorney department is part of the notion Executive Office for United States Attorneys.

Executive Office for United States Attorneys – an executive body which provides the administrative support for the 93 United States Attorneys (encompassing 94 United States Attorneys' offices, as the Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands has a single U.S. Attorney for both districts), including: general executive assistance and direction, policy development, administrative management direction and oversight, operational support, coordination with other components of the United States Department of Justice and other federal agencies. [7**] (ispolnitel'nyj organ, kotoryj obespechivaet administrativnuju podderzhku 93 Attornejam SShA (vsego sushhestvuet 94 otdelenija Prokuratury SShA, tak kak Guam i Severnye Marianskie ostrova sostavljajut odin okrug, vozglavljaemyj odnim

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Attorneem), vkljuchaja: osnovnye ispolnitel'nye funkcii i rukovodstvo, razrabotka principov politiki, administrativnoe upravlenie i nadzor, operativnuju podderzhku, koordinaciju s drugimi otdelami Ministerstva Justicii SShA i federal'nymi vedomstvami).

There is no coincidence when we distinguish a nuclear categorical seme: Russian «gosudarstvennoe uchrezhdenie », English «nezavisimaja organizacija », American «ispolnitel'nyj organ». This seme characterizes the professional layer of the shere of concepts. Also there are differences in its denotational semes: Russian «supervising the execution of laws and prosecuting the offenders», English «decides whether cases brought by the police proceed to the criminal”, American «provides the administrative support for the 93 United States Attorneys» [7**]. The differences of professional conceptual layers are also connected with a number of peripheral semes, e.g. functional: in Russia Prokuratura not only prosecutes, but also provides assistance to the individuals in deciding small housing issues (there is no such a function in Crown Prosecution Service and Executive Office for United States Attorneys) and structural, in particular, in Russia the main bodies of criminal prosecution are the prosecutor, the investigator and the factfinder; in England and Wales these bodies are the detective and the crown / public prosecutor.

Variety of the semes of the national-cultural conceptual layer is characterized by trichotomy: Russian государство (state) – English корона (crown), American – исполнительная власть (executive) and geographical names: English in England and Wales, American 94 United States Attorneys' offices, as the Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands has a single U.S. Attorney for both districts [7**].

Etymological layers do not coincide, too. Every criminal prosecution body has a unique history of creation. In Russia Prokuratura was established by the special act of Peter I, January 12, 1722 to fight with injustice, bribery and lawlessness. In England and Wales the office of the Crown Attorney (in fact the Attorney-General) has existed since 1243, but the body of criminal prosecution was created six centuries later. Its main task was to defend the Crown interests in court. In the USA public prosecution body was established in 1789. It provided criminal prosecution of the individuals charged with crimes.

Thus, not-coinciding semantics of professional, national-cultural and etymological conceptual layers of the terms, denoting the criminal prosecution body in Russian and English supports our decision about representativeness of the translation variants Prokuratura - Procuracy.

The difficulties of translation of the sub-generic term, denoting the criminal prosecution body, are also connected with differences in semantic of the generic term уголовное преследо-

вание – prosecution.

U g o l o v n o e p r e s l e d o v a n i e – v sootvetstvii s UPK RF predstavljaet so-boj processual'nuju dejatel'nost', osushhestvljaemuju storonoj obvinenija v celjah izoblichenija podozrevaemogo, obvinjaemogo v sovershenii prestuplenija. Ugolovnoe presledovanie imeet svojo nachalo i okonchanie, sub#ektov, osushhestvljajushhih dejatel'nost', svoj ob#ekt, celi i zadachi. Sub’ektami ugolovnogo presledovanija javljajutsja prokuror, sledovatel', doznavatel'. V zavisimosti ot haraktera i tjazhesti sovershennogo prestuplenija ugolovnoe presledovanie, vkljuchaja obvinenie v sude, osushhestvljaetsja v publichnom, chastno-publichnom, chastnom porjadke [1**].

P r o s e c u t i o n – the pursuit of legal proceedings, particularly criminal proceedings. (The term is also used for the party instituting the proceedings.) Criminal prosecutions on indictment are in the name of the Crown and summary prosecutions are in the name of an individual, usually a police officer, although a private individual may bring a prosecution (most private prosecutions are for assaults)… (presledovanie – osushhestvlenie zakonnogo presledovanija, preimushhestvenno ugolovnogo. (Dannyj termin takzhe oboznachaet storonu, osushhestvljajushhee ugolovnoe presledovanie.) Ugolovnye presledo-

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vanija po obvinitel'nomu aktu osushhestvljajutsja ot imeni Monarha, a presledovanija, provodjashhiesja v summarnom proizvodstve, osushhestvljajutsja ot imeni lica, obychno policejskogo, hotja chastnoe lico takzhe imeet pravo vydvinut' obvinenie (bol'shaja chast' chastnyh ugolovnyh presledovanij osushhestvljaetsja za napadenie i ugrozu fizicheskoj raspravoj)) [3**].

P r o s e c u t i o n – 1) in criminal law, the government attorney charging and trying the case against a person accused of a crime. 2) a common term for the government’s side in a criminal case, as in “the prosecution will present five witnesses” or “the prosecution rests” (1) v ugolovnom prave, gosudarstvennyj attornej,vystupajushhij v kachestve obvinitelja i rassmatrivajushhij delo protiv lica, obvinjonnogo v sovershenii prestuplenija. 2) obshhij termin, oboznachajushhij storonu, predstavljajushhuju interesy gosudarstva v ugolovnom dele, naprimer «storona obvinenija predostavit pjat' svidetelej», ili «storona obvinenija zakonchila vystuplenie»)” [7**].

As we see from the definitions the seme of the Oxford dictionary particularly criminal proceedings, making the professional layer of the sphere of concepts, there is contradiction with the Russian term ugolovnoe presledovanie, as in Great Britain it is possible to denote with this term civil prosecution. We can conclude that in some contexts a representative variant of translation of the term prosecution can be sudebnoe presledovanie / sudebnoe razbiratel'stvo

(using the translation technique of generalization):

A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution. / Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution. [5**] Neskol'ko del zakonchilis' ser'joznym sudebnym razbiratel'stvom. / Vrachi, obvinjaemye v prestupnoj nebrezhnosti, podvergajutsja sudebnomu presledovaniju.

Moreover, the contextual usage of this term in English and American texts often demonstrates the variant with the definite article, that conveys the seme, stated in the definition of the Ney York Dictionary a common term for the government’s side in a criminal case (a general term for describing the party, representing the interests of the state in a criminal case):

The prosecution has to establish his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. / Her lawyer accused the prosecution of founding its case on insufficient evidence. / This afternoon the prosecution will call its star witness. / During the trial, the prosecution was accused of withholding crucial evidence from the defence. / The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after the received death threats. [5**] Storona obvinenija dolzhna dokazat' vinu pri otsutstvii razumnogo somnenija. / Ejo advokat obvinil prokurora v otsutstvii obosnovannyh dokazatel'stv. / Segodnja storona obvinenija vyzyvaet glavnogo svidetelja. / Vo vremja sudebnogo razbiratel'stva storona zashhity vystupila protiv storony obvinenija po prichine sokrytija glavnyh ulik. / Posle poluchenija ugroz o rasprave glavnyj svidetel' storony obvinenija byl vzjat pod ohranu Policii.

Here we notice the meaning, similar to the Russian term сторона обвинения (we use the translation technique of concretization).

A particular interest arises in case of the prosecution term meaning, found in the EnglishRussian unspecialized thesaurus of literary English with the mark formal: the act of taking part in a planned set of activities, especially a war (prinjatie uchastija v zaplanirovannoj cepochke dejstvij, osobenno voennyh). [5**] It was difficult to find the following examples of contexts:

Ohio’s citizens’ activities for prosecution of total war. / He seemed convinced that the US would prosecute the war to its end [1*]. Aktivnoe uchastie grazhdan shtata Ogajo v

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voennyh dejstvijah. / Kazalos', chto on ubezhdjon v tom, chto SShA do konca budet uchastvovat' v voennyh dejstvijah.

When such instances occur it is necessary to us the technique of functional substitution. There will appear such representative variants as prodolzhat' vmeshatel'stvo, prodolzhat' uchastvovat', prinimat' uchastie, prodolzhat' svoju dejatel'nost', or even more concrete vesti voennye dejstvija.

We continue to analyze the difficulties of translation within the framework of the terminological field prosecution. It is important to pay particular attention to the sub-generic term denoting the subject, performing the activity of this kind.

General'nyj prokuror v Rossii – vysshee dolzhnostnoe lico organov prokuratury, kotoroe vozglavljaet General'nuju prokuraturu Rossijskoj Federacii. Im osushhestvljajutsja obrazovanie, reorganizacija i likvidacija organov i uchrezhdenij prokuratury, za iskljucheniem organov Sledstvennogo komiteta pri Prokurature RF, a takzhe opredelenie ih statusa i kompetencii. General'nyj prokuror naznachaetsja na dolzhnost' i osvobozhdaetsja ot dolzhnosti Sovetom Federacii Federal'nogo Sobranija RF po predstavleniju Prezidenta RF [1**].

Attorney General (Великобритания)– the principal law officer of the Crown. The Attorney General is usually a Member of Parliament of the ruling party and holds ministerial office, although he is not normally a member of the Cabinet. He is the chief legal adviser of the government, answers questions relating to legal matters in the House of Commons, and is probably responsible for the Crown Prosecution Service, Director of Public Prosecutions, Treasury Solicitor and Serious Fraud Office. He is the leader of the English Bar and presides at its general meetings. The consent of the Attorney General is required for bringing certain criminal actions, principally ones relating to offences against the state and public order and corruption. The Attorney General sometimes appears in court as an advocate in cases of exceptional public interest, but he is not now allowed to engage in private practice. He has the right to terminate any criminal proceedings by entering a nolle prosequi [3**] (AG - glavnoe juridicheskoe dolzhnostnoe lico Korony. AG obychno javljaetsja chlenom Parlamenta ot pravjashhej partii, a takzhe zanimaet dolzhnost' ministra, hotja, kak pravilo, on ne sostoit v Kabinete ministrov. On javljaetsja glavnym juridicheskim konsul'tantom pravitel'stva, otvechaet za vse juridicheskie otnoshenija v Palate lordov, i nesjot otvetstvennost' za dejstvija Korolevskoj sluzhby ugolovnogo presledovanija, Direktora gosudarstvennogo obvinenija, Advokata Kaznachejstva i Otdela po bor'be s jekonomicheskimi prestuplenijami. On vozglavljaet Kollegiju advokatov Velikobritanii i predsedatel'stvuet na obshhih zasedanijah. Soglasie AG neobhodimo dlja vozbuzhdenija nekotoryh ugolovnyh del, osobenno svjazannyh s prestuplenijami protiv gosudarstvennogo i obshhestvennogo porjadka i s korrupciej. V nekotoryh sluchajah AG vystupaet v sude v kachestve advokata, kogda rech' idjot o dele, vyzyvajushhem iskljuchitel'nyj obshhestvennyj interes, no emu zapreshheno zanimat'sja chastnoj juridicheskoj praktikoj. On obladaet pravom zavershit' slushanie po ljubomu ugolovnomu delu, v sootvetstvii s proceduroj nolle prosequi).

Attorney General (США) – in each state and the federal government the highest ranking legal officer of the government. The federal Attorney General is chief of the Department of Justice appointed by the President with confirmation required by the Senate, and a member of the Cabinet. He or she is in charge of federal prosecutions (including overseeing the numerous regional US Attorneys), and numerous cases and matters in which the federal government has a legal interest, particularly when the federal government is a

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party or federal regulations are at issue. The Attorney General also has oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and over law enforcement operations of the Justice Department. Although elected, state Attorneys General have similar functions within their states, although the supervision of local prosecutions is seldom exercised unless there is some gross mismanagement. [8**] (AG – v kazhdom shtate i v federal'nom pravitel'stve jeto dolzhnostnoe lico vysshego ranga. Federal'nyj AG javljaetsja glavoj Ministerstva justicii, naznachaetsja na dolzhnost' Prezidentom s soglasija Senata; takzhe on javljaetsja chlenom Kabineta ministrov. On ili ona vozglavljajut ugolovnye presledovanija federal'nogo urovnja (vkljuchaja nadzor za dejatel'nost'ju regional'nyh Prokurorov), a takzhe mnogochislennye dela i voprosy, vhodjashhie v sferu zakonnyh interesov pravitel'stva, osobenno kogda federal'noe pravitel'stvo javljaetsja storonoj po delu ili kogda vopros zatragivaet federal'nye normy. AG takzhe nadziraet za dejatel'nost'ju FBR i za pravoohranitel'nymi operacijami Ministerstva Justicii. Nesmotrja na to, chto dolzhnost' AG shtata javljaetsja vybornoj, ih funkcii analogichny v predelah ih shtata, hotja rukovodstvo mestnymi procedurami ugolovnogo presledovanija osushhestvljaetsja imi redko, lish' v sluchae ser'joznyh narushenij rukovoditelej).

The analysis of etymological layers of the spheres of concepts of the terms Генеральный прокурор, Attorney General (British.), Attorney General (American), is identical to the analysis of the etymological layers of the spheres of concepts, denoting the names of the bodies of criminal prosecution, consequently they do not coincide. The same is true about the nationalcultural conceptual layer and it was described earlier in this article. The semes of the definitions marking the professional layer of the spheres of concepts coincide partly: Russia: «higher officer»; Great Britain: “chief legal adviser”; the USA: “the highest ranking legal officer of the government”. Other aspects of this layer of the sphere of concepts differ. For example, the seme «functions of the officer»: Russia: «provision of education, reorganization and liquidation of the departments and agencies of the prosecution, except the departments of the Investigation Committees of the Procuracy of the Russian Federation, as well as stating their status and competence» [1**]; Great Britain: “to hold ministerial office, to be the chief legal adviser of the government, to answer questions relating to legal matters in the House of Commons, to be responsible for the Crown Prosecution Service, Director of Public Prosecutions, to give consent for bringing certain criminal actions, to appear in court as an advocate, to terminate any criminal proceedings by entering a nolle prosequi” [8**]; the USA: “to be in charge of federal prosecutions, to oversight the Federal Bureau of Investigation and law enforcement operations of the Justice Department [7**]. Within the professional layers of the spheres of concepts it is necessary to distinguish the semes, marking the status of the officer: Russia: «the head of the General Procuracy» [1**]; Great Britain: ”the principal law officer of the Crown, a Member of Parliament of the ruling party and a minister” [8**]; the USA: “the highest ranking legal officer of the government; chief of the Department of Justice, a member of the Cabinet” [7**]. The examples demonstrate the fact that the status of the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation is equal to one post, the head of the General Procuracy; in Great Britain the Attorney General is not only the head of the Attorney General’s Office, but is also the Member of Parliament and the Secretary of State; in the USA the Attorney General is not only the head of the Justice Department, but also the Secretary of State and the member of the Cabinet.

Finally we would like to say that the spheres of concepts of the terms General'nyj prokuror and Attorney General have a great number of differences in their etymological layers, na- tional-cultural layers and professional layers. Thus, to avoid Anglo-American associations when this term is translated from Russian into English it is necessary to use authentic term Procurator General. It has lexical connection with the Russian authentic term Procuracy (they have the same root) and word-building connection with the Anglo-American term Attorney General.

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Conclusion. To sum up it is necessary to note that the definition of the translation as the process of creating a representative variant of translation from the culture of the SL to the culture of the TL using the strategy of adaptation of the source text to the target culture on the basis of analysis of the conceptual layers of frame terminals of the culturally meaningful units supports the linguistic grounding and helps to prove the choice of the final variant of translation.

Having done the seme analysis of the generic term prosecution, we have noticed that the difficulties of its translation into Russian are connected, on the one hand, with the existence of a great number of meanings, which are contextual (that is why there are more than one contextual representative variants of its translation into Russian: ugolovnoe presledovanie, sudebnoe presledovanie, storona obvinenija, prodolzhenie vmeshatel'stva), on the other hand, with the non-coincidence of the conceptual layers (etymological, national-cultural, professional). Coincidence / non-coincidence of the conceptual layers of the Russian and English sub-generic terms within the terminological field «criminal prosecution» is the linguistic proof of acceptability / unacceptability of the variant of translation. Thus, the representative variants of translation have been stated the following ones: Prokuratura - Procuracy, General'nyj prokuror – Procurator General.

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