Обучение чтению экономической литературы на английском языке. В 4 ч. Ч. 3 (96

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Пособие, составленное на материале оригинальной британской экономической литературы, состоит из трех разделов. Каждый раздел содержит словарь, основной текст, грамматические и лексиче- ские упражнения, дополнительные тексты. Грамматические упражнения, охватывающие наиболее функциональные разделы грамматики современного английского языка, предусмотренные программой для студентов 1–2-го курсов неязыковых вузов, составлены в соответствии с требованиями отечественной и зарубежной методики преподавания и контроля языковых знаний. В пособие также включены упражнения, направленные на развитие навыков устного и письменного перевода экономической литературы как с английского языка на русский, так и с русского языка на английский.

Основные и дополнительные тексты служат развитию навыков чтения и понимания оригинальной литературы.

Работа с текстами помогает студентам не только получать необходимую информацию по своей специальности, но также усваивать необходимый лексический и грамматический материал.

Пособие рассчитано на один семестр аудиторной (под руководством преподавателя) и самостоятельной работы студентов 1–2-го курсов факультета «Инженерный бизнес и менеджмент».

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UNIT 7

Participles. Absolute Participle Construction

Phrasal verbs: be concerned with; carry out; steal a match (on); regard sb /sth as; be engaged in; beat sb to sth; wait around (for); associate with; slow down

Exercises

1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the forms and functions of Participles.

a) 1. Industries producing steel, paper and chemicals require very large quantities of water and tend to be found near rivers. 2. The information obtained is very valuable. 3. The company sells appliances ranging from dishwashers to coffee machines. 4. Ovens are tested using machines that open and shut their doors 60.000 times to simulate the use they will have in their owners’ kitchens. 5. Having finished explaining the material, the teacher began to answer the students’ questions. 6. Being unemployed Mr Brown couldn’t afford to buy a good present for his friend. 7. Not having time to consider the suggestion the CEO put off the meeting. 8. Managers joining Gillette should expect to be geographically relocated three or four times in their first dozen years. 9. Generally speaking our best business comes via our website. 10. Having been repaired the device began working much better. 11. Exhausted after his business trip he decided not to go to the conference. 12. Having established a reasonable level of profit the company went all out for sales growth and decided to come back to the stock market.

13.While reading the text of the contract I noticed some misprints.

14.Depending on their size and needs there are several organizational structures companies can choose from. 15. Commercial Textiles service

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orders faster than many similar companies, giving the company an important competitive edge. 16. Developing countries, including such giants as India and China, have insisted they need financial and technological help. 17. Insurance also covers personal effects required during travel on company business. 18. Free trade can be a powerful engine for economic development, creating new jobs and opening new markets. 19. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer.

b)1. All the problems having been solved, they signed the contract.

2.The chairman coming in time, the meeting will start. 3. The letter to our business partner being written, our courier went to post it. 4. Delayering saw a change in the traditional hierarchical structures, with layers of middle management being removed. 5. When selling the bill the drawer endorses it, that is, he writes his name across the back of the bill, which then becomes a negotiable document, and may be passed from one person to another, each one endorsing it in turn, until it is presented. 6. With both these factors removed, there would have been a fall of over 3 % in public spending. 7. It was a time of great economic distress, with thousands of houses failing and millions of people out of work. 8. Some companies are now organizing product teams around individual products carrying out all activities, from research and development right through to selling, with information from the team’s direct contact with the market place feeding back into research and development.

2. Shorten these sentences using Participles instead of subordinate clauses.

1. While he was looking through the document, he found several errors. 2. As the sales representative of our company knew the town very well, he was an excellent guide. 3. As we didn’t know the instructions, we couldn’t use the equipment. 4. As he was very busy, he couldn’t attend the annual meeting. 5. It was a film about some researchers who were making interesting experiments in the sphere of science which was unknown to most of the meeting. 6. The warehouse that was damaged by the flood should be rebuilt. 7. When the speaker was congratulating the Marketing Director on his success, he said that his marketing strategy was a great achievement for the whole teem. 8. When you plan you daily routine, don’t

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forget to leave time for outdoor exercise. 9. He declined to name the lender and said that he did not want to draw undue attention to the deal. 10. After they had finished the discussion, the participants of the negotiations were allowed to have a break. 11. After he had paid the rent, Henry found that he had only some small change left till the end of the week. 12. When stores place items in wide aisles to allow for consideration by the customer, they manipulate their retail psychology. 13. The conference which takes place next week could change the future of the company. 14. Most of the people who were invited to the presentation came to it.

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form using Participles.

1. When (to fill in) a form you must write your name and address clearly. 2. We would like to contact someone in your office (to interest) in our program and sharing our ideas. 3. (to feel) very tired he cancelled all his appointments. 4. (to think) the letter was very urgent the secretary immediately informed her boss. 5. (to lose) my wallet I was very grateful to my colleague who brought it back to me. 6. (to be) very strict the professor never allowed his students to miss classes. 7. The corporation closed down the plant, (to leave) many workers unemployed. 8. Yolanda is rich (to own) five homes. 9. The company has opened a new factory (to create) many new jobs. 10. The government’s argument is that (to break) into several private companies, each of the system’s smaller parts will be better able to attract new investments. 11. The value of the currency fell, (to make) foreign holidays more expensive. 12. Chemical exports recovered a little, (to rise) by 1.5 % in both value and volume.

4. Match the sentences on the left with the sentences on the right using participle phrases.

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5. Translate into English using participle constructions.

1. Он не согласился вести переговоры с нашей компанией, сказав, что наши предложения непродуктивны. 2. Я не сомневаюсь, что информация, полученная по факсу, будет очень интересна для нашего исполнительного директора. 3. Опубликованные исследования показали прочную связь между прибылью и долей рынка. 4. Совет директоров – это группа лиц, играющих основную роль в деятельности организации. 5. Проведя опрос покупателей, администрация магазина узнала, какие товары будут пользоваться спросом. 6. Используя внешние ресурсы (outsourcing), мы смогли сэкономить деньги на оплату труда постоянных работников. 7. При управлении фирмой необходимо стимулировать сотрудников на достижение определенных целей. 8. Пропустив начало презентации, стажер не смог понять основные принципы работы устройства. 9. Мы прилагаем список товаров, поврежденных в пути. 10. Осуществляя контроль за состоянием и развитием экономики, правительство принимает следующие меры: фискальные, монетарные и прямое вмешательство. 11. Отмененное на прошлой неделе собрание cостоится в следующую пятницу. 12. Не найдя своего коллегу в офисе, я оставил ему записку у секретаря. 13. Проанализировав экономическую ситуацию, президент компании принял необходимые решения. 14. Прогресс в информационных технологиях идет семимильными шагами (advance with gigantic strides) и затрагивает все отрасли, не оставляя никаких шансов устаревшим методам и способам работы.

Read and translate the text using essential vocabulary and any necessary dictionary.

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Text 7A. Research and Development

A strong argument in favour of large firms is that their substantial resources allow them to engage in researching new products and ideas. This is an important source of the new goods and services continually entering the market.

Research and development (R&D) is concerned with discovering new products and bringing these to the marketplace, as well as making technical improvement to old ones. Although businesses in most industries spend money on R&D, the sums are much greater in technologically based industries such as pharmaceuticals and electronics. Businesses can have their own research and development department, with many large firms doing that. Alternatively, they may pay for others (universities, for example) to undertake the research on their behalf. This latter policy means that the business can avoid some of the heavy overhead costs associated with research. The idea having been generated and assessed, most development takes place within the company.

Research and development cannot be carried out in isolation from the rest of the business. Big companies spending enormous sums on research and development recognize the importance of carefully structured research teams as a means of motivation. It favours small work or ‘discovery’ groups to develop the human relationships needed for successful research. But it also encourages maximum interaction between staff so as to discourage isolation.

Links with the marketing department are essential to discover what it is that consumers want. Equally, the production department has to be kept informed. After all, with the product being designed, it is they who will have to produce it. A change in product line requires a great deal of preparation.

Research and development budgets have grown in size over recent years as companies have recognized that failing to invest in new ideas and techniques can lead to competitors stealing a march. However, expenditure in R&D varies according to the type of company. The R&D budget now attracts considerable attention from potential investors as one indicator of the business’s future prosperity. It can be argued that a large budget is likely to result in more innovative goods and services and greater future profits. However, on occasions, the size of the R&D budget can become too large and threaten the company’s immediate future.

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In business, nobody can wait around for that ‘good idea’ to arise suddenly by chance. Idea generation must be planned, and opportunities for new business must be scanned frequently. If we regard idea generation as the ‘seed corn’, then the environment for growing it must also be planned and controlled. The new opportunity has to be developing into a profitable product or service.

Many ideas will fail during this development period for a variety of reasons. None the less, a large number of ideas need to be proposed for there are a few winners. These successful products must also generate sufficient funds covering the costs of all the unsuccessful ideas. Sometimes a firm is beaten to the marketplace by a competitor: at other times a firm merely copies the idea of another and enjoys the benefits without all the research and development costs. It may be that the product is too expensive to produce in quantity; or that technological advances have made the product obsolete overnight.

New products passing the various stages in product development also have to meet a number of safety and environmental standards. Such restrictions can slow down the rate of product development as well as impose additional development costs.

In order to avoid the risks in developing a new product or a new version of an existing product, it would be better to make something which already exist and which has been thoroughly tested. This may be a foreign product being unavailable in this country for which you obtain a licence to make and / or sell.

Alternatively, you may be given specific territorial rights to sell the product by means of an agency being a franchise.

Exercises

1.Answer the questions to the text.

1.Why is it easier for a large company to carry out research and development? 2. What is R&D concerned with? 3. Do businesses always undertake research themselves? 4. What encourages maximum interaction between the staff doing research? 5. Why are links with marketing and production departments essential? 6. Why have R&D budgets grown in size over recent years? 7. Why is it necessary to propose many ideas?

8.What is important for idea generation? 9. What can slow down the rate

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of product development? 10. What can be done to avoid the risks in developing a new product or a new version of an existing product?

2. Choose the correct phrasal verb and complete the gaps with a suitable form. Translate the sentences.

(to be concerned with; to carry out; to steal a march (on); to wait around (for); to associate with; to engage in; to slow down; to beat sb to sth; to regard sb/smt as)

1. Consumer borrowings ____________ since January. 2. The report

____________ the relationship between politics and law. 3. We

____________ extensive tests of new equipment and are going to make some modifications. 4. By advertising our sale a week ahead of the other firm we ______________ them. 5. We got our product onto the market as fast as we could, but the other firm still ____________ it. 6. I don’t feel like

____________ our marketing manager to take his decision. 7. He (currently) ____________ a dispute with his former business partner. 8. His occupation ____________ nanotechnology. 9. She (widely) ____________

the current leader’s natural successor.

3. Match each word with its definition.

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