Глобализация культуры и миссия вузов культуры и искусств (на англ. яз.) (80
.pdfKiseleva Tatiana Grigorievna,
Rector of Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
Shlykova Olga Vladimirovna (speaker),
Professor of Virtual Communication’s Department at
the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
“GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE AND THE MISSION OF
UNIVERSITIES OF CULTURE AND ARTS”
INTRODUCTION
Globalization is a multiplanned, constantly changing event. It is a new stage of the mankind development which influences the whole world economics and politics from the side of gigantic transnational companies.
Recently the most states – UNESCO members, cultural and scientific public troubles much because of negative influence of globalization on national cultures and finally on constant development of countries in the interest of mankind. At the same time globalization has its positive sides. It approaches the mankind, gives unseen before possibilities for the development of international economic, scientific and cultural links.
“There are no easy and quick answers to these calls of globalizations. However it’s possible to cope with the troubles of globalization – it is necessary to take global decisions. It is necessary to create a counter global moving with the aim” to humanize the globalization”.
This is a real exist for the mankind nowadays. It is vitally important for the world academic cooperation to contribute to the strengthening of this movement” (K.Matsurra, general director of UNESCO).
The role of education in the supporting of national cultures, saving and multiplying of cultural heritage is great. A particular place in this process are for the universities of culture and arts which lead educational, scientific cultural enlighting and social-pedagogical activities on all levels of pre-university, higher, postgraduate and additional education on high spectrum of humanitarian knowledge. They define their mission as:
providing conditions for personality development, moral and professional level of graduates who are to be an active part of intelligentsia, home and world intellectual elite.
saving and development of cultural heritage, best traditions of home and world cultures.
consolidation of the society on the priorities of civic rights, improving of cultural plurality and international dialogue.
The claim of the results of activities and their social importants, scientific potential and practical experience, the level of international links and material and technical providing of the university give the opportunity to define the following priorities of the following development:
- satisfaction of the demands of the society in qualified specialists with high education who can combine deep professional knowledge and high culture and civic activities by means of
the realization of educational programmes in the sphere of high education in the field of culture and arts;
-optimization of fundamental and applied scientific researches in the field of culture and arts in the contact with educational process spreading and propaganda of scientific knowledge, affirmation of values of Russian and world culture and education.
In the saving and multiplying cultural and natural heritage as well as training and re-training of specialists in the realm of culture the chair of UNESCO is to be of great importance. It was organized in Moscow State University of Culture and Arts in 2002.
The general data about Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
There are more than 35 universities of culture in a former Soviet Union with specialty “library and Information science (21 of them are located in Russian Federation).
MSUCA is the main university in the sphere of culture and arts. In 2005 the University will celebrate its 75th anniversary. At present the University admits students on 30 specialties and 96 specializations. Now more than 10,5 thousand students and post-graduates from 61 regions of Russia and 26 countries are being trained at the University. Among all Russian’s universities school of culture and arts the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts has the most foreign students. At the post graduate course 8 persons working for degree of doctor, 214 post-graduates from 13 regions of Russia and other countries.
In MSUCA there work 123 professors and doctors of science, 447 candidates of science and docents. Many teachers have titles in the field of science, arts and culture.
The demand of our activity results and their social importance, the saved up scientific potential and practical experience, the scale of the international communications and technical equipment of the university allow us to define in intermediate term «Strategy of development MSUCA for 2002-2007», in particular, the following priorities of the further development:
On results 2001-2002 in an official rating of the Russian Federation Ministry of education MSUCA has occupied the first place among high schools of culture and arts. The university is awarded with gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin and awarded with memorable signs on the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia «For nobleness of thoughts and deeds ».
The saved up experience of specialists training and scientific potential of the university enable to develop the international cooperation actively. Now MSUCA cooperates with universities and scientific centers of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, participates in three UNESCO programs: «Protecting cultural diversity and promoting cultural pluralism and intercultural dialogue»; “University twinning”, and «Information for all».
Nowadays the University carries out educational and research, culture-educational and socialpedagogical activity at all levels of the Higher, Pre-university, Past graduate and Additional education on a wide spectrum of humanitarian fields of knowledge, having defined the mission:
Making sure the opportunity for personality progress, spiritualmoral and professional growth of their graduates, who, by their vocation, are to become an active part of intelligence, native and world intellectual elite;
Preservation and development of a cultural heritage, the best traditions of native and world culture;
Consolidation of the society on the basis of the human rights priority, encouragement of cultural pluralism and intercultural dialogue;
Assistance to carrying out of the state policy, which recognized the central role of culture in political and economic development of the country.
The projects for Cultural Heritage Preservation
From the point of view of theoretical problems of cultural heritage preservation applied spheres of activity on its preservation are developed full enough. General-theoretical and research areas are in need of more profound elaboration.
If speaking about programs of cultural heritage preservation, meaning its intangible part the problems following from positions of UNESCO on these questions can be designated in a general view to designate as follows:
Philosophical and culturological bases of the cultural heritage concept. Here, in turn, it is possible to allocate the following moments:
a)Definition of subject and time (historical) borders of that is necessary to take to sphere of cultural heritage;
b)Principles of internal stratification of cultural heritage sphere that is for example, the alive representative of disappearing peoples and samples of its art culture must not get in to the same class of the phenomenon;
c)Comprehension of the cultural heritage preservation problems in a context of globalization and a postmodernism as basic tendencies of the modern world.
Other problem is connected to grasping the meaning of the situation in above-mentioned system of coordinates also: what in sphere of cultural heritage should be paid priority attention to, and what, anyhow, would be sacrificed. Accordingly there is a question on criteria of viability of those or other areas of cultural heritage;
d) The definition of cultural heritage functions is one more problem which join the first one. For theoretical consciousness the answer such as «to preserve for the sake of the preservation» cannot be sufficient.
Certainly, besides above-mentioned, there is still a great number of particular appears problems. For example, during the work with oral forms of cultural heritage there problem of influence of forms the themselves and toolkit of the same preservation, but the initial phenomenon, i.e. fixing of any oral form in a context of its preservation transforms it already in not oral. Such problems arise in set and demand special studying.
What should the modern expert be in sphere of cultural heritage preservation?
Besides necessary luggage of knowledge in the field of the theory and the history of culture, such an expert should possess the opportunity of the output to a cross cultural position. Psychological ability to occurrence in to multicultural contexts is today humanitarian activity more and more claimed in all areas, of humanitarian activity without comment according to the sphere of cultural heritage preservation. Without skill to hear and to understand the other person and as consequence, to be able to speak in his/her language, i.e. in language of other attitudes and values, high-grade cultural dialogue and, accordingly adequate understanding of
means that cultural heritage problems is impossible. The ability for the multicultural communications, skill to be simultaneously both self, and the other one, freedom of comprehending moving in various cultural spaces is still rather accessible to few. But such experts like those, being sharply needed, will appear even more often. MSUCA with its broadest scope of various spheres of culture and quite good international communications could become one of the leading centers of such preparation of experts. Above-mentioned type of the expert does not deny traditional type of the disciplinary specialist educated by the domestic higher school. Such type of the specialist continues to support the main level of educational and research work. As to the over-coming of modern problems the expert possessing culturological, i.e. interdisciplinary mentality - "multi expert” is already necessary.
The significant contribution to the theory and practice of cultural heritage preservation are about 30 dissertations carried out and maintained by Russian and foreign scientists in MSUCA.
Results of realization of target projects at Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
The special place in preparatory work for creation of “UNESCO Chair on preservation and development of a cultural and natural heritage – personal training and retraining» is occupied by Laboratory on preservation of a cultural heritage created with the decision of the Academic council of university in 2001. The laboratory in essence was a basis for creation UNESCO Chair at MSUCA.
In 2002 the laboratory prepared and started to fulfill the project «Preservation and increasing of cultural heritage - into hands of professionals». The project received an appreciation of the Russian Federation Ministry of culture and is included into the Target federal program «Culture of Russia » for 2002-2005.
The purpose of the project:
To raise professional level of the experts connected with the preservation and development of cultural and natural heritage
To renew “The worldwide heritage List” by including objects of cultural and natural heritage of countries-participants of the project
To improve constantly with the Committee of State Duma (Parliament) on the culture and tourism Federal legislation in the sphere of the protection and development of cultural and natural heritage by granting scientifically-motivated recommendations.
For achievement of the specified purposes the following tasks are put:
To install and to analyze reasons of ineffectiveness of measures on the preservation and development of cultural and natural heritage objects, real gaps in existing Russian federal/local legislation and ways of its implementation;
To assist in introducing the modern management models of these objects governing and the mechanisms for implementation of the UNESCO existing standard-setting instruments;
To offer educational facilities by training and retraining specialists in cultural administration and management;
To involve local community, first of all local young people, to the project, to take part in preservation and development of cultural and natural heritage.
By plan of action are foreseen and are realized:
Gathering, studying, ordering and perfection of the domestic and international normative acts regulating preservation and development of cultural and natural heritage;
Elaboration and introduction of modern models of management by objects of a cultural and natural heritage, including with usage of information technologies;
Application of modern information technologies in the field of preservation and developments of indigenous scanty inhabitants traditional culture;
Use of modern communication and other technologies in preparation and retraining of specialists;
Development and introduction of innovative forms in intercultural dialogue;
Scientific-practical co-operation with the domestic and foreign research centers and higher educational institutions under aegis of UNESCO.
As a result of implementation of the project we expect to receive the following results:
Discovery and realisation of spiritual-moral potential of Humanity, its active application in purpose of sociocultural adaptation and personality development; overcoming of inter-ethnic conflicts, economic and other sharp problems of contemporary in order to contribute for development of civil society;
Realisation of the role of culture and education in the economic development of the country, building of democratic society.
Scientists, teachers and students of Institute of economy, management and low; faculty of sociocultural activity, library-information faculty and Institute of additional vocational training take part in implementation of the project. The regional Branches of MSUCA located in Barnaul, Zhukovsky (Moscow region), Kaluga, Norilsk, Tambov, Tula, Khanty-Mansiysk take an active part in implementation, approbation and realization of results of the project. During the fulfilling the project, depending on real results of their lead work, regional Branches of UNESCO Chair are to be created there.
The International conference «Preservation and development of cultural heritage in conditions of globalization» was held on December 9-11, 2002 at MSUCA. Conference has been devoted to summarizing the first year results of implementation of the project and its approbation. Conference has received a special message with high estimation of the Russian Federation Commission for UNESCO. Under the initiative of faculty of sociocultural activity
«Hall of the world culture » will be placed in a new building of the university and clubs «Dialogue of cultures» are also to be created.
The faculty of folk culture and a museum management is one of leading divisions of university in the field of applied researches, approbation and realization of the results. Faculty in the daily work is guided by such international documents of UNESCO as
“Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore” (1989), “Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” (2000).
It is necessary to emphasize, that in the statement “Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore” the concept "folklore" is treated in a broad sense - as the traditional and folk culture representing “a totality based on traditions of cultural community of the creations expressed by group or individuals and recognized as reflection of expectations of community, its cultural and social originality”. Besides various kinds of folk art creativity language, mythology, ceremonies and customs are traditions related. Among the basic directions of folklore preservation (or traditional folk culture) the special attention is given to development and introduction of programs on folk culture in to the system of the secondary, additional and vocational education.
As to Russia the urgency of this direction of activity has increased now. It is connected first of all with huge spiritual-moral potential of traditional folk culture realization of which can promote for overcoming of interethnic, political and other problems of the Russian society. Russia, as known, is the country of the richest cultural-historical and national-cultural traditions. Ancient monuments of temple architecture and national wooden architecture, products of masters of folk art crafts, oral national creativity, folk music and dances admire with their beauty and origin. But today both their art - aesthetic qualities, and ability positively to influence on spiritual-moral values, ideals and stereotypes of personality behavior in modern society, to promote for social adaptation and rehabilitation of children and teenagers, to form ecological culture of society, to help to overcome problems of mental and physical health of people, to develop our national consciousness are important for us. It is impossible to forget, that within many centuries in domestic art culture, in products of national creativity, the most expedient were embodied in traditional holidays, customs and ceremonies love of people to the native ground, the nature and the native center, images - ideals of mother, the hero and a beauty, and also, checked up by experience of many generations of model of behavior in the family, in the natural environment and society.
During many centuries these ethnic stereotypes provided not only the survival of people, but also preservation of their spiritual and physical health, harmonized interaction of the person with the nature and with other people. Today, as never before, it is necessary to distribute in the society and to approve the importance of such primordial Russian virtues, as a priority of cultural wealth above material, mercy, compassion, honesty, diligence, friendliness and hospitality, respect for traditions, customs and belief of different peoples.
To restore mechanisms of transfer with the help of folklore of these traditions from generation to generation – it is mine what where we see the main prospect of realization of UNESCO ideas in Russia. Not a secret, that a number of the negative phenomena which many countries of the world including Russia feel, are connected in many respects to the insufficient account in the past of national traditional mentality features. It is necessary to recognize, that it became one of the factors of interethnic conflicts occurrence, has led to loss by some part of the population, especially by the youth, spiritual-moral reference points, to serious social problems (to growth of drug addiction, criminality, poverty, disease and death rate of the population).
Comprehension at the state level of necessity of overcoming these problems in Russia using the best traditions of the Russian culture, not refusing to study world experience, was reflected in such priorities of the modern Russian cultural and educational policy, as:
Studying, preservation and development of original cultural traditions of each nations in Russia;
Increasing the role of the folklore, traditional folk culture in development of cultural interaction of different nations in Russia for overcoming available interethnic problems;
Use of folklore as means of spiritual-moral education of children, teenagers and other groups of the population;
Development of professional and amateur art creativity in a vein of folklore
traditions;
Updating of the contents of the secondary and vocational education on the basis of domestic national-cultural traditions, creation of successive multilevel system of
ethnic-cultural education «Pre-school establishments – schools - establishments of additional education – colleges - higher education institutions – post graduate courses»;
Training of highly skilled experts of folk art culture;
Support of creativity of original national masters as «alive cultural property»;
Development of the international cooperation with the organizations and the establishments engaged in problems of preservation and development of traditional cultures of different nations in the world;
Perfection of normative base of activity of establishments and the organizations engaged in studying, preservation, propagation and development of traditional folk culture (houses of national creativity, the centers of folklore, schools of national crafts, the children's and youthful ethnic-pedagogical and ethnic-aesthetic centers, national cultural - information centers, professional and amateur folklore groups, publishing houses, libraries, educational institutions, etc.);
Preparation and confirming the State educational standards and other normative documents on the basis of which the continuous system of ethnic-cultural and ethnic-art education now is created.
In conditions when the environment of traditional folklore is promptly washed away, it is very important to create the scientifically-grounded concepts, practical projects which would promote restoration and development of traditional culture of native scanty peoples, their rituals, ceremonies, their holidays accompanied with songs and dances, folklore and arts and crafts.
The North and Northeast of the Russian Federation - the unique territory on which native scanty peoples compactly and traditionally live. It is necessary to bring up and to train children, teenagers, in traditional culture to give them the opportunity to get acquainted with ceremonies occurring at them, rituals, the holidays accompanied with songs and dances, and also folklore and arts and crafts.
The project which is carried out now by Choreographic faculty of MSUCA, is focused on preservation and development of a national choreographic art of native scanty peoples of the North and Northeast of the Russian Federation where fifteen peoples are united: Aleuts, Dolgane, Nentsi, Antsi, Nganasane, Mansi, Khanti, Aveni, Avenki, Eskimos, Koryaks, Chookchi, Ukageeri, Etelmen, Yakuts.
By present time the material on the national choreographic art of native scanty peoples of the
Russian Federation has been picked out. Books «the National choreographic art comandor islands aleuts», «Northern dance are issued: traditions and the present» and «Peoples of Timeer and their choreographic art» have been published. In popular scientific magazine «National creativity» the heading «the National choreography» has been opened. Two rounds of festival of native scanty peoples of Russia «Folloving the sun» have been carried out in the cities of Khabarovsks and Krasnoyarsk, and also final festival in city Ulan-Ude of the Buryat republic.
Conducting-orchestral and conducting-choral faculties of the university in the daily work successfully combine pedagogical orientation on preservation of musical cultural heritage and performing traditions of the past with popularization of modern musical achievements - choral creativity. Studies is combined with active performing activity of students and teachers. Student's orchestras played in the Concert hall of a conservatory as named by Tchykhovsky and in the Concert hall of " Russia " hotel. Concerts were carried out in halls of the House of
scientists, Houses of composers, TDRE, Houses of culture of Moscow and the Moscow area, on radio and TV. Creative collectives successfully participate in numerous festivals and competitions. A number of collectives became winners of the international and All-Russia competitions and festivals. Our teachers left with concerts to Australia, Germany, Switzerland and the USA where at the request of our foreign partners carried out masters - classes.
For a number of years students and teachers of national - singing art faculty work on folklore expeditions. For this time expeditions have taken place in 54 subjects of the Russian Federation, in Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine. By results of work there are about 20.000 songs written down, 1.200 degree collections of national songs in which about 16.000 songs deciphered and written down are made. Many of them have come in to reportore collections published by great Russian publishing houses. The preparation on for publishing of the 20languid edition of songs of XX century is in procces.
There is the nearest plan of brass bands faculty in conducting-orchestral faculty – to carry out in March, 2003. The first All-Russia assembly, to participate in which the leading professional collectives of Russia and of some foreign countries are invited.
Realizing the high responsibility of experts on preservation and increasing of cultural values in the modern world, the faculty of management and social - information technologies has defined the given problem as one of priority scientific directions, having acted as the initiator of a new scientific direction – researches of problems in forming the information culture of the society and the person.
On this theme together with the International academy of information and the Krasnodar state university of culture and arts 10 international conferences in which the Russian and foreign experts have taken part have been carried out. More than 15 collections of proceedings are published.
Leaning up on the achievements of modern science, scientists of the faculty conduct the elaboration of an integration scientific direction – information cultural science within the framework of which a number of candidate have been defended and theses for the doctor's degree have been prepared, monographies, manuals have been issued, release of the almanac "Cultural science" have been organized.
Now at the faculty the following problematics of information cultural science is developed: sociology and cultural science of virtual space, virtualizational cultures, electronic massmedia and Internet - technologies as channels of distribution and duplicating of art values, history and modern condition of corporate culture in the Russian management.
Directly in educational process the given problem finds its reflection in formation of the future experts professional outlook in the field of computer science and managers by means of such rates, as «Information culture», «Corporate culture», «World information resources».
Mission of preservation and augmentation cultural and spiritual values by means of modern information technologies is the main one in two specializations. In specialization «Creation of electronic information resources» the accent is made on technologies of cultural heritage numbering, on creation of the text-full and multimedia databases reflecting artefacts of
domestic and world culture, and also on promotion of the cultural heritage in to Internet - space.
The works fulfilled in commonwealth with traditional foreign partners of MSUCA –by faculty of Slavic studies of Sorbonna-Iv University, France (the dean of faculty Fransis Kont) and by the history department of the Groninhen university, Netherlands (the dean of faculty Hans Keningsbriugge) occupy a particular place in the field of preservation and augmentation of the cultural heritage.
In May, 2000 the international scientific conference « Russia – Netherlands: the cultures dialogue» was carried out for summarizing long-term cooperation by MSUCA and the Groninhen university. Now our foreign partner has agreed to participation in the project of Faculty of UNESCO and has offered its own project under a conditional name "Niderlandika". The purpose of the project is studying the Russian files concerning the Russian - Netherlands relations in the field of culture and arts.
As a result of a long-term joint research of museology faculty with the French partner in 2002 the Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Russian traditional history and made of life», and «The Historical-household dictionary» by volume in 40 and 65 were prepared and issued. Printed sheets - that is the serious contribution to business on preservation of the traditional culture heritage of peoples living in the North of Russia.
The department on preparation of foreign experts takes an active part in the joint work for creation of Faculty of UNESCO. The significant part of the dissertational researches indicated in the appendix, belongs to the representatives of department. After graduating from the University a lot of graduates keep in contact with the University that is very important for strengthening of the international cooperation, realization in practice of programs «The cultures dialogue – the World culture».
The motions of some countries, initiated by our graduates, on opening abroad the branches and representations of MSUCA is one of examples of strengthening of cooperation between peoples. Such offers have arrived from Vietnam - on creation of MSUCA branch’s on base of the Khoshimene state institute of culture, from Hungary – on opening of the branch on the basis of the Budapest Center of adults education, from Republic Korea – on opening MSUCA representation at Seoul university Kukmin. Now the business on these motions realization is in process.
The high spirituality of the person, feeling of compassion to people requiring for the help of society were the best traditions of domestic culture and which remain valid. It became a tradition to perform the permanent projects on social - pedagogical work with socially unprotected and unpractical layers of society: children - invalids, social orphans, elderly persons and the invalids imprisoned. One of the modern technologies of social - pedagogical work with the listed categories of people is welfare rehabilitation and adaptation, their attraction to the vigorous activity, including the activity connected with preservation of the cultural and natural heritage. Long-term experience proves the high efficiency of the help to people requiring for it and of the creations of conditions for personality progress, spiritual - moral and professional augmentation of our graduates.
The cultural heritage is national property of any people. Without cultural memory the preservation of national traditions, formation of valuable orientations of modern society, fruitful development of modern culture is impossible. Only adoption of the national roots incarnated in the material and non-material rests of the past, can underlie in national consciousness, formation of national unity and awakening of patriotism feeling. The Moscow
state university of culture and arts and Faculty of UNESCO created at it are ready, to serve this noble business realizing ideas of UNESCO.
New technology as a part of globalization in culture and education
Nevertheless, we can define four main directions, where new technologies (including multimedia) are specific to our University.
1. To study Multimedia by students and postgraduate students (including foreigners from 27 countries). More deeply there are studied on Departments of Library and Information Science and Department of Management and Information Technologies.
The courses reflected that direction are follows: "Information science", "Multimedia",
“Web-technologies”, “Knowledge management” , “Internet resources and services” and others. More deeply you can introduce on the Web.
2. To investigate new information technologies as a research subject. There are 6 Dissertation Committees at the University, where researchers studying toward the Candidatskaya and Doctorskaya Degree (PhD). During last 5 years more than 150 dissertations (Cand. Degree) and 10 (Doct. Degree) were successfully defended. Most of all were dedicated to new information technologies. 24 monographs, 190 textbooks, 560 programs and self-study materials are published at Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, such as: " Internet/Intranet technologies for librarian", "Introduction to Multimedia: Textbook", and others.
3.To use new information technologies in professional development.
4.To use New information technologies as a teaching tool (or - some means of teaching) in:
Multimedia may thus be seen as a part of culture providing values for further individual, spiritual enrichment. This understanding of multimedia stimulates some cultural research questions and issues:
1.Cultural phenomenon of multimedia: how do multimedia influence our society, mentality, type of thinking, knowledge, styles of behaviour and so on?
2.Society’s views of multimedia and how creators/ producers, users and researchers evaluate multimedia challenges;
3.Digitisation of cultural heritage.
These considerations contribute to the creation of new forms of cultural research, in particular applied culturologycultural anthropology, and an emerging new type of culture: the electronic one.
There are different definitions of multimedia. It explains why universities teach this subject in different ways. Some of them teach it in general as the problems of software in multimedia technologies (theoretical approach), others as mastering of specific programs and producing their own projects and products or getting acquainted with definite CD-ROM products based on multimedia technology (an applied approach).
The term “multimedia” is interpreted as a combination of special new tools and software programs which allow us to perceive, process and present different kinds of information on a new quality level.
“Multimedia” means “many spheres” (or environments or worlds), but it would be more proper to describe this phenomenon as “polysphere” as it is an integral area presenting different kinds and forms of information.